LABORATORY MANUAL |” | ee. | ie Ae A | : Se le toilAcé\ weg | TIVE Onspc Mie cdRait : MArerian Require qo find the number of subsets of a Paper, dtteremt eal ven set and verify that if a set has n oe ee number of elements, then the total number of Subsets is 2" MetHop OF CONSTRUCTION 1. Take the empty set (Say) A, which has no element 2, Take a set (Say) A, which has one element (say) a, 3, Take a set (say) A, which has two elements (say) a, and a, 4, Take a set (say) A, which has three clements (say) a@,, a, and a DEMONSTRATION 1, Represent A, as in Fig. 1.1 As Here the possible subsets of A, is A, itself me only, represented symbolically by . The number of subsets of A, is 1 = 2°. 2. Represent A, as in Fig. 1.2. Here the subsets of A, are , {a,}. The number of subsets of A, isz=2! ) 3, Represent A, as in Fig. 1.3 : Here the subsets of A, are 0, {a,}, {a,}, {a,, a}. The number of subsets of A, is 452.4. Represent A, as in Fig. 1.4 Here the subsets of A, are >, {4,}, {4}, {4,).{4,. a}, {4y 4%) {4 4) and {a,, d,, 4,). The number of subsets of A, is 8 = 2°. Continuing this way, the number of subsets of set A containing ” 1G, is 2". a elements @,, 5, OBSERVATION oO 1. The number of subsets of A, is = ay 2. The number of subsets of A, =2) Qo 3. The number of subsets of A, is =2 o =2 4, The number of subsets of A, is 5. The number of subsets of Ay is = 2 6. The number of subsets of A, is= 2 APPLICATION 1 a 4 he activity can be used for calculating the number of subsets of a given set, Laboratory ManualMareriaL REQUIRED Hardboard, white thick sheets of OBJECTIVE ibutive law for three ee : s Fee Tal Bant Glia mabey pencil COONS, Scisaa viven non-c: s A, Band C, papers is, AU(BAO =(AUB)N(AUO) adhesive. Metuop oF CONSTRUCTION aste them on the 1. Cut five rectangular strips from a sheet of paper and pa hardboard in such a way that three of the rectangles are in horizontal ling and two of the remaining rectangles are also placed horizontally in a lip, just below the above three rectangles. Write the symbol U in the left/righ top comer of each rectangle as shown in Fig. 4.1, Fig. 4.2, Fig. 4.3, Fig. 44 and Fig. 4.5. Draw three circles and mark them as A, B and C in each of the five rectangla, as shown in the figures. 3. Colour/shade the portions as shown in the figures. DEmonstRATION 1. U denotes the universal set represented by the rectangle in each figure, 2. Circles A, B and C represent the subsets of the universal set U.AABAG) Pig. 4.4 ae WO) in Fig, 4-1, coloured/shaded portion fepresents B ~ C, coloured portions in Fig. 4.2 represents A UB, Fig. 4.3 represents A U C, Fig. 4.4 represents a U(B ©) and coloured portion in Fig. 4.5 represents (A UB) 0 (AU C ) 3. I OBSERVATION 1, Coloured portion in Fig. 4.1 represents 2 Coloured portion in Fig. 4.2, represents 3, Coloured portion in Fig. 4.3, represents 4, Coloured portion in Fig. 4.4, represents 5, Coloured portion in Fig. 4.5, Tepresqpts A 6. The common coloured portions in Fig. 4.4 and Fig. 4.5 are q. Au(BOC)}= __ us, the distributive law is verified. ‘pistributivity property of set operations ificati Inthe same way, the other distributive js used in the simplification of problems law ANBUO=ANB)UL(ANO can also be verified.Onrecrive MArerIAL REQUIRED To distinguish between 4 Relation Drawing board, coloured drawin, and a Function, sheets, scissors, adhesive, strings nails etc. 1 Meruop or ConsTRUCTION 1. Take a drawing board/a piece of plywood of convenient size and paste coloured sheet on it. 2. Take a white drawing sheet and cut out a rectangular strip of Size 6 cm x 4.cm and paste it on the left side of the drawing board (see Fig. 6.1)= Fig. 6.5 Fig. 6.6 3, Fix three nails on this strip and mark them as a, b, ¢ (see Fig. 6-1) 4, Cut out another white rectangular strij ‘i : si strip of size 6 cm x 4 cm a as the right hand side of the drawing board. cee ae 5, Fix = nails on the right side of this strip (see Fig. 6.2) and mark them as land 2. DEMONSTRATION 1 Join nails of the left hand strip to the nails on the right hand strip by strings in different ways. Some of such ways are shown in Fig. 6.3 to Fig, 6.0. 2. Joining nails in each figure constitute different ordered pairs representing elements of a relation. OBSERVATION 1. In Fig. 6.3, ordered pairs are These ordered pairs constitute a but not a . These constitute a as 2. In Fig. 6.4, ordered pairs are well as = - 3. In Fig 6.5, ordered pairs are _ . These ordered pairs constitute a as well as __ : 4. InFig. 6.6, ordered pairs are These ordered pairs do not represent but represent ___-Materia REQUIRED Cardboard, chart paper, sketch pen, ruler, compasses, adhesive, nails, thread. RIECTIVE » inerpret geometrically the mea is integral powers. Merion oF CONSTRUCTION _ Paste a chart paper on the cardboard of a convenient size. _ Draw two mutually perpendicular lines X’XandY'Y interesting at the point (see Fig. 11). Jake a thread of a unit length representing the number | along OX . Fix one ” end of the thread to the nail at 0 and the other end at A as shown in the figure. _ Set free the other end of the thread at A and rotate the thread through angles of 90%, 180°, 270° and 360° and mark the free end of the thread in different cases as A,, A,, A, and A, , respectively, as shown in the figure.er faye -% DeMonstTRATION 1. In the argand plane, OA, OA,, OA,, OA,, OA, represent, respective) i, i 2. OA 1x i,OA,=-1= ixi=?,OA,=-i=ixixi= and so¢ Each time, rotation of OA by 90° is equivalent to multiplication by i. Thy ‘ 4 7 is referred to as the multiplying factor for a rotation of 90°. OBSERVATION 1. On rotating OA through 90°,0A,=1xi=__ 2. On rotating OA through an angle of 180°, OA, = 1x _ x _ 3. On rotation of OA through 270° (3 right angles), OA, = 1x x x S " 4. On rotating OA through 360° (4 right angles), OA,= 1 x x x x = - 5. On rotating OA through n-right angles OA, = 1 x x x x x eee ++ A times APPLICATION This activity may be used to evaluate any integral power of i.4, PORS is a square of side (a ~ b) units, fage—\o ‘, a ABCD = Sum of the areas of four rectan, gular pieces + area of square PORS. Area ABCD > sum of the areas of four rectangular pieces ic., (@+ bY > 4ab or Cen >ab Ss ab ic AM.> OM.