1.

1 Socialization 3 ASPECTS OF SOCIALIZATION​

- important terms - Social Context​- -refers to the particular
Socialization- Lifelong social experience by circumstances of a society and consists of
which individuals develops their human its culture, language, and the social
potential and learn culture through social structures that define social class, ethnicity,
interaction. and gender.
Personality- A person’s fairly consistent
patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling. Content & Process​
-content refers to ideas, beliefs, behavior,

Human Development: Nature and Nurture​; and other information that are passed on ​
-process refers to the methods of
Charles Darwin – led people to think that
interaction that enable the content to be
human behavior was instinctive, simply our
given to the person undergoing socialization
“nature”. ​
- Some people are “born criminals” or
that women are “naturally” emotional Results​- the outcomes of socialization​
and men are “naturally” more rational. - ex. Self-identity

Political socialization- the process which AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION

enables the development of citizens to 1. Family- primary agent of socialization of
function effectively within a particular an individual upon birth, throughout infancy

political system​ and up to childhood.

- Creates emotional support by giving

Internalization​- the process of accepting the child a safe environment in which to

social norms, attitudes, roles and values explore their emotions​

transmitted by people and social groups - Provides social control​ by using force,

within society as one’s own​ (inadequate rewards, punishment, and coercion​

socialization).
If parents aren’t successful, the result can
be disastrous, not only for the child (micro)
but also for society (macro)​
Gender Socialization- Learning the The Relationship between Politics and
psychological and social traits associated Mass Media
with a person’s sex.​
Race Socialization​- the process through
Pluralistic Model​- portrays media as a

which children learn the behaviors, values, ideological marketplace that enhances
and attitudes associated with racial groups.​ debate and electoral choice.
Class Socialization- teaches the norms, - Ex. talk shows
values, traits, and behaviors you develop Market Model​- suggests that media reflects
based on the social class you are in. the views of the general public, and that
media presents what they think the people
2. School- have critical and active role in want.
socialization, as their various academic and - Ex. Telenovelas, Reality Shows
social activities mold students’ beliefs, Dominant-ideology Model​- traces bias to
values, and attitudes. links between media and the political and
- It does much more than teach the social elites
basic skills and technical knowledge.​ - Ex. when political figures own, control
- The school exposes children to or exert influence over media outlets
situations in which the same rules, Elite-Values Model​- recognizes media bias
regulations, and authority patterns as a product of the personal views of the
apply to everyone. media professionals such as journalists,
3. Peer Group- A social group whose broadcasters and editors.
members have interests, social positions,
and age in common.​ 5. Religion and State- the ultimate source
- Peer groups also offer the chance to of authority
discuss interests that adults may not - Important source of individual
share or permit.​ direction​
4. Mass Media- books, magazines, The values and moral principles in religious
newspapers, other print materials, radio, doctrines serve as guides to appropriate
television, and movies. roles and behaviors.
- The means for delivering impersonal
communications to a vast audience.​ 6. Major Social and Historical EVents
- Comes form the Latin word for
“middle” or “between”, suggesting that
media connect people.​
SOCIAL STRUCTURE- is social relationship Role Set​- Refers to the number of roles
network created among people when they attached to a single status
interact with each other based on statuses ROLE CONFLICT​- CONFLICT AMONG THE
in agreement with the patterns of society. ROLES CORRESPONDING TO TWO OR MORE
- Social structure gives order & STATUSES
predictability to social life. ROLE STRAIN​- TENSION AMONG THE ROLES
- Social structure helps us see how CONNECTED TO A SINGLE STATUS​
we fit in a group.​ ROLE EXIT​- the process by which people
- SOCIAL STRUCTURE= the pattern of disengaged from important social roles.
social relationships within a group​ - Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh​

1. Status- a position a person holds 1.2 Conformity, Deviance, and Social

within a social structure; these Control
determine your “place” in groups and
CONFORMITY
society.
Conformity- Refers to altering one’s
thoughts and actions to adapt to the
Types of status
accepted behavior within his/her
Ascribed- A position in social structure that
group/society.
is neither earned nor chosen but
ASSIGNED
Types of Conformity
- Ex. Gender, Ethnicity, AGe
1. Compliance- outward conformity to social
Achieved- A position in social structure that
pressure but privately agreeing with it
is earned or chosen
2. Identification- adopting a certain behavior
- Ex. Profession/Occupation​,
because it enables him to have a satisfying
Relationship status​, Hobbies
relationship with his/her group.
Master Status- ??
3. Internalization /Acceptance- both public
compliance and internal acceptance of the
Status Set​- Refers to all statuses that a
norms and standards imposed by the group.
person holds at a given time

2. Role- The second building block of

social interaction refers to the
behavior expected by someone who
holds a particular status.​
 DEVIANCE Nature of Deviance
Deviance- Any behavior, a belief, or Positive deviance - Behavior that is
condition that violates significant social outside the norm but with no intention to
norms in the society or group in which it harm or break rules – over conforming to
occurs. what is expected.
- It depends on the reactions from Negative deviance - Behavior that goes
those who witness the act, not the against the norm and has a detrimental
qualities of the act itself. effect on individuals and on society in
- Deviance varies according to cultural general – under conforming to what is
norms. expected.
- A group determines what is deviant –
change and evolve over time. Theoretical Explanations of Deviance
1. Biological Explanation
Typology of Deviants (genetic predispositions)
Conformists – people who follow norms and a. intelligence
are not punished b. “XYY” theory
Pure deviants – people who have broken c. body type
the law and are punished 2. Psychological Explanation
(personality disorders)
Falsely accused deviant – is not guilty but
3. Sociological Explanation (outside the
is labeled “deviant” anyway
individual)
Secret deviants – people who have broken
the law with no punishment
Sociological Explanation of Deviance
A. Structural-Functional Theory
Status of a Deviant 1. Durkheim’s Theory of Deviance
Primary Deviants – their deviance is
2. Social Strain Theory
insignificant or light
B. Symbolic-Interaction Theory
- people who kill to protect themselves
1. Differential Association Theory
Secondary Deviants – when someone 2. Self Esteem Theory
commits an act so significant that is cannot 3. Control Theory
be overlooked or explained away 4. Labelling Theory
- Rape, Murder, Arson, Robbery
C. Conflict Theory
 A. Structural-Functional Theory 1. Innovation- When a person accepts
1. Durkheim’s Theory of Deviance the goals of success but uses illegal
– Nothing is criminal unless we decide it is.–
means to achieve it.
There is nothing inherently deviant or criminal
- Ex. drug dealing, robbery, etc.
in any act.
2. Ritualism- When the person rejects
The key is how society responds to the act.
the goal but continues to use the
– Needed to define and sustain morality.
legitimate means.
– Clarifies moral boundaries.
-This person will go through daily
Anomie
routines without any concern for the
Anomie- is a social condition in which there
quality of their work.
is a disintegration or disappearance of the
3. Retreatism- This is when both the
norms and values that were previously
legitimate means and illegitimate
common to the society.
means are rejected. This person is
- it occurs during and follows periods
not successful by either means and
of drastic and rapid changes to the
they don't seek success.
social, economic, or political structures
– ex. homeless person who chooses
of society
not to work
- People who lived during periods of
4. Rebellion- This is when people reject
anomie typically feel disconnected
both success and the approved
from their society because they no
means for doing so. At the same
longer see the norms and values that
time they substitute a new set of
they hold dear reflected in society
goals and means.
itself.
- ex. KKK
B. Symbolic-Interaction Theory
2. Merton’s Strain Theory
1. Differential Association Theory- We learn
- Social norms conflict with reality
deviance through the number deviant acts
- Tensions and strains between the
we are exposed to in our life
norms and the individual’s ability to
- Observing More Deviant Acts = Increases
meet them will lead to deviance
Chance of Deviant Behavior
- Views deviance as an adaptation of
2. Self Esteem Theory- This theory states
socially prescribed goals or the means
that people choose deviance or
of governing their attainment, or both.
conformity on which will do most to enhance
their self-esteem (Kaplan, et al., 1986).
The four types of deviation involved with
the strain theory
3. Control Theory- Our connection to other means to an end, including murder,
members of society leads us to conform to rape, aggravated assault, and robbery
society’s norm. - Serious crimes are punished by
- We have two controls that guides us: imprisonment. In other cultures, types
Inner (conscience, values, beliefs, fear of punishment include:
of punishment) – Shunning
Outer (people) – Banishment
The stronger our bonds is with society, the – Corporal punishment
stronger our inner drivers become as well Types of Crimes
(attachment, commitments, involvements) 1. Felony- A serious criminal offense;
- We are socialized to want to belong and specifically one punishable by death
fear being viewed as deviant. or by incarceration in a prison facility
4. Labelling Theory (Societal-Reaction for more than a year
Theory)- Explains why certain individuals are 2. Misdemeanor- A relatively minor
viewed as deviant while others engaged in violation of the criminal act, such as
the same behavior are not. petty theft or simple assault,
- Ex. , a male having multiple sex punishable for one year or less
partners compared to a female having 3. Infraction- A minor violation of a
multiple sex partners. state statute or local ordinance
punishable by a fine or other penalty
C. COnfict Theory other than incarceration, or by a
Conflict Theory- Societies contain many specified, usually very short term of
groups that have different conflicting incarceration.
values
– Strongest group has the power to define Classification of Crimes
the values of the weaker group as deviant 1. Crimes against person – these crimes
– Powerful exploit the powerless involves destruction of life or infliction injury
– Violence and inequality is institutionalized to another person.
- Laws are not fair – Homicide: The killing of one human being by
another.
Crime and Punishment – Aggravated Assault: An unlawful attack by
Crime is the violation of a norm that has one person on another for the purpose of
been codified into law. inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury
- Violent crime is a crime in which – Forcibly Rape: the carnal knowledge of
violence is either the objective or the female forcibly and against her will
– Robbery: Taking or attempting to take 5. Crimes against the state- these crimes
anything of value from the care, involves taking up arms against the
custody, or control of a person/s, by force government or committing an act that
or threat of force or violence threatens national security.
and/or putting the victim in fear. – illegal possession of firearms
2. Crime against property – these crimes – treason
involve taking of another property or – sedition
destroying other person’s property. – rebellion
– Burglary: the unlawful entry of a structure – espionage
to commit a serious crime or a theft
– Larceny-theft: the unlawful taking, carrying, SOCIAL CONTROL
leading or riding away of property from the Social control- involves a society finding
possession of another ways to promote conformity to norms.
– Auto-theft: the theft or attempted theft of 1. Internal social control- self control when
a motor vehicle you choose to conform because you feel it
– Arson: any willful or malicious burning or is the right thing to do
attempt to burn the personal property of 2. External social control- sanctions
another (rewards and punishments) to encourage
3. Crime against chastity– these crime involve conformity to norms
sexual infidelity, corrupt of minors, and other – Formal: prison
abnormal sexual behavior. – Informal: gossip, ridicule, smiles
– Bigamy: Marrying another person while
one’s spouse is still living. Sanctions
– Incest: Two people either marry or have Social sanctions- are rewards or
sexual relations when they are so closely punishments that encourage conformity.
related. TYPES:
4. Crimes against Public Morals – these are 1.Positive Sanctions- include promotions at
considered as offensive to decency, public work, praises, smile of approval, etc.
morals, and good customs. 2. Negative sanctions- include criticism,
– Illegal gambling fines, imprisonment, etc.
– prostitution a. Formal- provided for by laws and
– publication of pornographic materials
other regulations in society
– exhibition or staging of indecent shows.
b. Informal- commonly imposed by
smaller societies, communities, or groups
1.3 Human rights, human dignity, and Being aware of our human rights come the
common good responsibility in developing and protecting our
dignity and that of others.
Magna Carta, or “Great Charter,” signed by
the King of England in 1215, was a turning Human rights provide a framework for action
point in human rights. where people are empowered to change
their lives and the society
Human Rights - refers to the concept
of human beings as having FOUR CHARACTERISTICS of Human Rights
universal natural rights, or status,
regardless of legal jurisdiction or ABSOLUTE- essential part or our lives,
other localizing, such as ethnicity, intrinsic. Cosidered as basic necessities for
nationality, and sex. living a genuine life
Human Dignity - Refers to the idea that a UNIVERSAL - people have human rights
person has the innate right to be valued, whoever they are and wherever they
respected and treated well. are.
Human rights are INDIVISIBLE - human rights must be enjoyed
- set of standard that guarantee a life by everyone in its full range.Rights are
befitting a rational human being. interrelated and given equal importance
- are basic and minimum standards INALIENABLE/FUNDAMENTAL - can’t be taken
without which people can’t live in away or transferred (but can be limited
dignity. when the exercise of it is an affront to the
- guarantees the development and rights of others.
wholeness of our being.
- are the “Foundation of freedom, Human Rights can be classified as
justice, and peace in the world.”
CIVIL RIGHTS – pertains to rights belonging to
a person by reason of citizenship (e.g.. right
Denial of Human Rights is not only an
to a name, right to freedom from
individual’ personal tragedy, it also creates
discrimination, right to equality before the
conditions of social and political unrest,
law, right to public trial, right to marry, right to
violence and conflict within and between
leave a country, etc.)
societies and nations.

POLITICAL RIGHTS – enables the people to

Human rights must be appropriate and
participate in running or influencing the
adequate to the basic needs of the people.
administration of the government (e.g. right
to vote, right to freedom of expression, right world, the Declaration was proclaimed by the
to free and periodic elections, etc.) United Nations General assembly in Paris on
December 10, 1948 as a common standard of
ECONOMIC RIGHTS – pertains to access to achievements for all peoples and all nations
resources- such as land, labor, physical, and
financial capital- that are essential for the
creation, legal appropriation, and market
exchange of goods and services (e.g. right to
work, right to own property, right to adequate
standard of living, etc. )

SOCIAL RIGHTS – relates to living together or

enjoying life in communities or organized
groups (e.g. right to social security, right to 1.4 Social groups
social welfare, etc.)
(Plato) -Man is a social animal, no man can
CULTURAL RIGHTS – ensures the well-being live in isolation.
of the individual and foster the preservation, - In fact every aspect of man’s life is
enrichment and dynamic evolution of arts, influenced to a great extent by the
manners and way of living of a group with members of the different groups of
principles of unity in diversity of expression which he/she is a part.
( e.g. right to take part in the cultural life,
right to enjoy the benefits of scientific Social group is a collection of human beings.
progress and its application. “A number of units of anything in close
proximity to one another.”
Eleanor Roosevelt - Fought for the human In human context, social group is – “Any
rights collection of human beings who are brought
- In 1948 the UN general assembly into social relationships with one anothe
adopted the Universal Declaration of Definitions
Human rights “A group is a social unit which consists of a
The Universal Declaration of Human rights number of individuals who stand in (more or
(UDHR)- is a milestone document in the less) definite status and role relationships
history of human rights. Drafted by to one another and which possesses a set
representatives with different legal and of values or norms of its own, regulating the
cultural backgrounds from all regions of the behavior of individual members at least in
matters of consequence to the group” include family, childhood friends, and
(Sheriff & Sheriff) highly influential social groups.\

“A social group is a number of persons two Primary group are small in size and
or more, who have some common objects of characterized by personal, intimate and
attention, who are stimulating to each other, non-specialized relationships between their
who have common loyalty and participate in members . Eg. Family, Basketball team, A
similar activities.” (Bogardus) couple etc.

Interdependence Some elements of primary group

A social group is a collection of individuals - Tend to be small and ordinarily
who have relations with one another that composed of fewer than 15 to 20
makes them interdependent. individuals.
- Interaction and communication among
Characteristics of social group members is of intimate and personal
Reciprocal relationships.
nature.
Sense of unity and feeling of sympathy
- Members commonly develop strong
towards each other
emotional bonds with other members.
We- feeling: Members defend their interests
- Generally persist over an extensive
collectively.
period of time.
Common interests and ideals.
Importance of Primary Group
Similar behavior: for achieving the common - Primary Group is the birth place of
goals and interests. human nature.
Group norms: Every group has it’s own set - Primary Groups help in the
of rules and norms. socialization of the individuals and
maintain social control over them.
Types of Groups - Teaches the members to work in the
According to the nature of social ties (P&S)
society according to their rules.
1. Primary (family, neighbor)- is typically
- Primary groups are the nuclear cells
a small social group (small- scale
of social organization.
society) whose members share close,
- Primary groups induce the
personal, enduring relationships. These
development of individual
groups are marked by members'
personalities.
concern for one another, in shared
activities and culture. Examples
 2. Secondary- Secondary groups refer members of the secondary group are active
to a formal, impersonal group in which while others are inactive.
there is little social intimacy or mutual Formal Rules:
understanding eg. business - A secondary group is regulated by
organization, political parties, labor formal rules.
union etc. - A formal authority is set up and a
The relationship between the members is clear cut division of labour is made.
very superficial and there is only indirect - In fact the stability of a secondary
exertion of influence amongst them. group depends upon it’s organization.
Definitions Goal oriented:- The main purpose of a
Secondary groups are those that are secondary group is to fulfill a specific
relatively casual and impersonal in their function.
relationships. Relationships in them are
usually competitive rather than mutually Importance of Secondary group
helpful. (P.H.Landis) - The organized functioning with set
rules and regulations, clear cut
The groups which provide experience lacking authority and division of labour
in intimacy are called secondary groups. amongst it’s members has facilitated
(Ogburn) efficient achievement of it’s goal.
- These groups provide greater
Elements of Secondary Group channels of opportunity for
Formal and impersonal relations: development of individual talents.
- The group does not exert any - A secondary group broadens the
primary influence upon its members. outlook of it’s members beyond the
- They do not meet face to face. vested interests of the primary
- They perform their jobs, carry out group.
their order, pay their dues and still - It is more universal in it’s judgement
may not see each other face to face. than the primary group which is
Large in size - They may be spread all over influenced by local customs and
the world personal attitudes.
Option of membership- The membership of - It may shatter the bonds of
most secondary group is not compulsory provincialism and casteism.
Active and inactive members -Due to lack of
intimate relations amongst themselves and
large size of the groups, some of the
Primary v/s Secondary Group. Other groups
Primary group-
- Size:: Small in size and area (Usually Reference Group- is a group to which an
defined area like family, study group. individual compares himself/herself.
etc) :
- Type of co-operation:: Direct. Intimate Reference group is a group that people use
bonding. as a standard in evaluating or understanding
- Kind of structure: Based on informal themselves, their attitudes, and their
structure. No detailed rules are behavior
drafted and members work
spontaneously in adjustment with 4. Networks
each other A social network is a series or web of
- Relationship: Direct, Personal, Intimate social ties involving people or groups
Secondary group- of individuals connected to each other,
- Size: Widespread in size As well as such as/through friendship, family, business
area. relationship, academic institutions, religious
- Type of co-operation: Indirect. To organizations and sociopolitical clubs
achieve only group objective and no
personal bonding.
- Kind of structure: Regulated by a set
of formal rules. A formal authority is
set up with designated powers and
clear cut division of labour amongst
it’s members.
- Relationship: ndirect, not face to face,
formal.
According to social identification (I&O)
1. In-groups- feel strong identification
and loyalty with the members of their
own groups different, either culturally
or racially
2. Outgroups- is a group or category to
which people feel they do not belong
 - individual interests are sacrificed over the
2.1 Social Institutions welfare of the group
Social Institution- a group of social - kinship ties are extended to
positions, connected by social relations, “compadre” or sponsors
performing a social role, e.g. universities, Functions of the Family
government, families. - Reproduction of the race and rearing
- Organized set of elements to attain order the young
Institutional approach- social institutions are - Cultural transmission or enculturation
ordered sets of rules, norms, beliefs,or Socialization of the child
values that organize human behavior. - Providing affection and a sense of
Relational approach- focuses on social security
relations rather than rules, norms, or values. - Providing the environment for
personality development and the
Functions of an Institution growth of self-concept
• Institutions are purposive. - Providing social status
• They are relatively permanent in The Family: Basic Concepts
their content. Family- A social institution that unites people
• Institutions are structured. in cooperative groups to oversee the bearing
• Institutions are a unified structure. and raising of children.
• Institutions are necessarily value-laden Kinship- A social bond based on blood,
Major social institutions (fam,eco,edu ,rel) marriage or adoption.
1. Family- is the smallest social institution Kinds of Family
with the unique function or producing and Extended Family- A family unit that includes
rearing the young. It is the basic unit of parents and children as well as otherkin.
Philippine society and the educational (Consanguine Family)
system. The Western World regards a family Nuclear family- A family unit of one or two
as husband, wife, and children. parents and their children. (Conjugal Family)
Characteristics of the Filipino Family Reconstituted family- composed of the
- closely knit and has strong family ties spouses and their children from previous
- has a strong loyalty among Members marriage.
 Marriage Patterns Neolocality – newly married couple free
Endogamy- Marriage between people of the to choose their own locality
same social category. Natalocal residence - is structured by a
Exogamy- Marriage between people of rule that, upon marriage, both the
different social categories. husband and wife continue to reside with
Monogamy- Marriage that unites two partners their families of origin.
Types of Monogamy:
- Serial Monogamy, According to AUthority
- Sororate Monogamy, - Patriarchal Father- is considered the

- Levirate Monogamy head and plays a dominant role

Polygamy- Marriage that unites three or - Matriarchal Mother- is considered the

more people. head and makes the major decisions

- Polygyny – a form of marriage that - Equalitarian- Both the mother and

unites one man and two or more father share in making decisions and

women are equal in authority

- Polyandry – unites one woman and The Functionalist Perspective:

two or more men
Functions and Dysfunctions
• Why Family is Universal
• Functions of the Incest Taboo
Kinds of Family patterns:
• Isolation and Emotional Overload
KInship Patterns: to whom we are related:
Inequality and the Family: Conflict Analysis
According to Line of Descent
• Property and Inheritance – Friedrich Engels
- Matrilineal- descent based on the
(1884) traced the origin of the family to
female line
men’s need to identify heir so that they
- Patrilineal- descent based on male
could hand down property to their sons.
line
• Race and Ethnicity
- Bilineal- descent based on both male
and female
Constructing Family Life: Symbolic-Interaction
Residential Patterns Approach - The reality of family life is
Patrilocality – an arrangement where
constructed by members in their interaction
marriage couple live with or near
Family Life Cycle
husband’s family • Love and Courtship
Matrilocality – couples live with or near • Marriage
the wife’s family • Childbirth
Bilocality – newly married couple • Child Rearing
allowed to choose • The Family in Later Life
 Courtship and Romantic Love Types of Cohabilitation
• Usually begins with sexual attraction Linus Blanket- Insecure/ dependent people:
• The role of love differs sharply from one finding someone to rely on
society to another Emancipation- People who want to be free
Love Without Sex from family; prove themselves and gain
• Celibacy experience
– May be a choice COnvenience- People who want to have
– May be a circumstance (no partner) sexual relationships without security;
– May be short of long term someone to care home (for man) and
– May be goal oriented (marriage) finance (for women) ?? huh wtf sexist af
• Asexuality – little or no sexual attraction to Testing- People who intend to marry; the
either sex trial marriage before having a real one.
• Emphasis on friendship and other Singlehood
relationship qualities Categories of Singles (according to
• Love and desire do not have to meet Sociolologist Peter Stein Typology of
Marriage Singlehood)
Love and Marriage is socially channeled Voluntary Temporary Singles- never married
– Age, Education, Social Class, Race, Religion but not opposed to marriage
• Sociologists use the term homogamy to Voluntary Permanent Singles- Intentionally
refer to the tendency of people who have remaining single
similar characteristics to marry one another. Involuntary temporary Singles- want to
– Occur largely as a result of propinquity, or marry and actively seek a mate
spatial nearness Involuntary permanent singles- wanted to
Child Bearing: Social Class marry but did not find a mate
Sociologist Lillian Rubin (1992) found that
2. The Economy- an institution that
social class made a significant difference in
addresses questions regarding limited
how couples adjust to the arrival of
resources of society
children.
- Liberal Economist- answers should be
• Average working class couple – the first
determined by the market
baby arrived just nine months
- Socialist- bourgeoisie or social class
after marriage
controls the production
• Middle class couple – the first baby arrived
- Protelariat- laborers
three years after marriage
- Market Failures- market becomes
Alternative Family Forms inefficient
• One-parent families • Cohabitation • Gay
3. Educational & Health Institution
and Lesbian couples • Singlehood
 Multiple Functions of Schools - Creation of generation gap
Technical/Economic- refers to the 4. Religion- is the socially defined patterns
contributions of the school to the technical of beliefs concerning ultimate meaning of life’
or economical development pf the needs on it assumes the existence of the
anindividual, the institution, the local supernatural. -Stark
community, the society and the international Characteristics of Religion
community. - Belief in a deity or in a power
Human/social - refers to the contributions of beyond the individual
the school to human development and social - A doctrine (accepted teaching) of
relationships at different levels of society. salvation
Cultural - refers to the contributions of the - A code of conduct
school to the cultural transmission and - The use of sacred stories
development at different levels of society. - Religious rituals (acts and
Education - refers to the contributions of ceremonies)
the school to the development and Functions of Religion Religion serves as a
maintenance of education at the different means of social control. It exerts a great
levels of society. influence upon personality development.
Manifest and Latent Functions of Education Religion always fear the unknown. Religion
Manifest functions of education - the open explains events or situations which are
and intended goals or consequences of beyond the comprehension of man. It gives
activities within an organization or institution. man comfort, strength and hope in times of
- Socialization crisis and despair.
- Social control It preserves and transmits knowledge, skills,
- Social placement spiritual and cultural values and practices It
- Transmitting culture serves as an instrument of change. It
- Promoting social and political promotes closeness, love, cooperation,
integration friendliness and helpfulness. Religion
- Agent of change alleviates sufferings from major calamities. It
Latent functions of education - the hidden, provides hope for a blissful life after death.
unstated and sometimes unintended
consequences of activities within an
Churches, sects and cults
organization or institution. Church – tends to be large, with inclusive
- Restricting some activities membership, in low tension with society
- Matchmaking and production of social Sect – has a small, exclusive membership,
networks high tension with society, it tends toward the
emotional, mystic, stress faith, feeling, 2.2 Political Institutions
conversion experience, to be “born again”
Cult – the more innovative institutions and Politics- refer to activities through which
are formed when people create new people make, preserve, and amend the
religious beliefs and practices. There are general rules under which they live.
three types: audience cults, client cults and Power- refers to the ability to do something
cult movements. inorder to achieve a desired outcome
Authorization- is legitimate power. A person

Elements of Religion who has authority has the right to exercise

Sacred- refers to phenomena that are power.
regarded as extraordinary, transcendent, 3 Classification of Religion
and outside the everyday course of Monotheistic- One God

events-- that is, supernatural Polytheistic- many gods

Legitimation of norms – Religious sanctions Animism- belief system that holds that both

and beliefs reinforce the legitimacy of many animate and inanimate things have spiritual

rules and norms in the community essence.

Rituals – are formal patterns of activity that

express symbolically a set of shared Secularization theory- predicts the

meanings decrease in the influence of religion and

Religious Community – Religions establishes a organized churches in social affairs.

code of behavior for the members, who Theocracies- states with governments that

belong and who do not. are under the power of religious leaders.
Political organizations
I. Bands -based on skill
Economic Institutions
II. Tribes- based on legitimacy
Microeconomics - concerned with the III. Chiefdoms - based on legitimacy
specific economic units of parts that makes IV. States and nations
an economic system and the relationship Factors Pertaining the Development of
between those parts. Political Structures
1. Increased population density
Macroeconomics - concerned with the
2. Large surplus and resource wealth
economy as a whole, or large segments of it.
3. Greater social inequality
4. Less reliance on kinship relations as basis
of political structures
5. Increased internal and external conflict
6. Increase power and responsibility of Nation- a large population that shares the
leaders same culture, language, traditions, history
7. Increased burden on the population to - A cultural unit
support political leaders Based on Latin nation ‘birth”
Legitimacy and Types of Authority Ethnic Identity
Traditional Authority- Passed on/ inherited - Common ancestry (mythical or actual);
- ex. Queen Elizabeth II - Common Religion (usually) and/or
Charismatic Authority- based on presumed language; accepted ways of bahavior
special and extraordinary characteristics or Political Aspirations
qualities possessed by an individual - Has a homeland
- Charismatic- Charisma is a Greek - Not all nations are recognized as
word that means gift freely & states
graciously given - A state is not equivalent to a single
- Ex. John F. Kennedy, Adolf Hitler nation and infact may composed of
Legal-Rational Authority- most typical type several nation. Ex. China and Taiwan
of authority in societies. (through elections)
- Ex. Pres. Benigno Aquino III Political Dynasties

Bureaucracy - Means “rule by officials”

Types of Political Organization &
- For Weber bureaucracy is characterized
Leadership Structure
by “rationality, rule-governed behavior, and
State- an independent political entity with impersonal behavior.”
clear geographic boundaries Political liberalization- refers to the
- A political Unit emergence of liberal-democratic regimes
Based on Latin status “to stand” that are characterized by a
Independent Country representative--western societies.
- Defined boundaries Political Culture - This refers to the pattern
- Intentionally recognize of orientation to political objects such as
Sovereignty (legitimate and ultimate authority parties, government, and constitution,
to state) over land and people within expressed in beliefs, symbols, and values.
boundaries.
- Gray areas, including colonies 2.3 Social Stratification and Social
- Political concept Inequality
- Not subject to external control Social stratification- is the division of
- May be composed of several nations society into categories, ranks, or classes.
 - refers to the division of large social Marx divided society into:
groups into smaller groups based on – Bourgeoisie, or the owners of the means
categories determined by economics of production
- These divisions lead to social – Proletariat, or workers who sell their labor
inequality—the unequal sharing of in exchange for wages
resources and social rewards. Weber (concept of status) described three
- Social standing factors of class (Social Desirables)
- Hierarchical arrangement of people – Wealth
within a society – Prestige
Strata- levels of people are placed within – Power
hierarchy of stratification based on various Closed System (Caste) - status is
dimensions ascribed. Ascribed status can be based
Underclass/Social Exclusion- Cut off from upon several factors, such as family
full involvement in the wider circle of the background (e.g. the feudal system consists
society of landowners and serfs). Political factors
Systems of Stratification may also play a role (e.g. societies
Open System (Class) - status is achieved organized on the basis of communism), as
through merit and effort. This is sometimes can ethnicity (e.g. the former apartheid
known as a meritocracy. The UK is a regime in south africa), and religion.
relatively open society, although - Resistant to change
disadvantaged groups within society face a - Rigid boundaries
glass ceiling. - Limited interactions
- open to change - Negates social mobility
- Flexibility of social roles and Caste Systems
boundaries - Closed stratification system

- Open interaction - Resources and social rewards

- Increased social mobility distributed based on ascribed

Class Systems statuses

- Class system more open than closed - Lifelong status determined by that of

stratification system parents

- Resources and rewards distributed - Prohibits exogamy, or marriage

according to achieved statuses outside of caste (different) ;

- Some control over place in society. promotes endogamy, or marriage

within caste (same).
 - Caste system in India has been Stratification describes the way in which
challenged but still plays a major role different groups of people are placed within
society.
Social Desirables The status of people is often determined
Dimensions of Social Class/ Social by how society is stratified-- the basis of
Desirables which can include:
Social class is a grouping of people with
- Wealth and income- most common
similar levels of wealth, power, and prestige.
basis of stratification
Socioeconomic status is a rating that
- Social class
combines social factors such as educational
- Ethnicity
level, occupational prestige, and place of
- Gender
residence with the economic factor of
- Political status
income.
- Religion (e.g. the caste system in
1.) Wealth – Wealth equals assets—value of
India)
everything the person owns— and
income—money earned through salaries,
Theoretical Perspective on Social
investment returns, or other capital gains – In
Stratification
the United States, 1 percent of population 1. Functionalist Theory: sees
controls one-third of wealth stratification as necessary feature
• Certain roles must be performed for
2.) Power – Power is the ability to control stability of society
the behavior of others, with or without their • Without varying rewards some jobs would
consent – Can be based on force, a special go unfilled
skill or type of knowledge, particular social • Critics point out that not everyone has
status, personal characteristics, or custom same access to resources
and tradition - Davis-moore thesis
3.) Prestige – Prestige is the respect, level 2. Conflict Theory: see competition over
of admiration – honor, recognition, or scarce resources as the cause
courtesyan individual receives – Occupation, • Stratification comes from class
education, family background, and area of exploitation
residence are common factors in the United • A group in power can shape policy to
States. maintain its power
• Critics point out that not everyone is
suited for every position
• Stratification perpetuates inequality
 3. Symbolic Interactionism Theory: Social Mobility
• People’s standings affects their everyday Social mobility is the movement between or
interactions within social classes.
• People interact with others within their own Types of Social Mobility
social class #1. Horizontal mobility refers to movement

• People appearance reflects their standing/ within a social class or stratum.

social class #2. Vertical mobility refers to the movement

• The theory of conspicuous consumption- between social classes or strata.

refers to buying certain products to make Vertical Social Mobility

• There are two kinds of vertical mobility
social statement about status.
according to the pattern of movement:
• Upward mobility - refers to an upward
Determining Social Class
movement in social class.
- The fewer ascribed statuses used to
Causes of Upward Mobility
determine class, the more open the
- Individual effort
class system.
- Technological change
- The United States has a fairly open
- Change in merchandising patterns
system, but the rate of social mobility
- Increase in population’s general
is not equal for every segment.
educational level
- Three techniques are used to rank
• Downward mobility - lowering of an
individuals.
individual’s social class
Causes of Downward Mobility
Reputational Method – Individuals in the
- Personal factors such as illness,
community are asked to rank other
divorce, or retirement
members based on what they know of their
- Technological change altering the
characters and lifestyles – Suitable only for
demand for labor
small communities – Cannot be used across
- Overall economic health
communities
There are two kinds of vertical mobility
Subjective Method – Individuals are asked to
according to generations:
determine their own social rank – Most
• intragenerational mobility (within a
people choose middle class
person’s lifetime, e.g. between siblings)
Objective Method – Income, occupation, and
focuses on the experience of people
education – Statistical nature makes this
who belong in the same generation.
method least biased – Choosing different
factors brings different results
 • intergenerational mobility (several Life chances define the likelihood that an
generations of one family) refers to individual will share in the opportunities and
the changes in social standing benefits of society.
experienced by individuals belonging to • Life chances include health,
different generations. length of life, housing, and
Structural Mobility- large-scale changes education.
in society can result in the • Poverty is a disadvantage in
improvement or decline of the health and life expectancy.
conditions and status of a large group Patterns of Behavior
of people. • Divorce rates are higher among
low-income families.

Social Inequality • Crime rates are higher in poor

1.) Social Inequality & Poverty communities.
Poverty is a standard of living that is below 2. Gender Inequality - Gender refers to the
the minimum level considered adequate by culturally imposed characteristics that define
society. What one society sees as poverty masculinity and femininity. Sex refers to
might be seen as adequate by another biological and anatomical differences that
society. distinguish males from females
• Upper class, middle class, lower • Gender role – specific tasks and behaviors
class/working class/ blue-collar workers, expected of a person by virtue of his/her
under class. sex.
Poverty Types • Gender identity – refers to how a person
Absolute- refers to the lac of basic identifies himself/herself as belonging to a
resources like food, clean water, safe particular gender
housing, and access to health care needed Patriarchy- refers to the socially sanctioned
to maintain a quality lifestyle. and systematic domination of males over
Relative- applies to those who may be able females, and is expressed in various
to obtain basic necessities but are still aspects of society.
unable to maintain an average standard of GENDER STEREOTYPES- stereotypes are
living compared to the rest of society. oversimplified ideas of a particular type of
Subjective- is defined by how an individual person (or idea, or place) that many people
evaluates his or her actual income against believe are true.
his or her expectations and perceptions. - They are often negative
Effects of Poverty
Poor and wealthy members of society have
different life chances and behavior patterns.
In 1918 Women finally got the vote, but not Racial Inequality & Discrimination
fully until the 1920s – and still not everybody Displacement and Scrapegoating-
agreed with this. psychological mechanisms associated with
AFTER THE VOTE prejudice and discrimination.
1920: Women could become lawyers In displacement, feelings of hostility become
1922: Women could inherit property directed against objects that are not the
1929: Women become ‘persons’ by law real origin of these anxieties; those at the
1970: Equal Pay Act makes it illegal to pay receiving end become scrapegoats.
women at different rates Discrimination- refers to actions or behavior
1980 : Women allowed to borrow in their own of members of a dominant social group that
name negatively impacts other members of
1994: It becomes illegal for a husband to rape society that do not belong to the dominant
his wife group.
Functionalists- Sexual division=social stability 4.) Other Minorities
Feminists PWDs, Religious differences, Minorities base
1. Liberal feminists- explain gender inequality on gender, Isolated Communities
in terms of social and cultural attitudes. 5.) Global Inequalities •
2. Radical feminists- argue that men are Global Stratification – unequal distribution
responsible for the exploitation of women
through patriarchy THEORIES OF GLOBAL INEQUALITIES
3. Black feminism- identifies factors such 1. Market oriented theories such as the
as class and ethnicity, in addition to gender, Modernization theory, claim that cultural and
as essential for understanding oppression institutional barriers to development explain
experienced by non-white woman. poverty in low-income countries.
3.) Ethnicities & Race Issues 2. Dependency theory claims that global
Ethnicity- is the feeling of affinity or loyalty poverty is the result of exploitation of poor
towards a particular population, cultural countries by wealthy ones, thereby creating
group, or territorial area. a cycle of dependence.
Race- refers to a group of people who 3. World-systems Theory focuses on the
share the same ancestry. relationship among the core and the
Racism- refers to a set of attitudes, peripheral and semi peripheral countries in
beliefs, and practices used to justify the the global economy.
superior treatment of one racial or ethnic 4. State-centered Theories emphasize the
group and the inferior treatment of another role of governments in fostering economic
racial or ethnic group. development.