T. Brlić et al: Identification of Lüders bands …, Holistic Approach Environ. 9(2019) 1, pp.

8 - 11

IDENTIFICATION OF LÜDERS BANDS USING DIGITAL IMAGE

CORRELATION

Tin Brlić*, Dimitri Debruyne**, Pascal Lava***, Stoja Rešković*, Ivan Jandrlić*
*
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Metallurgy, Sisak, Croatia
**
KU Leuven, Ghent, Belgium
***
MatchID NV, Ghent, Belgium

corresponding author: Tin Brlić, e-mail: [email protected]

This work is licensed under a Original scientific paper

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Received: April 27th, 2018
International License
Accepted: June 11th, 2018
HAE-1902
https://doi.org/10.33765/thate.9.1.2

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the characterization of Lüders bands by digital image correlation on niobium
microalloyed steel during a static tensile testing. Digital image correlation with the qualitative and
quantitative analysis of the Lüders bands on the microalloyed steel was proved as a very precise and
suitable method for determining the strain amount in the deformation zone. In this research was
determined that the strain amount is the highest in the area behind the Lüders band front and the
lowest in the area in front of the Lüders band.

Keywords: Lüders bands, digital image correlation, microalloyed steel

INTRODUCTION commonly used are thermography [7] and

digital image correlation [8]. Digital Image
In metalworking applications, an Correlation (DIC) is a non-contact, easy to use
inhomogeneous plastic deformation, i.e. and cost-effective optical technique for
Lüders bands, can pose a significant problem. measuring strains and displacements. It is
Different materials, such as low carbon steels used, amongst others, for the characterization
[1], aluminium alloys [2], transformation of material properties and the monitoring of
induced plasticity (TRIP) steels [3], shape components and structures. Under the right
memory alloys [4] and copper [5], can show experimental conditions, DIC can provide
the appearance of the Lüders bands during accurate and precise strain measurements in
plastic deformation. This phenomenon can be both indoor and outdoor environments [9]. The
attributed to the localisation of deformation method offers opportunities for exploring
and pinning and unpinning interactions complex full-field displacements and
between dislocations and solutes [6]. deformations at the surface of an object under
both 2D and 3D loading conditions, depending
Recently, various methods have been used to on the number of cameras used. The captured
determine the Lüders bands of which the most images are computationally processed in the

8
T. Brlić et al: Identification of Lüders bands …, Holistic Approach Environ. 9(2019) 1, pp. 8 - 11

correlation software and results are typically with the original gauge length of 45 mm,
represented in the form of full-field original width of 20 mm and thickness of 3
displacements and strain fields at the surface. mm. Crosshead speed at room temperature
DIC has a lot of advantages over traditional was 20 mm/min. The static tensile test was
strain measurements and is an increasingly performed in accordance with EN ISO 6892-
used tool in the engineering community with a 1:2009.
widespread application such as mechanical
engineering, material science, material As the measurements were done with one
identification, biomedical and biomechanical camera only, great care was taken to align the
sciences [10]. camera perpendicular to the specimen. The
samples were prepared by coating the black
DIC has been used before to identify and matte coating on the clear surface of total
characterize the Lüders bands. The length to avoid possible reflection. The white
characteristics of the Lüders bands, e.g. the speckles were applied on the surface of total
Lüders strain, the morphology of the Lüders length after the black matte coating to achieve
bands, the Lüders bands velocity, band growth the best contrast. The dry undercoat was of
mechanisms, Lüders band formation and great importance allowed avoiding speckle
propagation can theoretically be determined layer diffuse with the undercoat which can
with the aid of DIC. Cai et al. [11] have result in the blurred image.
studied the thickness dependence of the Lüders
effect in the Al-based alloy. The Lüders band
growth mechanism, in the effective width and
active zone, has also been successfully RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
characterized in [8]. Srinivasan et al. [12] have
studied the Lüders band formation on IS 2062 First of all it is necessary to choose the
grade-E250 B steel at the start and just before reference and the deformed images obtained
the plastic deformation. with the digital camera. On the reference
image, prior to the digital image correlation
The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the process, it is necessary to define a region of
feasibility of using DIC for the interest where Lüders bands are expected to
characterization and identification of Lüders appear for the accurate and precise bands
bands during the static tensile testing. In this characterization, Figure 1. For the successful
paper, the experimental data and the results of processing and correlating of the images, the
analysis on the deformation zone with Lüders appropriate parameters such as noise
band of niobium microalloyed steel are evaluation, subset and step size, correlation
provided. options and strain calculation are required.

EXPERIMENTAL

The experiments were performed on the static

tensile machine EU 40mod with a nominal
force value of 400 kN. For the DIC
measurements, the digital camera with CMOS
sensor (3.2 Mpixel resolution) was used
together with the MatchID software for
processing. The static tensile testing was
performed on the niobium microalloyed flat
test pieces with rectangular cross section Figure 1. Defining the region of interest in
samples cut off from the hot rolled steel strip software MatchID

9
T. Brlić et al: Identification of Lüders bands …, Holistic Approach Environ. 9(2019) 1, pp. 8 - 11

By setting parameters and marking images, the Lüders bands can be characterized in different
digital image correlation process started with regions. It is possible to determine the strain
MatchID software where Lüders band was amount at the Lüders front, in front of the
detected in niobium microalloyed steel. Figure Lüders front (undeformed area) and behind the
2 represents the qualitative analysis of the Lüders front (deformed area), Figure 4. The
Lüders band formation and the propagation Lüders band gradually propagates along the
from the upper end of the sample to the lower sample from the upper end of the sample to the
end of the sample. The amount of the Lüders lower end of the sample. It is clearly visible
strain can be determined at any time of that the Lüders band propagates first in the
deformation in the region of interest by the area behind the Lüders band front (blue mark
method of digital image correlation. and line). By further propagation, the Lüders
band reaches the green mark point (green line).
After that, in the purple area, where the
increase of strain amount occurs later in
relation to the blue and green mark clearly
reveals that the Lüders band was propagated
later in this area. The inset in Figure 4 shows
that at the same time (orange triangles and
circle) the strain amount is the highest in the
blue area and the lowest in the purple area
because the Lüders band first propagates
through the blue area and after that through the
green and purple area. As the Lüders band
propagates through the blue area a certain
Figure 2. Qualitative analysis of the Lüders deformation is achieved in this area. The
band purple area represents the elastic area
(undeformed region) and there is no significant
In addition to qualitative analysis, the change in the strain amount.
quantitative analysis of the Lüders band can be
determined with the software MatchID, as
presented in Figure 3. At the start of the
deformation, no significant change in the
amount of strain is seen, until a sudden jump
appears, indicating the onset of the Lüders
band propagation through the part marked in
Figure 2.

Figure 4. Strain determination behind, in front

of and at the Lüders band front

CONCLUSION

Digital image correlation was shown to be a

Figure 3. Quantitative analysis of the Lüders very suitable method for the determination and
band

10
T. Brlić et al: Identification of Lüders bands …, Holistic Approach Environ. 9(2019) 1, pp. 8 - 11

characterization of Lüders bands using Investigation of Portevin-Le Chatelier

MatchID software package. The strain amount effect in 5456 Al-based alloy using
is the highest in the area behind the Lüders digital image correlation, Optics and
band front and the lowest in the elastic area Lasers in Engineering 65(2015), 89-92.
where no strain increase was observed. [7] J. Petit, D. Wagner, N. Ranc, G. Montay,
Research has shown that in the area in front of M. François, Comparison of different
the Lüders band front is still the area of elastic techniques for the monitoring of the
strain. In the area behind the Lüders band front Lüders bands development, Proceedings
elasto-plastic strain is occurred. Due to the book of the 13th International Congress
appearance of plastic strain on the Lüders band on Fracture 2013, IFC-13, Chinese
front and behind the Lüders band, strains are Society of Theoretical and Applied
greater than in the elastic area. Strain amount Mechanics, Beijing, 16 - 21 June 2013,
does not change significantly behind the 3797-3809.
Lüders band front from Lüders band formation [8] N. Srinivasan, R. Narayanaswamy, B.
until the end of the Lüders band propagation Venkatraman, Study on local zones
through the deformation zone. constituting to band growth associated
with inhomogeneous plastic
deformation, Materials Letters
105(2013), 209-212.
REFERENCES [9] N. McCormick, J. Lord, Digital Image
Correlation, Materials Today 13(2010)
[1] N. Tsuchida, Y. Tomota, K. Nagai, K. 12, 52-54.
Fukaura, A simple relationship between [10] MatchID, Theory manual, Accessible on
Lüders elongation and work-hardening Internet:
rate at lower yield stress, Scripta http://matchidmbc.be/Documentation/do
Materialia 54(2006) 1, 57-60. ku.php?id=matchid:training:lessons:dic,
,
[2] J. Coër, P.Y. Manach, H. Laurent, M.C. Accessed: March 2, 2018.
Oliveira, L.F. Menezes, Piobert-Lüders [11] Y.-L. Cai, S.-L. Yang, S.-H. Fu, Q.-C.
plateau and Portevin-Le Chatelier effect Zhang, The Influence of Specimen
in an Al-Mg alloy in simple shear, Thickness on the Lüders effect of a
Mechanics Research Communications 5456 Al-based alloy: Experimental
48(2013), 1-7. Observations, Metals 6(2016) 5, 1-12.
[3] E. Emadoddin, A. Akbarzadeh, G.H. [12] N. Srinivasan, R. Narayanaswamy, B.
Daneshi, Correlation between Luder Venkatraman, Advanced imaging for
strain and retained austenite in TRIP- early prediction and characterization of
assisted cold rolled steel sheets, zone of Lüders band nucleation
Materials Science and Engineering A associated with pre-yield microstrain,
447(2007) 1-2, 174-179. Materials Science and Engineering A
[4] L. Zheng, Y. He, Z. Moumni, Luders- 561(2013), 203-211.
like band front motion and fatigue life of
pseudoelastic polycrystalline NiTi shape
memory alloy, Scripta Materialia
123(2016), 46-50. Acknowledgements
[5] Y.Z. Tian, S. Gao, L.J. Zhao, S. Lu, R.
Pippan, Z.F. Zhang, N. Tsuji, This work has been fully supported by
Remarkable transitions of yield behavior Croatian Science Foundation under the project
and Lüders deformation in pure Cu by IP-2016-06-1270.
changing grain sizes, Scripta Materialia
142(2018), 88-91.
[6] T. Cheng, X. Xu, Y. Cai, S. Fu, Y. Gao,
Y. Su, Y. Zhang, Q. Zhang,

11