Economics Class 11 Notes Chapter Correlation

This document discusses different types of correlation: 1. Positive correlation occurs when two variables increase together, while negative correlation is when they move in opposite directions. 2. Correlation can be linear, following a constant proportion, or non-linear. It can also be simple, between two variables, or multiple, between three or more variables. 3. Methods for calculating correlation coefficients include Karl Pearson's coefficient method, Spearman's rank correlation method, and scatter diagrams. Karl Pearson's method is most widely used but can be affected by outliers, while Spearman's method uses variable ranks and is unaffected by outliers.

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Economics Class 11 Notes Chapter Correlation

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Raghav Seth

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Chapter 7: CORRELATION

Important terms and concepts

Correlation studies the relationship between tow variables in which change in the value of one
variable causes change in the other variable. It is denoted by letter ‘r’.
Kinds of correlation:-
1. Positive and Negative correlation.
2. Linear and non – linear correlation.
3. Simple and multiple correlations.
Positive correlation: When both variables move in the same direction. If one increases, other
also increases and vice-versa.

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Negative correlation: - When two variables move in the opposite direction, they are negatively
correlated.

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Linear Correlation: - When two variables change in a constant proportion.
Non- linear correlation: - When two variables do not change in the same proportion.
Simple correlation – Relationship between two variables are studied.
ID
Multiple Correction – Relationship between three or more than three variables are studied.
Degrees of Correlation:
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1. Perfect Correlation - When values of both variables changes at a constant rate Types – (a)
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Perfect positive correlation – when values of both variables changes at a constant ratio in
the same direction correlation coefficient value (r) is + 1
(b) Perfect negative correlation – When values of both the variables change at a constant
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ratio in opposite direction. Value of coefficient of correlation is -1

2. Absence of correlation : When there is no relation between the variables r = 0

3. Limited degree correlation : The value of r varies between more than O and less than 1
ST

Types - a) High : r his between ± 0.7 & 0.999

b) Moderate = r lies between ± 0.5 and + 0.699
c) Low: r < ± 0.5
Different methods of finding correlation
a) Karl Pearson’s coefficient method
b) Rank method / Spearman’s coefficient method
c) Scatter Diagram

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(A) Karl Pearson’s Method

Σxy
r =
Nσ × σy

Where X = X – X, Y = Y – Y
N = number of observations
σ X = Standard deviation of series X
σ Y = Standard deviation of series Y

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OR
Actual Mean Method
Σxy
R =

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Σx 2 × Σy 2
Where x = X – X, y = Y – Y
Assumed Mean Method
ID
 Σdx × Σdy 
Σdxdy -  
r=  N 
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(Σdx 2 ) (Σdy 2 )
Σdx 2 − Σdy 2 −
YG

N N
Where dx = X – A
dy = Y – A
A = assumed mean
D

Merits of Karl Pearson’s Method

1. Helps to find direction of correlation

2. Most widely used method
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Demerits of Karl Pearson’s method

1. Based on large number of assumptions
2. Affected by extreme values
(B) Spearmans’s Rank Correlation Method
Formula
In case of non repeated ranks :-
6 ΣD 2
rs = 1 –
N3 − N
rs = Spearman’s rank correlation
ΣD2 = Sum of squares of difference of ranks

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N = Number of observation
In case of repeated ranks:-
1 1
6 ΣD 2 + (m 3 − m ) + (m 3 − m )
rs = 1 – 12 12
N −N
3

M = number of items with repeated ranks.

Merits of Spearman’s Rank Correlation
1. Simple and easy to calculate
2. Not affected by extreme values

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Demerits of Spearman’s Rank Correlation
1. Not Suitable for grouped data
2. Not based on original values of observations.

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(C) Scatter Diagram – Given data are plotted on a graph paper. By looking at the scatter of
points on the graph, degree and direction of two variables can be found.
Merits of Scatter Diagram
ID
1. Most simplest method.
2. Not affected by size of extreme values.
U
Demerits
1. Exact degree of correlation cannot be found.
YG

1 Mark questions
1. Give the meaning of correlation.
2. What is absence of correlation?
D