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2019 - Chapter 31F Marine Oil Terminals 52

The document provides guidance on designing oil terminals to withstand seismic activity. It covers evaluating pile foundations for both inertial loading from earthquakes and kinematic loading from lateral spreading of soils. Methods are described for developing soil springs for axial and lateral pile loading to accurately model soil-structure interaction under seismic conditions.

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11 views

2019 - Chapter 31F Marine Oil Terminals 52

The document provides guidance on designing oil terminals to withstand seismic activity. It covers evaluating pile foundations for both inertial loading from earthquakes and kinematic loading from lateral spreading of soils. Methods are described for developing soil springs for axial and lateral pile loading to accurately model soil-structure interaction under seismic conditions.

Uploaded by

sidhappy86
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MARINE OIL TERMINALS

imum factor of safety of 2.0 shall be achieved on the ulti- 3106F.9 Soil springs for lateral pile loading. For design of
mate capacity of the pile using appropriate MOT loading. piles under loading associated with the inertial response of
If liquefaction or seismically-induced settlement is the superstructure, level-ground inelastic lateral springs (p-y)
anticipated, the ultimate axial geotechnical capacity of shall be developed. The lateral springs within the shallow por-
piles under seismic conditions shall be evaluated for the tion of the piles (generally within 10 pile diameters below the
effects of liquefaction and/or downdrag forces on the pile. ground surface) tend to dominate the inertial behavior. Geo-
The ultimate geotechnical capacity of the pile during liq- technical parameters for developing lateral soil springs shall
uefaction shall be determined on the basis of the residual follow guidelines provided in API RP 2A-WSD [6.9] or other
strength of the soil for those layers where the factor of appropriate documents.
safety for liquefaction is determined to be less than 1.0. Due to uncertainties associated with the development of
When seismically-induced settlements are predicted to p-y curves for dike structures, upper-bound and lower-
occur during design earthquakes, the downdrag loads bound p-y springs shall be developed for use in superstruc-
shall be computed, and the combination of downdrag load ture inertial response analyses.
and static load determined. Only the tip resistance of the 3106F.10 Soil-pile interaction. Two separate loading condi-
pile and the side friction resistance below the lowest layer tions for the piles shall be considered:
contributing to the downdrag shall be used in the capacity 1. Inertial loading under seismic conditions
evaluation. The ultimate axial geotechnical capacity of the
pile shall not be less than the combination of the seismi- 2. Kinematic loading from lateral ground spreading
cally induced downdrag force and the maximum static Inertial loading is associated with earthquake-induced lat-
load. eral loading on a structure, while kinematic loading refers to
3106F.8.2 Axial springs for piles. The geotechnical loading on foundation piles from earthquake induced lateral
analyst (see Section 3102F.3.4.8) shall coordinate with deformations of the slope/ embankment/dike system. Simulta-
the structural analyst (see Section 3102F.3.4.4) and neous application of these loading conditions shall be evalu-
develop axial springs (T-z) for piles. The T-z springs ated with due consideration of the phasing and locations of
may be developed either at the top or at the tip of the these loads on foundation elements. The foundation shall be
pile (see Figure 31F-6-1). If the springs are developed designed such that the structural performance is acceptable
at the pile tip, the tip shall include both the friction when subjected to both inertial and kinematic loadings.
resistance along the pile (i.e., side springs [t-z]) and tip 3106F.10.1 Inertial loading under seismic conditions.
resistance at the pile tip (i.e. tip springs [q-w]), as illus- The lateral soil springs shall be used in inertial loading
trated in Figure 31F-6-1. If T-z springs are developed at response analyses. The evaluation of inertial loading can
the pile top, the appropriate elastic shortening of the be performed by ignoring potential slope/embankment/
pile shall be included in the springs. Linear or nonlinear dike system deformations (i.e., one end of the lateral soil
springs may be developed if requested by the structural spring at a given depth is attached to the corresponding
analyst. pile node and the other end is assumed fixed).
Due to the uncertainties associated with the develop- 3106F.10.2 Kinematic loading from lateral spreading.
ment of axial springs, such as the axial soil capacities, Kinematic pile loading from permanent lateral spread
load distributions along the piles and simplified spring ground deformation in deep seated levels of slope/
stiffnesses, both upper-bound and lower-bound limits shall embankment/dike foundation soils shall be evaluated. The
be estimated and utilized in the analyses. lateral deformations shall be restricted such that the struc-
tural performance of foundation piles is not compromised.
The lateral deformation of the embankment or dike and
associated piles and foundation soils shall be determined
using analytical methods as follows:
1. Initial estimates of free field lateral spread deforma-
tions (in the absence of piles) may be determined
using the simplified Newmark sliding block method
as described in Section 3106F.5.4. The geotechnical
analyst shall provide the structural analyst with
level-ground p-y curves for the weak soil layer con-
trolling the lateral spread and soil layers above and
below the weak layer. Appropriate overburden pres-
sures shall be used in simplified pushover analyses,
to estimate the pile displacement capacities and cor-
responding pile shear within the weak soil zone.
2. For the pushover analysis, the estimated displace-
ments may be uniformly distributed within the thick-
FIGURE 31F-6-1 ness of the weak soil layer (i.e., zero at and below
AXIAL SOIL SPRINGS [6.8] the bottom of the layer to the maximum value at and

544 2019 CALIFORNIA BUILDING CODE

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