BE (Civil Engineering)

Reinforced Concrete Design-II

(CE 405)

Prestressed Concrete Beam

Design

Prof. Dr. Asad-ur-Rehman Khan/

Asst. Prof. Dr. Tehmina Ayub

Prestressed Concrete Beams (Analysis and Design)

Source: Prestressed
Concrete Analysis and
Design Fundamentals by
Antonine E. Naaman

1
 Prestressed Concrete Beams (Analysis and Design)
Figure 4.3: Major Major design steps after a beam cross section is selected.
Design (for the assumed material properties)
Determine prestress losses or assume  = Fe/Fi at critical section or sections

Select feasible Prestressing force “Fi” and eccentricity “e” at critical section or section
(by satisfying allowable stresses under initial, final and intermediate loading conditions

Select a practical single set of Prestressing force “Fi” and eccentricity “e” that is feasible at all
critical sections (this step may not be necessary if a variable prestressing force along the beam is
an acceptable design alternative)

Determine the steel envelopes (which bound the limit zone for the steel)

Determine practical “e” at ends of beam (i.e. layout of steel tendons at the support)

Select an acceptable steel profile within the limit zone

Check and satisfy nominal moment resistance at critical section or sections
Check and satify camber and deflection under short and long-term loadings
Check and satify special conditions: bond, end block stresses, etc.

Cracking Moment
• The load or moment at which cracking occurs
is needed in the ultimate strength design.
• The cracking moment is the moment for which
the tensile stress on the extreme fibre of the
concrete section reaches a value equal to the
modulus of rupture of the concrete.
• For the pre-stressed concrete section
subjected to a positive moment, the cracking
moment can be determined by:

2
 F0 F0×𝑒 M
ftop= + ×Ytop − sw ×Ytop ≤ fti = +6 𝑓𝑐𝑖′
A Ig Ig

𝐼𝑔 𝐼𝑔
If fti= fr then Msw = Mcr and Kb= and Zb=
𝐴 𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑝
Thus,
F0 F0×𝑒 M
+ − cr = fr
A Z𝑏 Z𝑏
Since, Kb=𝐴 𝐼𝑦𝑔 = 𝑍𝐴𝑏
𝑡𝑜𝑝

F0 + F0×𝑒 − Mcr = f
A AKb Z𝑏 r

or
F0 𝑒 Mcr
1 + −
A Kb Z𝑏 = fr

Cracking Moment
Bottom Fibre:
𝐹0 𝑒 𝑀𝑐𝑟
1+ − = 𝑓𝑟
𝐴 𝑘𝑡 𝑍𝑏
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝐹 𝑒 + 𝑘𝑡 − 𝑓𝑟 𝑍𝑏
Top Fibre:
𝐹0 𝑒 𝑀𝑐𝑟
1− + = 𝑓𝑟
𝐴𝑐 𝑘𝑏 𝑍𝑡
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝐹 𝑒 − 𝑘𝑏 + 𝑓𝑟 𝑍𝑡
Where,
𝑓𝑟 = −7.5 𝑓′𝑐

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 Section Modulus (Z)

1 − η 𝑀𝑆𝑊 + 𝑀𝐷 + 𝑀𝐿
𝑍𝑡 ≥
η𝑓𝑡𝑖 + 𝑓𝑐𝑠

1 − η 𝑀𝑆𝑊 + 𝑀𝐷 + 𝑀𝐿
𝑍𝑏 ≥
𝑓𝑡𝑠 + η𝑓𝑐𝑖

Stress Limits for Pre-stressing Steel

4
Allowable Stresses Design

Allowable Stresses Design

5
 CROSS-SECTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

Post-Tension Member
A post-tensioned pre-stressed concrete beam is to carry a live load of 1000
lb/ft and superimposed dead load of 500 lb/ft, in addition to its own weight,
on a 40 ft simple span. f’c= 6000 psi, it is estimated that at the time of transfer
the concrete will have attained 70 percent of its ultimate strength i.e, 4200
psi. Time dependent losses may be assumed 15% of the initial pre-stress.
Determine the required concrete dimensions, magnitude of pre-stress force
and eccentricity of the steel centroid based on ACI limitation.

Step 1: Establish Stress limits based on ACI recommendations:

𝑓𝑐𝑖 = −0.6 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑖 = −0.6 × 4200 = −2520 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑓𝑡𝑖 = 3 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑖 = 3 4200 = +194.4 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑓𝑐𝑠 = −0.45 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑖 = −0.45 × 6000 = −2700 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑓𝑡𝑠 = 6 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑖 = 6 6000 = +465 𝑝𝑠𝑖

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 Post-Tension Member
Step 2: The required section moduli with respect to top and bottom
fibre of the concrete beam can be found as :
1 − η 𝑀𝑆𝑊 + 𝑀𝐷 + 𝑀𝐿
𝑍𝑡 ≥
η𝑓𝑡𝑖 + 𝑓𝑐𝑠
1 − η 𝑀𝑆𝑊 + 𝑀𝐷 + 𝑀𝐿
𝑍𝑏 ≥
𝑓𝑡𝑠 + η𝑓𝑐𝑖
Where,
𝑃
η = 𝑃𝑒 = 0.85
𝑖
The self-weight of the girder will be estimated at 250 lb/ft
1
𝑀𝑆𝑊 = 250 × 402 × = 50,000 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡
8
1
𝑀𝐷 + 𝑀𝐿 = 1500 × 402 × = 300, 000 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡
8

Post-Tension Member

Step 1: The required section moduli with respect to top and bottom
fibre of the concrete beam can be found as :

1 − η 𝑀𝑆𝑊 + 𝑀𝐷 + 𝑀𝐿 0.15 × 50000 + 300000 × 12

𝑍𝑡 ≥ =
η𝑓𝑡𝑖 + 𝑓𝑐𝑠 0.85 × 194.4 + 2700
𝑍𝑡 ≥ 1288 𝑖𝑛3

1 − η 𝑀𝑆𝑊 + 𝑀𝐷 + 𝑀𝐿 0.15 × 50000 + 300000 × 12

𝑍𝑏 ≥ =
𝑓𝑡𝑠 + η𝑓𝑐𝑖 465 + 0.85 × 2520
𝑍𝑏 ≥ 1415.42 𝑖𝑛3

These values are so nearly the same that a symmetrical beam can be
adopted.

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 Post-Tension Member
Step 3: The 28-in. depth I-section
shown in Figure below will meet
the requirements, and has the
following properties:

𝐴 = 240 𝑖𝑛2
𝐼 = 19904𝑖𝑛4
𝑍𝑡 = 𝑍𝑏 = 1422 𝑖𝑛3
𝑟 2 = 82.9 𝑖𝑛2
𝐾𝑡 = 𝐾𝑏 = 5.924 𝑖𝑛
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 250 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡

Post-Tension Member
Step 4: The minimum and maximum initial pre-stress force is:
𝐹0 ≥
1 2400 .465 × 240 × 5.924
[(0.176 × 1800 + −
11.85 0.85 0.85
− 0.194 × 240 × 5.924 ]

𝐹0 ≥ 176 𝑘𝑖𝑝

𝐹0 ≤
1 2400 2.7 × 240 × 5.924
[(−0.176 × 1800 − +
11.85 0.85 0.85
+ 2.52 × 40 × 5.924 ]

𝐹0 ≤ 418 𝑘𝑖𝑝

Taking an average of two values that gives 𝐹0 = 297 𝑘𝑖𝑝

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 Post-Tension Member
Step 5: Taking ¼ in diameter stress relieved wires of grade
270 .
𝑓𝑝𝑢 = 270 𝑘𝑠𝑖

Stress in the strand after transfer of pre-stress should not

exceed:

0.7𝑓𝑝𝑢 = 189 𝑘𝑠𝑖

297
𝐴𝑝𝑠 = = 1.57 𝑖𝑛2
189
1.57
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 = = 13.65
0.115

Use 14 -7 wires strands of 7/16 in. diameter.

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 300mm

150mm

Limiting Values of Eccentricity

Limiting Values of the Eccentricity at Transfer (F0)
fti×A×Kb Msw fci×A×Kt Msw
𝑒 ≤ F0 + Kb + F0 𝑒≤ − Kt +
F0 F0
Limiting Values of the Eccentricity at Service (Fe= ηF0)
Mt fcs×A×Kb Mt fts×A×Kt
𝑒 ≥ Kb + − 𝑒 ≥ −Kt + −
ηF0 ηF0 ηF0 ηF0

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 Post-Tension Member
Step 6: The minimum and maximum eccentricity at mid span
is:
600 5.924
𝑒 ≤ −5.924 + + 2.520 × 240 × = 8.15 𝑖𝑛.
297 297
600 5.924
𝑒 ≤ 5.924 + + 0.195 × 240 × = 8.9 𝑖𝑛.
297 297
4200 5.924
𝑒 ≥ −5.924 + − 0.465 × 240 × = 8.5 𝑖𝑛.
252 297
4200 5.924
𝑒 ≥ 5.924 + − 2.7 × 240 × = 9.66 𝑖𝑛.
252 252
Taking an average of two values that gives
𝑒 = 8.905 𝑖𝑛.
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑒 = 9.0 𝑖𝑛. (Provided)

Post-Tension Member

Step 7: The Parabolic Cable Profile has been chosen:

6 in. 6 in.
6 in.

6 in.
2 in.

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 Post-Tension Member
Step 8: Estimate Losses
a. Friction Loss
𝑃𝑗
𝑃𝑥 = y
(1 + 𝜇𝛼 + 𝐾𝑥) α
𝐾 = 0.0015
x
𝜇 = 0.25
𝑥 = 20 𝑓𝑡
Equation of Parabola: y = 𝑎𝑥 2
𝑦 9
𝑎= 2= 2
= 1.562 × 10−4
𝑥 (20 × 12)
𝑑𝑦
= 𝛼 = 2𝑎𝑥 = 0.075 rad.
𝑑𝑥
𝑃𝑥 = 297(1 + 0.0015 × 20 + 0.25 × 0.075)−1
= 283.2 𝑘𝑖𝑝
∆𝑓𝑝𝐹 = 7.8 𝑘𝑠𝑖

13.8
Percent loss: × 100 = 4.65%
297

Post-Tension Member
b. Elastic Shortening
𝑓𝑐𝑖𝑟
𝐸𝑆 = 𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝐸𝑠
𝐸𝑐𝑖
𝐸𝑠 = 29000 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝐸𝐶𝑖 = 3720 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑓𝑐𝑖𝑟 = 𝑘𝑐𝑖𝑟 𝑓𝑐𝑝𝑖 − 𝑓𝑔
𝐹𝑖 𝐹𝑖 𝑒 2
𝑓𝑐𝑝𝑖 = +
𝐴𝑐 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝐺 𝑒
𝑓𝑔 =
𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝐺 = 600 𝑘. 𝑖𝑛.
297 297 × 92
𝑓𝑐𝑝𝑖 = + = 2.44 𝑘𝑠𝑖
240 19904

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 Post-Tension Member
b. Elastic Shortening

600×9
𝑓𝑔 =
19904
=0.271 ksi
𝑓𝑐𝑖𝑟 = 𝑘𝑐𝑖𝑟 𝑓𝑐𝑝𝑖 − 𝑓𝑔 = 1 × 2.44 − 0.271
= 2.17 𝑘𝑠𝑖
2.17
𝐸𝑆 = 0.5 × 29000 × = 8.46 𝑘𝑠𝑖
3720
Percent loss:
8.46×1.768
× 100 = 5.04%
297

Post-Tension Member
c. Creep of concrete
𝐸𝑠
𝐶𝑅 = 𝑘𝑐𝑟 𝑓 − 𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑠
𝐸𝑐 𝑐𝑖𝑟
𝑘𝑐𝑟 =1.6
600×9
𝑓𝑔 =
19904
=0.271 ksi
𝑓𝑐𝑖𝑟 = 2.17 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝐸𝑠 = 29000 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝐸𝐶 = 4446 𝑘𝑠𝑖
1200×9
𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑠 =
19904
=0.542 ksi
29000
𝐶𝑅 = 1.6 × 2.17 − 0.542 = 17 𝑘𝑠𝑖
4446
Percent loss:
17×1.768
× 100 = 10.11%
297

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 Post-Tension Member
d. Shrinkage of concrete
𝑉
𝑆𝐻 = 8.2 × 10−6 𝑘𝑠ℎ 𝐸𝑠 1 − 0.06 100 − 𝑅𝐻
𝑆
𝑘𝑠ℎ =0.45 (for 60 days)
𝐸𝑠 = 29000 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑉 115200
= =3
𝑆 38400
𝑅𝐻 = 75
−6
𝑆𝐻 = 8.2 × 10 × 0.45 × 29000 1 − 0.06 × 3 25
= 2.2 𝑘𝑠𝑖
Percent loss:
2.2×1.768
× 100 = 1.3%
297

Post-Tension Member
e. Relaxation of Tendon

𝑅𝐸 = [𝑘𝑟𝑒 −𝐽(𝑆𝐻 + 𝐶𝑅 + 𝐸𝑆)]𝐶

𝐽=0.13 (for grade 240 stress relieved)
𝐾𝑟𝑒 = 17.6 𝑘𝑠𝑖(for grade 240 stress relieved)
𝑓𝑝𝑖
𝐶 = 1.0 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 = 0.7)
𝑓𝑝𝑢
𝑅𝐸 = 17.6 − 0.13 2.2 + 17 + 8.46 = 14 𝑘𝑠𝑖
Percent loss:
14×1.768
× 100 = 8.33%
297

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 Post-Tension Member
Short and Long Term Losses

Friction losses 7.8 ksi 4.65%

Elastic shortening loss 8.46 ksi 5.04%
Creep of concrete loss 17 ksi 10.11%
Shrinkage loss 2.2 ksi 1.3%
Relaxation of steel loss 14 ksi 8.33%
Total Short term losses 16.26 ksi 9.7%
Total Long term losses 33.2 ksi 19.76%
Total losses 49.46 ksi 29.46%

Post-Tension Member
Step 9: Pre-stress forces

Pre-stress force at Jacking:

Pj= (168+8.46)xAps =176.44x1.768 =312 kip
Pre-stress force at Transfer:
P0= (176.44-16.26)xAps=160.18x1.768 =283 kip
Effective pre-stress force at Service:
Pe= (176.44 – 49.46) xAps= 126.98x1.768 =224.5 kip

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 Post-Tension Member
Step 10: check Stress within Allowable limit:

At Transfer (Mid-span):
𝑃𝑡 𝑃𝑡 𝑒 𝑀𝑠𝑤
𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑝 = − + − ≤ 𝑓𝑡𝑖
𝐴 𝑍𝑡 𝑍𝑡
283 283 × 9 600
𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑝 = − + −
240 1422 1422
≤ 0.195 ksi
𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 0.19 ≤ 0.195 (OK)
𝑃𝑡 𝑃𝑡 𝑒 𝑀𝑠𝑤
𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡 = − − + ≤ 𝑓𝑐𝑖
𝐴 𝑍𝑏 𝑍𝑏
283 283 × 9 600
𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡 = − − +
240 1422 1422
≥ −2.52 ksi
𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡 = −2.54 ~ − 2.52 (OK)

Post-Tension Member
Step 11: check Stress within Allowable limit:
At Service (Mid-span):
F e Fe × 𝑒 Mt
ftop= − + ×Ytop − ×Ytop ≥ −fcs= − 0.45𝑓𝑐′
A Ig Ig
224.5 224.5 × 9 4200
𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑝 = − + − ≥ −2.7 ksi
240 1422 1422
𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑝 = −2.46 ≥ −2.7 (OK)
Fe Fe × e Mt
f bottom= − − ×Ybottom + ×Y ≤ fts = + 6 𝑓𝑐′
A Ig Ig bottom
224.5 224.5 × 9 4200
𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡 = − − + ≤ 0.465 ksi
240 1422 1422
𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡 = 0.597 ≥ 0.465 ( slightly higher)
(Increase section modulus)

16
 DESIGN FOR SHEAR
• The design approach to determine the shear reinforcement in
a prestressed concrete beam is almost identical to that used
for reinforced concrete beams.
• Shear cracks are assumed to develop at 45◦ measured from the
axis of the beam.
• In general, two types of shear-related cracks form. One type is
due to a combined effect of flexure and shear: The cracks start
as flexural cracks and then deviate and propagate at an
inclined direction due to the effect of diagonal tension.
• The second type, web-shear cracking, occurs in beams with
narrow webs when the magnitude of principal tensile stress is
high in comparison to flexural stress.

DESIGN FOR SHEAR

• Stirrups must be used to resist the principal tensile stresses in
both cases. The ACI design criteria for shear will be adopted
here.
• The ACI design approach is based on ultimate strength
requirements using the load factors
𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑛
• When the factored shear force, 𝑉𝑢 , exceeds half the
nominal shear strength (∅𝑉𝑐 /2), shear reinforcement must
be provided. The required design shear force, 𝑉𝑢 , at each
section must not exceed the nominal design strength, ∅𝑉𝑛 of
the cross-section based on the combined nominal shear
capacity of concrete and web reinforcement
𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑛 ≤ ∅(𝑉𝑐 +𝑉𝑠 )

17
 DESIGN FOR SHEAR

DESIGN FOR SHEAR

The values of V, calculated by Eq. 19.50 may be conservative
sometimes; therefore, the ACI Code, Section 11.3.3, gives an
alternative approach for calculating 𝑉𝑐 that takes into
consideration the additional strength of concrete in the
section. In this approach, 𝑉𝑐 is taken as the smaller of two
calculated values of the concrete shear strength 𝑉𝑐𝑖 and 𝑉𝑐𝑤 .

The shear strength, 𝑉𝑐𝑖 , is based on the assumption that

flexural-shear cracking occurs near the interior extremity of a
flexural crack at an approximate distance of 𝑑/2 from the load
point in the direction of decreasing moment. The ACI Code,
Section 11.3.3.1 specifies that 𝑉𝑐𝑖 be computed as follows:

18
 DESIGN FOR SHEAR

DESIGN FOR SHEAR

The web-shear strength, 𝑉𝑐𝑤 , is based on shear cracking in a
beam that has not cracked by flexure. Such cracks develop
near the supports of beams with narrow webs. The ACI
Code, Section 11.3.3.2, specifies that 𝑉𝑐𝑤 be computed as
follows:

Where,
𝑉𝑝 = vertical component of the effective prestress force at
the section considered
𝑓𝑝𝑐 = compressive stress (psi) in the concrete (after
allowance for prestress losses) at the centroid of the section
resisting the applied loads or at the junction of the web and
flange when the centroid lies within the flange

19
 DESIGN FOR SHEAR
The critical section for maximum shear is to be taken at ℎ/2
from the face of the support. The same shear reinforcement
must be used at sections between the support and the
section at ℎ/2.
Shear Reinforcement

DESIGN FOR SHEAR

Limitations

20
 DESIGN FOR SHEAR (EXAMPLE)
For the pre-tensioned beam of earlier Example, determine
the nominal shear strength and the necessary shear
reinforcement. Check the sections at ℎ/2 and 10 ft. from the
end of the beam. Use 𝑓𝑦 = 60 𝑘𝑠𝑖 for the shear
reinforcement, and a live load = 1.33 𝑘/𝑓𝑡. using normal-
weight concrete.

DESIGN FOR SHEAR (EXAMPLE)

21
DESIGN FOR SHEAR (EXAMPLE)

DESIGN FOR SHEAR (EXAMPLE)

22
DESIGN FOR SHEAR (EXAMPLE)

DESIGN FOR SHEAR (EXAMPLE)

23
DESIGN FOR SHEAR (EXAMPLE)

DESIGN FOR SHEAR (EXAMPLE)

24
DESIGN FOR SHEAR (EXAMPLE)

DESIGN FOR SHEAR (EXAMPLE)

25