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Power Systems Engineering Thesis

2020-05-05

Feasibility Assessment for Replacement

of Diesel Water Pumps with Solar Water
Pumps in Amhara Region. Case study
at Fagita, Gubala and Gundl Developing Towns.

Achamyeleh, Worku

http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/10808
Downloaded from DSpace Repository, DSpace Institution's institutional repository
 BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULITY OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Feasibility Assessment for Replacement of Diesel Water

Pumps with Solar Water Pumps in Amhara Region.
Case study at Fagita, Gubala and Gundl Developing Towns.
By

Worku Achamyeleh
Advisor
Dr.-Ing. Belachew Bantyirga

A Thesis Submitted to Faculty of Electrical and computer Engineering of

Bahirdar Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Master of
science (MSC) in Electrical Engineering (Power System).

April 2009EC
Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
 BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULITY OF COMPUTING AND ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING

Feasibility Assessment for Replacement of Diesel Water Pumps

with Solar Water Pumps in Amhara Region.
Case study at Fagita, Gubala and Gundl Developing Towns.

By

Worku Achamyeleh

APPROVED BY BOARD OF
EXAMINERS

Chairperson signature

________________________

Advisor signature

Internal Examiner signature

____________________________ ____________________

External Examiner signature

i
 Declaration
I, the undersigned, hereby certify that the work which is being presented in this thesis
entitled “Feasibility Assessment for Replacement of Diesel Water Pump with Solar
Water Pumps in Amhara Region : A Case Gubala, Gundl and Fagita Developing Town”
is done by me, in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of
Master of Science in Electrical power Engineering from Bahir Dar Institute of
Technology is authentic record of my own work, has not been submitted in any other
university/institute for the award of any other degree, and all sources of materials used
for the thesis work have been fully acknowledged.

Name: Worku Achamyeleh

Signature:

Place: Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

Date of submission:

This thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as a university advisor.

Name: ______________________

Signature:

Date:

ii
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my thesis adviser Dr.-In. Belachew
Bantyirga for his valuable guidance, for his comments and supervision of this thesis work
from the motivation up to end of paper.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Ato Tadese Abera and Fanuel melak for
their helpful suggestion, advise and comments throughout my thesis.

I want to acknowledge the Amhara water works construction enterprise; Amhara water
works design and supervision enterprise and Amhara water, irrigation and energy bureau for
their cooperation to provide the raw data. My special thanks go to my wife and my brothers
for their significant support.

Finally, I am very much thankful to all who have good will and wish to my success support
throughout my research.

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 ABSTRACT

Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) water pumping system is one of the promising renewable
technologies that utilize the solar energy to pump water. Use of diesel pumping system is
neither cost effective nor environment friendly. This thesis analyzes the feasibility of
replacing diesel pumping system with photovoltaic pumping systems of Gubala, Gundl
and Fagita case study areas in Amhara region.
WinCAP and LORENTEZ software have been used in the design of the solar PV pump.
Moreover, initial, running, maintenance and life cycle cost analysis have also been carried
out between solar PV and the diesel pumping system using HOMER software.
The initial cost of solar pumping and diesel systems under study for the Case 1, 2, and 3 are
726,132.00, 744,768.00 & 382,933.00, and 1,274,285.00, 1,048,412.00 & 725,370.00 Birr
respectively. Whereas the running cost of diesel and solar pumping system for each three
Cases are 10,221,457.00, 10,121,764.00, & 5,042,321.00, and 8,591.00, 6,954.00 &
3,790.00 Birr respectively.
The breakeven between solar pumping and diesel systems of Case 1, 2, and 3 water supplies
are 2.6, 2.1 and 2.4 year respectively. Likewise, cost of photovoltaic pumping system of
Gubala, Gundl, and Fagita are less than diesel pumping system by 10.8%, 8.5%, and 9.5%
respectively.

The total emission of gases by diesel engine for the three water supply Cases within one
year are 270,149 kg Carbon dioxide, 667 kg Carbon monoxide, 543 kg Sulfur dioxide,
5,951 kg Nitrogen oxide, and 73.8 kg of unburned hydrocarbon.

Key words: - Photovoltaic, diesel, pump, cost, software

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 Contents
Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................ iii
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... iv
List of Table ......................................................................................................................... vii
List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... viii
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ..................................................................................... x
CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................................. 1
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 General background ...................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 Photovoltaic generators in water supply ....................................................................... 2
1.1.2 Renewable Energy Technology .................................................................................... 2
1.1.3 Oil and Gas Resource in Ethiopia................................................................................. 4
1.1.4 Energy Resource Potential and Utilization for Ethiopia; 2013..................................... 5
1.2 Statement of the problem .............................................................................................. 5
1.3 Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 7
1.3.1 General objective .......................................................................................................... 7
1.3.2 Specific objectives ........................................................................................................ 7
1.3.3 Scope and limitations of the thesis................................................................................ 8
1.4 Benefit and beneficiaries .............................................................................................. 8
1.4.1 Benefit........................................................................................................................... 8
1.4.2 Beneficiaries ................................................................................................................. 8
1.5 Methodology of the work ............................................................................................. 8
1.6 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................. 9
1.7 PV PUMP AND DIESEL ENGINE OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGIES ............... 11
1.7.1 PV pumping technology ............................................................................................. 11
1.7.2.Diesel engine driven generator technology ............................................................... 21
CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................................... 24
2. ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION ........................................................................................... 24
2.1. STUDY SITE .................................................................................................................. 24
2.1.1. Case 1 ......................................................................................................................... 27
2.1.2. Case 2 ......................................................................................................................... 31
2.1.3. Case 3 existing water source ...................................................................................... 33
2.2. ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION ............................................................................. 36
2.2.1. Sizing Solar Cell and Solar Water Pumps .................................................................. 38
2.2.2. Design and simulation of Case 3 water supply ........................................................... 41
2.2.3. Case 1 water supply design and simulation ................................................................ 48
2.2.4. Analysis and simulation of case 2 water supply ......................................................... 55

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CHAPTER 3 ........................................................................................................................ 62
3. COST COMPARISON OF THE TWO SYSTEMS ....................................................... 62
3.1. Capital (initial) Cost ................................................................................................... 63
3.2. Operating, Maintenance and Energy Cost .................................................................. 64
3.3. Life Cycle Cost ........................................................................................................... 65
CHAPTER 5 ........................................................................................................................ 67
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ..................................................................................... 67
4.1. Life Cycle Cost Comparison ...................................................................................... 67
4.1.1. Case 1 Water Supply Homer Software input and Result ............................................ 67
4.1.2. Case 2 Water Supply Homer Software input and Result ............................................ 70
4.1.3. Case 3 Water Supply Homer Software input and Result ............................................ 72
4.2. Break Even Points of Case 1, Case 2 and Case 3. ...................................................... 73
4.3. Environmental Impact of Diesel Engine. .................................................................... 75
CHAPTER 5 ........................................................................................................................ 77
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .............................................................. 77
5.1. Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 77
5.2. Recommendations ...................................................................................................... 78
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 79
Annex ................................................................................................................................... 81
A1. Climate data of Gubala, Gundl and Fagita Taken from Nassa website .......................... 81
A2.Homer software cost analysis result ................................................................................ 84
A3, Metrological data from west Gojam metrology office................................................... 97

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 List of Table
Table 1-1: energy resource potential of Ethiopia in [3] [4] ............................................... 5
Table 2-1: CSA counting level population growth rate [16]. .......................................... 27
Table 2-2: Summary of Average Day Demand ............................................................... 29
Table 2-3: summery of adjusted domestic water demand ............................................... 33
Table 3-1: Capital cost of PV system .............................................................................. 64
Table 3-2: Capital cost of diesel system .......................................................................... 64
Table 4-1: Net Present Costs of Case 1 water supply ...................................................... 69
Table 4-2: Net Present Costs of Case 2 water supply ...................................................... 71
Table 4-3: Net Present Costs of Case 3 water supply ...................................................... 73
Table 4-4: Lifecycle cost and breakeven time. ................................................................ 73
Table 4-5: Emitted gas by diesel engine .......................................................................... 75

vii
 List of Figures
Figure 1-1: distribution of average annual total solar radiation in Kwh/m2 ...................... 4
Figure 1-2: Internal combustion engine generator for water pumps. ................................ 6
Figure 1-3: The photoelectric effect and subsequent electron motion. ............................ 12
Figure 1-4: a) cells b) moduel c)array[4] ......................................................................... 12
Figure 1-5: classification of pumps ................................................................................. 18
Figure 1-6: pump that uses a helical rotor and brushless motor [7]. ............................... 19
Figure 1-7: Surface pump [7]........................................................................................... 19
Figure 1-8: Water pump system configuration with batteries. ........................................ 20
Figure 1-9: AC Water pumping system Configuration Using Storage Tank .................. 21
Figure 1-10: DC Direct Configuration with Tank ........................................................... 21
Figure 2-1:Map of Amhara Region ................................................................................. 25
Figure 2-2: Site location of case 1 .................................................................................. 26
Figure 2-3: Case 1 monthly solar radiation. .................................................................... 27
Figure 2-4: Figure 2-4: Borehole, altitude and pressure line of Case 1 water supply [15].
......................................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 2-5: Case 1 water tank reservoir. .......................................................................... 29
Figure 2-6: One of Case 1 public water point. ................................................................. 30
Figure 2-7: Case1 generator name plate .......................................................................... 30
Figure 2-8: Case 1Average daily radiation for each month. ............................................ 31
Figure 2-9: Generator name plate for Case 2 water supply. ............................................ 32
Figure 2-10: Diesel generator for Case 2 water supply. .................................................. 32
Figure 2-11: Case 3 solar radiation. ................................................................................ 34
Figure 2-12: Case 3 generator name plate ....................................................................... 35
Figure 2-13: Case 3 water supply engine name plate. ..................................................... 35
Figure 2-14: Case 3 water supply generator set. .............................................................. 36
Figure 2-15: a) Schematic diagram of solar pumping system, b) Single line diagram of
solar pumping system ...................................................................................................... 38
Figure 2-16: Case 3 WinCAP software input .................................................................. 43
Figure 2-17: : Case3 solar pump performance curve taken from WinCAP software ..... 44
Figure 2-18: Case 3 monthly water production, taken from WinCap software ............... 45
Figure 2-19: Daily water production case 3 site. ............................................................ 45
Figure 2-20 Series and parallel connection of solar module for case 3 water supply ..... 46

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Figure 2-21 Case 1 WinCAP software input. .................................................................. 50
Figure 2-22: Case 1 solar pump performance curve taken from WinCAP software ...... 51
Figure 2-23: Case 1 monthly water production, taken from WinCAP software ............. 52
Figure 2-24: Daily water production case 1 site. ............................................................. 52
Figure 2-25: Series and parallel connection of solar module of Case 1 water supply .... 53
Figure 2-26: Case 2 WinCAP software input ................................................................. 57
Figure 2-27: Case 2 solar pump performance curve taken from WinCAP software ...... 58
Figure 2-28: Daily water production case 2 site. ............................................................. 59
Figure 2-29: Monthly water production Case 2 site. ...................................................... 59
Figure 2-30: Series and parallel connection of case 2 water supply ................................ 60
Figure 4-1: Case1 Diesel engine input ............................................................................ 68
Figure 4-2: Case 1 solar array inputs .............................................................................. 68
Figure 4-3 Case 1 water supply PV and DP cash flow .................................................... 69
Figure 4-4: Case 2 diesel generator input ....................................................................... 70
Figure 4-5: Case 2 solar array input ................................................................................ 70
Figure 4-6: Case 2 water supply PV and DP cash flow homer simulation ..................... 71
Figure 4-7: Case 3 diesel generator input ....................................................................... 72
Figure 4-8: Case 3 solar Array input ............................................................................... 72
Figure 4-9: Case 3 water supply PV and DP cash flow simulation homer software sum
......................................................................................................................................... 73
Figure 4-10: Annual cost of Case1,Case 2 and Case3 .................................................... 74
Figure 4-11: Lifecycle cost of Case 1, Case 2 and Case 1 .............................................. 75

ix
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
AC Alternative Current
a.s.s Above Sea Level
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
CC Capital Cost
O
C Degree Centigrade
CSA Central Statistics Agency
DC Direct Current
DP Diesel Pump
E Subsystem Efficiency
EC Energy Cost
EH Hydraulic Energy
F Mismatch Factor
GEF Global Environmental Facility
GW Giga Watt
g Gravity
Kg/yr Kilogram Per Year
KM Kilo Meter
LCC Life Cycle Cost
lit/sec Liter Per Second
M3/day Meter Cube Per Day
MPP Maximum Power Point
MW Mega Watt
3
MWH/M Mega Watt Hour Per Meter Cube
P Power
PSH Peak Sun Hours
PV Photovoltaic
PVP Photovoltaic Pump
Q Discharge
RC Replacement Cost
SC Salvage Value
TDH Total Dynamic Heat
UAP Universal Access Program

x
UNDP United Nation Development Program
VOC Open Circuit Voltage
Vmp Maximum power point voltage
WH Watt Hour
η Efficiency
ρ Density of Water

xi
 CHAPTER 1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 General background

Water resources are essential for satisfying human needs, protecting health, and ensuring
food production, energy and the restoration of ecosystems, as well as for sustainable of
social and economic development.

However, according to UN (2003), World Water Development Report, it has been

estimated that two billion people were affected by water shortages in over forty countries,
and 1.1 billion did not have sufficient drinking water. It is imperative to find a solution for
this urgent matter and in doing so, implementing environmental friendly technologies is like
two birds in one stone. [1]

Amhara region, which is one of Ethiopian largest regions, has abundant surface and river
waters. Unfortunately, most of these sources do not provide pure water.

In this region, most of the population resides in rural areas and fetch water from streams due
to lack of electric power from EEPCO.
It is quite common to find hand-dug wells, where the ground water levels are shallow.
However, the larger part of water for the above areas is supplied from boreholes and
streams.

Obviously the first attempt should be installing water pumps in these areas powered by the
grid. Since the water sources in these areas located very far from the power source,
installation becomes very expensive and not feasible. But, currently to tackle the power
problem, diesel powered generators are in use in many rural areas. Even though, this
brings a temporary solution, but brought with it other demanding matters. First of all, the
price of oil and fuel for operation is very expensive and price grows continuously. On the
other hand, it pollutes the environment since it releases toxic gases.

Thus, it is imperative to find a solution which is less costly and abundant as well as
environmental friendly sources such as solar pumps that can offer a clean, cost effective
and simple alternative to internal combustion engines. Solar pumps are most effective
during daytime require no fuel, and minor maintenance.

1
1.1.1 Photovoltaic generators in water supply

Today, many stand-alone type water pumping systems use internal combustion engine
generators. These systems have some major disadvantages, such as:high running cost and
require frequent site visits for refueling and maintenance. Furthermore, diesel fuel is often
expensive and difficult to find in rural areas.
The consumption of fossil fuels also has a negative environmental impact, in particular
the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. CO2 emissions can be greatly
reduced through the application of renewable energy technologies, which are already cost
competitive with fossil fuels in many situations.

The aim of this study to search for the problems and obstacles and providing solutions or
suggestions on the way of replacing diesel generators by a much more futuristic solution,
solar powered pumps. A number of studies have been conducted PV pumping system
worldwide. Unfortunately, the technology is still in its infancy in Ethiopia. [2]

1.1.2 Renewable Energy Technology

Renewable energy technologies are essential contributors to the energy supply portfolio, as
they contribute to world energy security, reduce dependency on fossil fuels, and provide
opportunities for mitigating greenhouse gases [3]. Climate-disrupting fossil fuels are being
replaced by clean, climate-stabilizing, non-deplete sources of energy.

The report indicates the share of renewable energy in global power generation raising to
over 26% by 2020 from 22% in 2013 a remarkable shift in a very limited period of time.
By 2020, the amount of global electricity generation coming from renewable energy will be
higher than today’s combined electricity demand of China, India and Brazil [2]

Energy conservation can be achieved through increased efficient energy use, in conjunction
with decreased energy consumption and/or reduced consumption from conventional energy
sources. Energy conservation can result in increased financial capital, environmental
quality, national security, personal security, and human comfort. Individuals and
organizations that are direct consumers of energy choose to conserve energy to reduce
energy costs and promote economic security.
Electrical energy conservation is an important element of energy policy. Energy
conservation reduces the energy consumption and energy demand per capita and thus
offsets some of the growth in energy supply needed to keep up with population growth.

2
This reduces the rise in energy costs, and can reduce the need for new power plants, and
energy imports. The reduced energy demand can provide more flexibility in choosing the
most preferred methods of energy production [2].

Solar Resources in Ethiopia

Solar energy is the primary source for all forms of energy on earth. Solar energy
measurement was taken from the average density of solar radiation incident on the earth's
surface. Ethiopia has an excellent solar energy resource. But the value varies through time
from a minimum of 4.55kwh/m2 in July to a maximum of 5.55kwh/m2 in February and
March [3].
Ethiopia generates most of its electricity from renewable energy, mainly hydropower. In
2011, over 96% of Ethiopia's electricity was from hydropower. The country began a large
program to expand electricity supply in the 2018 from 2,000 MW to 10,000 MW. This was
to be done mainly with renewable sources. Wind and geothermal were included to offset
seasonal differences in water levels. Ethiopia plans to export electricity to neighboring
countries but transmission lines will need to be upgraded and expanded [3] [4].

Most of the energy needs of Ethiopia are filled by bio-fuels, which includes cooking,
heating and lighting with a very little support from off-grid sources mainly lighting.
Petroleum’s share is only less than 7% of the energy needs of the country. Solar
photovoltaic is being promoted to replace fuel-based lighting and off-grid electrical supply
with a solar panel assembly plant opening in Addis Ababa in early 2013. The majority of
the Ethiopia's population lives in rural areas and very few of them have access to electricity.
Ethiopia’s Follows plan to be carbon free by 2025 [3] [4].

Solar photovoltaic are being promoted to replace fuel-based lighting and off-grid electrical
needs [3].

3
 Figure 1-1: distribution of average annual total solar radiation in Kwh/m2

A current government initiative plans to bring solar power to 150,000 households by 2015.
The first phase included 1 MW of panels. The first large installation of solar was a village
grid of 10 kW in 1985, expanded to 30 kW in 1989. A solar panel assembly plant opened in
Addis Ababa in early 2013 capable of making 20 MW of panel per year [4] [3].

1.1.3 Oil and Gas Resource in Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, proven petroleum reserve is not found until now. However, some indications
have been recorded in the Ogaden, Gambella, Wello, the Blue Nile George and Mekele
area. The country at present has discovered the natural gas reserve, and started preparatory
work to develop the resource. The discovery of Natural Gas was first discovered by
Tenneco in 1973.

This is one of the discoveries made within the East African continental Margin which
includes a wide onshore belt that extends from Ethiopia to South Africa through Somalia,
Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique. In a place called Calub located in the south-eastern part
of the country. The proven gas reserve is about 76 billion m3. Another promising gas filed is
the Hillala area. The estimated initial gas in place is about 40 billion m3 [4].

4
1.1.4 Energy Resource Potential and Utilization for Ethiopia; 2013.

Table 1-1: energy resource potential of Ethiopia in [3] [4]

No Resource Unit Potential/reserve Exploited Exploited
(%)
1 Hydropower MW 45,000 2100 <5
2 Geothermal MW 7,000 7.3 <1
3 Natural gas Billion m3 113 - 0
4 Coal Million tone 315 - 0
5 Solar/day Kwh/m2 4-6 - <1
6 Wind GW 1350 171 <1
7 wood Million tone 1120 560 50
8 Agricultural Million 15-20 6 30
west’s tone
9 Oil shale Million 253 - 0
tone

1.2 Statement of the problem

Water pumps in Amhara region can be categorized based on power between grid-
connection, engine driven generator and photovoltaic based (not common) systems. Urban
zones rely on an existing grid network, while in rural areas most pumps are powered using
diesel engine generator. Utmost Ethiopians living in rural areas, which accounts 80% of the
population which comprises up to 64 million people who do not have access to electricity
[5].

Since PV systems are not widely known in these areas, it can be conclude that many of them
depend on diesel engine which has so many drawbacks.

In addition to luck of transport facility (most engine driven water pumps are far from main
road), the running cost of using engine driven water pumps is alarmingly too much. Also in
recent days environmental pollution is a great worldwide issue. In addition to the above
issues there is a great complain about the cost of fuel engine power supply from the users
especially in rural areas.

5
For example only in Agew Awi region about 23 rural water supplies are fully and partially
not functional due to high fuel cost. These are: [6]
1. Gezehara melti-velage water 12. Dimama water supply
supply 13. Dinkara water supply
2. 2. Abadra water supply 14. 14. Kidamaja water supply
3. Adis Alem water supply 15. Fendika water supply
4. 4. Fagita water supply 16. 16. Chara water supply
5. Azena water supply 17. Yechereka water supply
6. Gimjabat water supply 18. 18. Tirigie water supply
7. Qilaji water supply 19. Menta wuha water supply
8. Tillily water supply 20. 20. Gubala water supply
9. Kessa water supply 21. Badanie water supply
10. 10. Chiguale water supply 22. 23. Workmeda water supply
11Debre zeyit water supply 23. Afesa water supply
Moreover Amhara region power outages (power interruption) are common during dry
season, since the power supply system is predominantly hydro based.

Figure 1-2: Internal combustion engine generator for water pumps.

6
Figure 1-2, is an example of one of the generators in Tadra water supply who have failed to
function due to high fuel cost. The above example and so many others are not functioning as
expected due to so many cost and technical related inconveniences such as,
 Due to the high price of fuel, most of these systems have become expensive leading
to an increase in the price of water for domestic consumption and irrigation.
 Most of these systems require high maintenance since they have many moving parts.
 There is low grid power coverage in the country; therefore, grid powered pump cannot
be used in most of the parts in the country.
 Even where covered by grid system there is power fluctuation. Due to power fluctuation
money pump driven motors are burn.
To overcome these inconveniences, there is a need to design and construct a solar powered
water pumping system. Therefore, the focus of this work is to study the replacement of the
engine generator powered water pump by solar powered water pump.

1.3 Objectives
1.3.1 General objective

The main (general) objective of this study is to analyze the recent trends in the use and costs
of PVPs and to conduct a comparative cost benefit analysis between diesel and PVP, based
on the life cycle costing approach at Gundil, Fagita and Gubala water supply among many
water supplies in Amhara region.

1.3.2 Specific objectives

 To collect solar radiation data from NASA
 To analysis the collected data
 To size system components
 To Analyze the initial, running, maintenance and life cycle cost of the two prime
movers.
 To analyze the cost effectiveness of newly installed solar powered pump in comparison
engine powered pump at Gundil, Fagita, and Gubala.
 To Identify the operating and performance conditions under which it is viable to replace
diesel pumps with solar PV pumps.
 To Evaluate the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions for two PVP uptake scenarios.

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1.3.3 Scope and limitations of the thesis

The scope of work includes:

 Design the PV modules of the three sites.
 Conduct a comparative cost benefit analysis between diesel and solar PV water pumps
taking into account the current diesel price.
 Identify the operating and performance conditions under which it is viable to replace
diesel pumps with solar PV pumps.
 The thesis summarizes the findings in the conclusion and presents recommendations for
further activities.
The limitations are:
 The maintenance cost of PV and diesel are assumptions
 The operating life of diesel and PV may be grater or less than specified.
 The solar radiation data are collected from NASSA satellite. In our metrology office we
can’t get the data. Because the data center are about 30km ( Dangla and Ayehu) far from
the site also we can’t get full data.

1.4 Benefit and beneficiaries

1.4.1 Benefit

 Solving problem when implemented, and thus will result in customer satisfaction, since
running cost become low.
 Helps for further studies and implementing.

1.4.2 Beneficiaries
 Amhara national region water, irrigation and energy resource bureau.(this bureau controls
water policies and client for water supplies)
The Amhara rural people (the rural community).
Amhara water works constriction enterprise.

1.5 Methodology of the work

The thesis work is conducted by using the following methods:

First hand data is collected from three main sources.

8
 Sunshine hour, engine driven generator costs and brief history of the sites collected
from Amhara water works construction enterprise, Amhara Design and Supervision
Works Enterprise and Amhara region water and energy Bureau.
 Geographical layout, population, school, types of water supply, surrounding
environment in relation to the system design and geological characteristics are
collected by visiting the sites and Amhara Design and Supervision Works Enterprise.
 Different websites, related literatures on PV water pumps as abroad are considered.
These include papers and books related to potential assessment techniques of solar
resources, pumps and engines. The solar radiation data for the three selected sites were
collected from NASA-SSE satellite data. In addition, the location is taken from Google earth.
 The solar power data are taken from web site NASA-SSE satellite data. These data is
analyzed by WIN CAP and Loranz software.
 The cost of engine driven generator data are taken from Amhara water works
construction enterprise and the cost of solar panel is taken from solar panel importers.
These data are prepared in suitable format for input to HOMER.
 Then, feasibility study of replacing of engine driven water pump with PV
generator driven water pump is studied.

1.6 LITERATURE REVIEW

Many researchers have studied the application of solar PV water pumping systems. The
main areas of interest varies from paper to paper but this review concentrates on a few of
them such as those that studied on the overall cost that different systems require, including
running as well as investment and their analysis of the results.

(EMCON, 2006), conducted “Feasibility Assessment for the Replacement of Diesel Water
Pumps with Solar Water Pumps”. This study shows that for small to medium sized wells
(10m3/day 20m3/day), photovoltaic pump is much cheaper on a life cycle cost basis than
diesel-powered (DP) pumps. When looking beyond the original purchase price, PVP
pumping systems cost anywhere from 22-56% of diesel pumps cost and can achieve a
payback over DPs in as little as 2 year.

(Misrak Girma, Abebayehu Assefa and Marta Molinas, 2015), conduct,“Feasibility study of
a solar photovoltaic water pumping system for Siadberand Wayu, Wolmera and Enderta”.
The work conducts detailed case studies in three communities and calculates the life cycle
cost of solar and diesel pumps. The designed system is capable of providing a daily average

9
of 10.5, 7 and 6.5 m3/day for 700, 467 and 433 people in Siadberand Wayu, Wolmera and
Enderta sites, also the costs of water without any subsidy, are approximately 0.1, 0.14 and
0.16 $/m3for each site respectively. If diesel generator is used instead of solar photovoltaic
water pumping system, to provide the same average daily water for the selected community,
the costs of water without any subsidy are approximately $ 0.2, 0.23 and 0.27/m3 for each
site respectively. A life cycle cost analysis method was also carried out for economic
comparison between solar PV and the diesel pumping system.

(Abiot mekonnen), conducts “feasibility study of renewable energy resources for

electrifications of small island on Tana lake”. As a result, based on the storage system,
PV/Wind/pumped hydro hybrid system combinations is found as having a cost of energy
about $0.151/kWh which is much lower than diesel generators which were their former
energy supplies.

(Muluken Zegeye, Tassew Tadiwos, Abdulkadir Aman 2014), conduct, “Optimal sizing of
solar water pumping system for small scale irrigation”. Economically, the two water
pumping systems (PV and diesel) has been evaluated and compared based on life cycle cost
and unit cost of water pumped. All of the cost comparisons show that solar PV water
pumping system is more cost effective than diesel water pumping system.

All of the above studies show a significant overall cost reduction when a solar system is
employed in the energy supply system. Which is very exciting when we consider solar is a
green energy source that have no impact on the environment. Besides that a great amount of
time is saved since the need to transport fuel in these remote places can be avoided.

EMCON have shown a great decrease in cost by applying PV systems to small to medium
size boreholes as well as small water supplies but failed to analyze deep boreholes and
steam water sources and large PV water pumping system. The feasibility study of using PV
systems for small and mudum PV pumping system in three different sites have been
conducted by Misrak et.al. But here consider new water supplies, existing systems have
been left out, also large PV water pumping systemis not considered. Also use 17 liter per
day per capital not consider future water demand. Besides their cost analysis is based on
foreign currencies which are more stable than Ethiopian scenario, thus difficulties arise
when we try to project the results to the future,. This trend is also the case in a study by
Abiot mekonnen his attempt to analyze electrification for remote islands. Similar

10
observations have been found in a study of cost efficiency among PV and diesel systems for
small scale irrigation.

It is the focus of this work to study the feasibility of solar PV pumping systems in replacing
diesel pumping system in streams and deep boreholes (183m total head) water sources in
large PV water pumping system (149m3 per day). Also the water demand is done according
of mode of services and conceder future water demand. Three existing sites have been
considered in this analysis and all of the economic analysis is totally based on local
currencies which can show the real on site scenarios.

1.7 PV PUMP AND DIESEL ENGINE OVERVIEW OF

TECHNOLOGIES
The most common technologies of PVP and diesel pumps are described in this section, in
term of technical and performance aspects.

1.7.1 PV pumping technology

Photovoltaic pump system consists of a number of components, including photovoltaic
array which converts solar energy directly into electricity as DC, inverter which convert
DC current in to AC current and pump that drive by electric motor. The characteristics of
these components need to be matched to get the best performance. A PVP typically
consists of the following main components:

1.7.1.1. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Cells

Solar PV cells are cells that made from semi-conductor materials which can convert
sunlight into electricity; PV cell contains at least two layers one has positive charge and
the other negative, when the sun strikes the cells, some photons from the light are
absorbed by semiconductor freeing electrons from negative layer to positive one; this
movement of electrons produces a direct electrical current. In fig 3-1 the excitation of
electrons and their movement from the p-layer to the n-layer results in a voltage differential
across the electrical circuit, causing electrons to flow through the rest of the circuit to
maintain a charge balance. The system is design, so that there is an electrical load in the
external circuit, permitting the current flow to perform a useful function.In other words, the
behavior of electrons in the solar cell creates a voltage that can be utilized to, for example,
operate a water pump system [2].

11
 Figure 1-3: The photoelectric effect and subsequent electron motion.

Cell, module and array

A module is an assembly of PV cells encased in glass or clear plastic wired in series or

series and parallel to produce a desired voltage and current, most cells produce
approximately one half of a volt; therefore a 36 cell module will typically have an
operating voltage of 18 volts under standard conditions and a nominal voltage of 12 volts.
Modules can be aggregated together to make an array that is sized to the specific
application wired together to achieve a desired voltage and current. [7].

Figure 1-4: a) cells b) moduel c)array[4]

Derating Modules Output

12
The output power of solar module will be decrease (derate) by the following three factors.
These are: -
a)Derating due to manufacturers output tolerance
b). Derating due to dirt

c). Derating due to Temperature

a) Derating due to manufacturers output tolerance

The output of a PV module is specified in watts and with a manufacturing tolerance based
on a cell temperature of 25 degrees centigrade.
 Historically ±5%
 Recent years typical figures have been ±3%
 System design must incorporate this tolerance.

b) Derating due to dirt

The output of a PV module can be reduced as a result of a build-up of dirt on the surface of
the module. An acceptable derating would be 5% from the already derated figure that
includes manufacturers’ tolerances.

c) Derating due to Temperature

A solar modules output power decreases with temperature above 25°C and increases
temperature below 25°C. Minimum Effective Cell Temp = Ambient Temperature + 25°C

Monocrystalline modules

Monocrystalline Modules typically have a temperature coefficient of –0.45% /oc. That is

for every degree above 25oC the output power is derated by 0.45%. [7].

Polycrystalline Modules

Polycrystalline Modules typically have a temperature coefficient of –0.5% /oc.

Thin Film Modules

Thin film Modules have a different temperature characteristic resulting in a lower co-
efficient typically around 0%/°C to - 0.25%/°C, but remember to check with the
manufacturer manuals.

Derating Modules Summary

13
A solar module has a derated output power = Module power at STC x Derating due to
manufacturers tolerances x derating due to dirt x derating due to temperature [3].

DC Energy Output from Array

The actual DC energy from the solar array = the derated output power of the module x
number of modules x irradiation for the tilt and azimuth angle of the array.

DC System Losses

The DC energy output of the solar array will be further reduced by the power loss (voltage drop) in
the DC cable connecting the solar array to the grid connect inverter.

1.7.1.2. Controller
An electronic device adapts the PV power to the motor power and regulates the operation
of starting and stopping the system. The controller is installed both on the surface and
submersible motor-pump set.

1.7.1.3. Inverter efficiency

The DC energy delivered to the input of the inverter will be further reduced by the power
or energy loss in the inverter.

Ac system losses
The AC energy output of the inverter will be further reduced by the power loss in the AC
cable connecting the inverter to the grid, say switchboard where it is connected.

Energy Yield

For a specified peak power rating (kWp) for a solar array a designer can determine the
systems energy output over the whole year. The system energy output over a whole year is
known as the systems “Energy Yield”.

The average yearly energy yield can be determined as follows:

= rated output power of the array under standard test conditions, in

watts
= temperature de-rating factor, dimensionless (refer next section)
= de-rating factor for manufacturing tolerance, dimensionless
(refer next section)

14
 =de-rating factor for dirt, dimensionless (refer next section)
2
t= yearly irradiation value (kWh/m ) for the selected site (allowing for tilt,
orientation and shading)
ῃnv = efficiency of the inverter dimensionless

ῃpv_inv= efficiency of the subsystem (cables) between the PV array and the inverter

ῃpv-sb= efficiency of the subsystem (cables) between the inverter and the

switchboard [7].

Inverter selection

The selection of the inverter for the installation will depend on:
 The energy output of the array
 The matching of the allowable inverter string configurations with the size of the array in
kWand the size of the individual modules within that array
 Whether the system will have one central inverter or multiple (smaller) inverters
Inverter sizing

Inverters currently available are typically rated for:

 Maximum DC input power. Therefore, the size of the array in peak watts;
 Maximum DC input current; and
 Maximum specified output power. Therefore, the AC power they can provide to the grid;

Matching array voltage to the maximum and minimum inverter operating voltage

The operating voltage of the inverter depends on the open circuit voltage of the module.
The inverter has maximum and minimum voltage. These also affected by temperature of
the solar cells.

Temperature effect on array voltage

The output power of a solar module is affected by the temperature of the solar cells. This
variation in power due to temperature is also reflected in a variation in the open circuit
voltage and maximum power point voltage.

Voltage Windows of Inverters

Voltage Windows of Inverters is the maximum and minimum operating voltage of the
inverter.

15
 Many of the inverters available will have a voltage operating window (the inverter input
voltage between maximum and minimum).
 If the solar voltage is outside this window the inverter might not operate or the output of
the solar array might be greatly reduced.
 Recommended that a safety margin of 10% is used.

In the case where a maximum input voltage is specified and the array voltage is above the
maximum specified then the inverter could be damaged.

Minimum Voltage of Inverter

When the temperature is at a maximum then the Maximum Power Point (MPP) voltage of
the array should never fall below the minimum operating voltage of the inverter. It is
recommended that maximum effective cell temperature of 70°C is used.

Maximum Voltage of Inverter

At the coldest daytime temperature, the open circuit Voltage of the array shall never be
greater than the maximum allowed input voltage for the inverter. Therefore, the lowest
daytime temperature for the area where the system is installed shall be used to determine the
maximum Voc.

Effect of Shadows

In towns and cities where grid connect systems will be predominant the roof of the house or
building will not always be free of shadows during parts of the day.
Care should therefore be taken when selecting the number of modules in a string because
the shadow could result in the maximum power point voltage at high temperatures being
below the minimum operating voltage of the inverter [7].

1.7.1.4. Electric Motor

There are a number of motor types: DC brushed DC brushless, or three phase induction and
three phase permanent magnet synchronous motors.
DC motors: DC motors reach efficiencies of up to 80%.
Brushless DC motors: This combines the high efficiency of DC motors with low
maintenance as opposed to brushed DC motors which require regular brush replacement
(Approximately every one to two years depends the head of pump and quality of the
materials) [8].

16
Three phase permanent magnet motors: This similarly combines the high efficiency of
Permanent magnet motors with low maintenance [9].

1.7.1.5. Pump
Pump is defined as a machine which converts the mechanical energy into the hydraulic
energy. It consists of a set of rotating vanes enclosed within the casing to impart the energy
to the fluid through centrifugal force.

Working principle of a centrifugal pump is based on conversion mechanical energy of a

prime mover (electric motor or engine or turbine) into kinetic energy and then into pressure
energy of a fluid that is being pumped. The energy changes occur by virtue of two main
parts of the pump, the impeller and the volute or diffuser. The impeller is a rotating part that
converts prime movers’ mechanical energy into the kinetic energy. The volute or diffuser is
a stationary part that converts kinetic energy into useful pressure energy [10].

Generation of Centrifugal Force

The process liquid enters the suction nozzle and then into eye of an impeller. When the
impeller rotates, it spins the liquid in the cavities between the vanes outward and provides
centrifugal force. As liquid leaves to the hole of the impeller, low-pressure is created at
impeller causing more liquid to flow toward the inlet. As the impeller blades are curved, the
fluid is pushed in a tangential and radial direction by the centrifugal force [9] .
The diesel pump is sized by calculating the actual power required to lift water, i.e.:

Where :-
ρ = density of water [kg/m3]
g = gravitational acceleration [m/s]
head = total dynamic head [meters]
flow = flow rate [m3/s] [11]

17
 Figure 1-5: classification of pumps

Classification of Centrifugal Pump

There are two categories of pump used in stand-alone PV systems; rotating and positive
displacement pumps, in addition to many specifications under each category. Pumps are
also classified as surface or submersible, a submersible pump remains under water, such as
in a well as in figure 1-6, while a surface pump is mounted at the top of the water as a
floating pump or adjacent to the water source as in figure 1-7.

Surface pumps are more accessible for maintenance and less expensive than submersible
pumps, but they are not well suited for suction and can only draw water from about 20
vertical feet. Surface pumps are excellent for pushing water long distances [7].

Most submersible pumps have high lift capability, but they are sensitive to dirt/sand in the
water and should not be run if the water level drops below the pump.

Examples of rotating pumps are centrifugal, rotating vane or screw drive. This type of
pump moves water continuously when powered. The output of this pump is dependent on
head, solar radiation (current produced) and operating voltage. Rotating pump is suited for
conditions of pumping of moderate to high flow in tube wells, shallow reservoirs or
cisterns, shallow well pumps are typically be surface pumps. It uses suction pipe to pull
water up from the aquifer, located no more than 7.62 meters below the ground. Most
shallow well pumps have suction limits around 10 meters. Volumetric or Positive

18
displacement pump move packets of water, it could be diaphragm or piston pump (jack
pumps). It is typically used for pumping water from deep wells and suitable for conditions
of low flow rates and /or high lifts. Jack pumps output is nearly independent of head
and proportional to volume and solar radiation. Jack pumps should not be connected
directly to a PV array output because of the large load current changes during each pump
cycle [12].

Figure 1-6: pump that uses a helical rotor and brushless motor [7].

Figure 1-7: Surface pump [7]

Some years ago there were PVP models on the market that operated with batteries and a
Conventional inverter however it was soon realized that the cost savings on the pump did
Not make up for the overall substandard efficiency and the higher maintenance cost due to
battery replacement instead it became clear that it is more economic to rather store water
in a reservoir than electricity in a battery bank [12] .
Diaphragm pump: The diaphragm pump is used for pumping small volumes depth of
water from 100m depth up to 120m.The pump needs regular maintenance (diaphragm
replacements, cleaning). If the diaphragm breaks the motor chamber gets wet. The pump
can run dry.

19
Water Pumping Configurations

To design an optimum water pumping system configuration it is required to know the

demand for water; requirements and conditions under which water needs to be pumped,
the capacity of the source and the depth of water. In addition to that, more information
needs to be gathered about specification of available pumps, the season and time of the
pumping, and most importantly, the amount of solar radiation in the designated area.

Based on using either AC or DC energy sources, and either using a battery bank or
storage tank, three main configurations are investigated for solar water pumping system:
 AC configuration with storage batteries.
 AC configuration with storage Tank.
 DC direct configuration with storage Tank.
AC Powered Pump Configuration with Storage Batteries.

In this configuration, PV arrays are connected with controller, and then to inverter that is
connected to the AC pump, batteries are used for energy storage, as shown in figure 1-8
[13].

Figure 1-8: Water pump system configuration with batteries.

20
AC Powered Pump Configuration with Storage Tank.

In this configuration, PV arrays are connected with inverter that is connected to the AC
pump, tank are used for energy storage, as shown in fig 8

Figure 1-9: AC Water pumping system Configuration Using Storage Tank

DC Powered Pump Direct Configuration with Storage Tank.

In this configuration, PV arrays are connected with inverter that is connected to the AC
pump, tank are used for energy storage, as shown in figure 1-10.

PV Generator DC Pump Tank

Figure 1-10: DC Direct Configuration with Tank

With any of the previous configurations, the water pump used has to be a surface pump and
submersible pump [12].

1.7.2. Diesel engine driven generator technology

The power output of diesel driven generator decrease due to altitude, temperature and
humidity.
A diesel generator typically consists of two main components:
1. Diesel engine: For this study air-cooled (Fagita) and water cooled (Gundl and Gubala),
electrically-started diesel engines are considered.
2. Alternator: three phase, 400Valternators are used to drive electric motor.

21
Engine driven generators power for submersible and surface pump motors are often offered
according to standard conditions.
Example:

 Maximum altitude above sea level = 150m

 Maximum air inlet temperature = 30oC

 Maximum humidity = 60%

If these limits are exceeding, the standard diesel engine and possibly the generator power
have to be de-rated in order to give the motor sufficient power supply. When ordering a
generator set, altitude, air inlet temperature, and maximum humidity should be given to the
manufacturer to have the generator factory de rated.

Generators sets for three-phase motors must be able to withstand 10% voltage reduction
during start up.

Derating Factors for Standard Diesel Engine

There are different factors which contribute for de rating for generator power. These are:
Altitude: due to altitude, a generator de rates

 3.5% for every 300m above 150m above sea level for naturally aspirated engine.

 2.5% for every 300m above sea level for turbo charged engine.

Air inlet temperature

 2 % for every 5.5oC above 30oC (for naturally aspirated engine)

 3% or every 5.5oC above 30oC for turbo charged engine.

Derating factors for standard alternators

Altitude: 2.5% for every 300m altitude increase above 1000m above sea level.
Air inlet temperature: 5% for every 5oC above 40oC.
If generator and diesel engine are de rated the following will be valid.
 The voltage drop at the generator will not exceed 10% during start up. This means that it
is possible to use even the fastest under voltage protection on the market in the starter
box of the pump motor.
 Generator and diesel engine will have a normal life as the new fully run-in engine isonly
loaded – approx – 70% will continuously pump motor full load current.

22
A diesel engine will typically have maximum efficiency (lowest fuel consumption per
KWoutput) at 70-80% of the maximum load.
When the pump has an autotransformer starter or installed on it, it is possible to choose a
20% smaller generator and diesel engine. This however, if we do frequent maintenance of
air filter, injection nozzle, fuel filter cleaning of the cooler and change of oil. Furthermore, it
will result in a voltage drop during start-up of up to 20%. If the loss in the drop cable and
motor cable of up to 15% is added, the total voltage loss will be more than 35% at the motor
[14].

23
 CHAPTER 2
2. ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION
2.1. STUDY SITE
The three study sites are found in Amhara national regional state. They are Gundil (case 2)
in west Gojam region, Gubala (case1) and Fagita (case 3) in Agew awe region.
Case 1 is located in Surta Kebele, Banja Woreda, Awi zone of Amhara National Regional
State, at about a distance of 47 km from woreda capital town, Injibara and 161 km from
Bahir Dar. The town is accessed by 30 km gravel road in the east direction branched from
Tilili about a distance of 55 Km from woreda capital town, or 40 km gravel road in the east
direction branched from Addis Kidam to Fagita Lekoma. There is no electric power supply
and no telecommunication facilities (neither fixed as well as mobile). The total population
size of the surta kebele 4,881.However, according to the information obtained from the
Kebele Administrator, the total population that are served by current water supply project
are about 2,108 people, from this 977 and 1,131 are males and females respectively [15].

The project area of case 2 developing town is found in West Gojjam zone of the Amhara
region. It is located at about 175 km from Bahir Dar and about 15 km from the woreda
capital, Sekela town in Sekela woreda. The project area of case 2 rural town can be
accessed by traveling about 165 km asphalt road from Bahir Dar to Tilili, and about 20
k m all weather gravel road from TililiI to case 2. The town gets 24 hours electric power
supply from the national grid. In the town there is Mobile telephone and no postal service
yet [15].

The project area, case 3 is located in Fagita Lekoma Woreda, Awi zone of Amhara
National Regional State, at about a distance of 20 km from woreda capital town Addis
Kidam, and 120 km from Bahir Dar. The town is accessed by 20 km gravel road in the east
direction branched from Addis Kidam. There is electrical power supply connected to
national grid and mobile telecommunication access but there is no fixed telecommunication
access.

24
Figure 2-1:Map of Amhara Region
.

25
 Figure 2-2: Site location of case 1

Population Forecasting
Assumed design period is up to 2030 year. After the design period has been fixed,
the population of the study area in various periods should be determined.

For the purpose of this design, rural growth rates for Amhara region as determined by
CSA are used for population projection. For such developing towns, population
geometric progress method is used to forecast the population at the end of 15 years [16].

Where:
Pn= population at the target year
Pp = present population
r = Annual growth rate in%

26
 n = design period, in year

Growth rate

Table 2-1: CSA counting level population growth rate [16].

Summary of Regional Population Growth Rate (%)
Region Settlement type 2000 - 05 2005 - 10 2010 - 15 2015 - 20 2020 - 25 2025 - 30
Urban 4.40 4.50 4.30 4.10 4.00 3.80
Amhara Rural 2.50 2.30 2.10 2.00 1.70 1.50

2.1.1. Case 1

Topography and Solar Radiation

The project area is mostly characterized by flat topography. Geographically, the

water source which is borehole, located at about 12011’m latitude, 29018’m
longitudes and 2560 m above see level of altitude [15].

According to NASA, Gubala daily radiation for each month is shown in figure 2-33.

Figure 2-3: Case 1 monthly solar radiation.

Existing water source

Gubala Rural Developing town water supply system is supplied with four Hand dug
wells in which two of them are found in school and Health centre. However, the yield of

27
the source is considerably decreasing and it is very far below the water demand of the
existing town population. In addition there is one deep well water supply. In the area
which is not used by the community due to unaffordable of the fuel cost. The borehole for
water source, the pipe line and the elevation are shown in figure 2-4.

Figure 2-4: Figure 2-4: Borehole, altitude and pressure line of Case 1 water supply [15].

Growth of Domestic Water Demand

The implementation is based on the change of the per capita water demand through each
mode of service. To estimate the projected per capita water demand using the initial demand
of 50 Liter per day per capita has been taken for house connection, 30 for yard connection
and 20 for Public fountain and [19] Liter per day per capita are assumed water demand
based on the growth rates of 1% per annum for public fountains and 2% per annum for yard
and house connection users. Summary of adjusted domestic water demand are indicated
Table 2-2.

28
Table 2-2: Summary of Average Day Demand

Demand Category year

2016 2020 2025 2030
Domestic Demand
Demand Category 3Units
m /day 41.93 48.47 58.25 69.73
l/s 0.49 0.56 0.67 0.81
Public Demand m3/day 4.19 4.85 5.83 6.97
Domestic Demand
l/s 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
Average Day Demand m3/day 46.12 53.32 64.08 76.90
Public Demand
l/s 0.53 0.62 0.74 0.89
Average Day Demand
Case 1: The existing water system is shown in figure 2-5 is 50 cubic meter of concrete and
masonry sandwich water reservoir covers one third of maximum day demand at the end of
design period [15].

Figure 2-5 is one of the public fountains at the center of Gubala town, and figure 2-6 is the
name plate of diesel driven generating set and figure 2-7 is WEichai brand 44KVA, 400V
and 1500 RPM diesel generator set.

Figure 2-5: Case 1 water tank reservoir.

29
 Figure 2-6: One of Case 1 public water point.

Figure 2-7: Case1 generator name plate

30
 Figure 2.1-8: Diesel engine driven generating set for Case 1 existing water supply.

2.1.2. Case 2

Geographically, the water source which is spring point, located at about 12011’56’’m

latitude, 29018’43’’m longitudes and 2555m above sea level of altitude. The project area is
mostly characterized by flat topography. [15]

According to NASA, case 2 daily radiation for each month is shown in figure 2-8.

Figure 2-8: Case 1Average daily radiation for each month.

31
Case 2: The existing water system shown in figure 2-8 is the name plateof diesel driven
generating set and figure 2-8 is POWERink brand 43KVA .400V and1500 RPM diesel
generator set.

Figure 2-9: Generator name plate for Case 2 water supply.

Figure 2-10: Diesel generator for Case 2 water supply.

32
Existing water source

Gundl Rural Developing town water supply system is supplied with Two Hand dug
wells. In addition there is one spring water supply, in the area which is not used by the
community due to unaffordable of the fuel cost. Summary of adjusted domestic water
demand are indicated Table 2-3.

According to projected domestic water demands, the mode of service is shown in Gubala
water supply.Also, population forecasting is shown in the sub title population forecast
of site study [15].
Table 2-3: summery of adjusted domestic water demand
Description
Unit Years
2012 2014 2019 2024 2029
Town Population No 2005 2173 2656 3232 3894
Percentages (%) % 40% 95% 100% 100% 100%
Total population to be served No 802 2064 2656 3232 3894
Total water used
Public fountains M3/day 26.07 27.89 38.78 43.81
yard connections M3/day 9.78 26.03 51.71 85.67
House connections M3/day 0 0 0 0
Gross Domestic Water Demand M3/day 35.85 53.92 90.49 129.48
Adjusted for socio economy 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
Adjusted for climate 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
Adjusted Domestic Water Demand M3/day 29.04 43.68 73.30 104.88
Public Demand M3/day 8.87 11.51 13.20 14.98
Unaccounted for water M3/day 9.48 13.80 21.62 29.97
Total Average Day Demand M3/day 47.38 68.98 108.12 149.83
Total Average Day Demand lit/sec 0.55 0.80 1.25 1.73

2.1.3. Case 3 existing water source

Case 3 water supply systems are supplied with one borehole water supply. One
additional borehole has been studied but not drilled. There are two springs and two
rivers around the town. The existing water supply is not enough for the people
because the water supply design period is expired. The town becomes over
populated. The existing water pump is not connected the grid system.

33
Water demand

The water demand of the town is more than 50m3 per day. Since the yield of existing
borehole is 50m3per day. So the solar pump and solar modules have been done by 50m3per
day. Even if the population is very high the water source is limited.

Topography and Solar Radiation

The project area is mostly characterized by flat topography. Geographically, the water source
which is borehole, located at about 110 02′m latitude, 370 18’m longitudes and 2430 above sea
level of altitude. By using the above topology and Nassa wave site the case 3 daily
radiations (KWh/m2/d) for each month are shown in figure 2-11 [16] .

Figure 2-11: Case 3 solar radiation.

Case 3: The existing water system shown in figure 2-12 is the name plate of diesel driven
generating set, figure 1-13 is the name plate of DEUTZ engine and figure 2-14 is powerpac
brand 20KVA, 400V and 1500 RPM diesel generator set with pump and control panel.

34
Figure 2-12: Case 3 generator name plate

Figure 2-13: Case 3 water supply engine name plate.

35
 Figure 2-14: Case 3 water supply generator set.

2.2. ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION

Solar water pumping systems are classified by size as small, medium and large. This
classification is based on the lift and volume of water pumped daily. Pumping systems that
deliver hydraulic water requirements of less than 500m4/d (5m3/d X 100m, 2m3/d X 140m)
are considered small; systems that deliver more than 500m4/d and less than 2,000m4/d
(5m3/d X 300m, 50m3d X 40m) are classified as medium; and systems pumping more than
2,000m4/day are classified as large [11].

36
 a) Schematic diagram of solar pumping system

1. Controller 7. Surge protector 13. PV disconector

2. Submersible pump 8. Pipe line 14. Lightning surge protector
3. Productive casing 9. Water meter 15. PV generator
4. Water level sensor electrode 10. Pressure gauge
5. Volkanizer kit 11. Flouter switch
6. Grounding electrode 12. Sun switch

37
 b) Single line diagram of solar pumping system
Figure 2-15: a) Schematic diagram of solar pumping system, b) Single line diagram of
solar pumping system

2.2.1. Sizing Solar Cell and Solar Water Pumps

The basic design requirements for water supply systems relate to meeting both household and
institutional demand adequately and safely with the most cost effective technology for the
particular location and demand in question. A water supply system must be designed under the
following key principles:
Capacity to satisfy demand at the projected service levels over the design horizon;
 Provision of adequate safe and sanitary (potable) water;
 Wise, effective, efficient and environmentally friendly use of the water resource;
 Safe and sound operation and maintenance of the water facilities;
 The system and its operations to conform to regulations and guidelines related to it;
 Enhancement of the quality of living standards of the consumers; and
 Appropriate and cost effective technology relevant to the beneficiaries of the system
Solar water pump Design steps

Water pumping system design is best done through a step by step process for clarity and ease
of understanding. Water pumping system design is a ten step process which starts with basic
data collection about location and elevation, water source characteristics, type of water

38
demanded, community served and ends with sizing the power source and power conditioning
equipment.
 Gather basic information
 Determine water Requirement and source
 Determine size of water storage
 Develop pumping system lay out
 Develop solar insulation and design month
 Determine total dynamic head
 Determine hydraulic energy requirement
 Determine size of pump motor
 Determine size solar array
 Determine size of inverter [11]

Determination of Hydraulic energy

The hydraulic energy requirement is the energy required to lift the daily water demand
through the total dynamic head. The relation used to calculate the hydraulic energy demand is
the following:

2-1

Where: Eh= hydraulic energy requirement

ρ = water density = 1000 kg/m3
G = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2
Q = daily required volume of water in m3/day
TDH = Total dynamic head in meters

Determination of pump capacity /Sizing of pump Motor

The size of the water pump motor required (in Watts) is calculated from the flow rate (in
liters/sec) and the total dynamic head (in meters), and the efficiency of the motor. In the first
step, the hydraulic power required is calculated from the flow rate and the total dynamic head.
The normal operating time for one day in literature is 6 hours [11], but WinCap and
practically extended up to10 hours.
The power calculated as follows:

2-2

Where: P = Hydraulic Power (Watts)

39
 g = gravity (9.81 m/s2)
q = Discharge in liters/sec (consider normal pump operating time which is (6-10
hours/day)
TDH = total dynamic head in meters

= 2-3

In the second step, the required power for the motor is calculated from the hydraulic
power requirement and the motor efficiency as follows [11]:

2-4

Where:

P = Hydraulic Power (Watts)

η = Efficiency of pump

Determine size of pump inverter

Modern PV water pumping systems generally use AC motors for water pumping (for the
benefits outlined in the description of basic PV system components). This means a power
conditioning device in the form of an inverter (a device that converts direct current or DC to
alternating current or AC) is required. The size of the inverter is calculated from the size of
the motor with consideration for inverter efficiency as follows [11].

pumping inverter sizing 25% to30% higher than the power of pump motor.

2-5

Determine size of solar array

The size of the solar array required (in kWp) is calculated by dividing the hydraulic energy
required (in kWh/d) by the mean daily solar irradiation (kWh/m2.d). This is then adjusted for
efficiency including array mismatch and sub system efficiency [11].

4-6

Where: I = solar irradiation (kWh/m2/day),

F = mismatch factor (0.85)
E = Daily subsystem efficiency (0.25-0.4)

40
2.2.2. Design and simulation of Case 3 water supply

2.2.2.1. Design of case 3 water supply

By using the above formula design case 3 water supply has shown below.
Hydraulic energy demand is:- by using equation 4-1

From the existing water supply of case 3 developing town: -

Total dynamic head (TDH) = 125m
Discharge [mater cub per day] = 50m3/d
Eh = (1000kg/m3 x 9.81m/s2 x 50M3/h x 125m)/3.6x106

= 17kWh/day

Determination of pump capacity /Sizing of pump Motor/

The sun shine hour per day for the month December getting from west Gojam metrology
office in Dangila station is up to 10 hour WinCap use 9 hour, and by using equation 4-2 and
equation 4-3 the motor power has determine as follows

= =

1.98 L/s

Pump motor power

From standard motor production used for submersible pumps select Standard rating:
kW

Inverter sizing

From equation 4-5 the inverter power determine as follows

P controller = P moter*1.3
=4.1kW*1.3
= 5.2kW
Select from Grundfose controller standard rating the inverter size is 5.5kW, maximum input
voltage 750V DC and output voltage 380V AC ratted.

To determine solar module

41
From equation 4-6 the solar module power determine as follows
Solar irradiation of design month (I) = 5.4kWh/m2/day.

From Grundfose solar panel products the highest capacity solarmodule rating 250W have
Selected, because when the power is high the number of module decrease. Maximum power
point voltage (Vmp) is 30.4V and open circuit voltage (Voc) is 37V.
Therefore to determine the number of module
Module number =PV array/250W

= 44 module in number.

The size of the solar array was determined above. Once the size of the PV array is known the
configuration of the array (the type and number of PV modules, and their series and parallel
connection) to meet the power, current and voltage requirements of components of the system
is determined.

First, the type of PV module from a particular manufacturer is selected (say a 250Wp module
from Grundfose, brand solar world). Then, the number of modules that need to be connected
in parallel and series (the string) is determined based on the module’s operating output current
and voltage characteristics. Series connection of modules increases the total voltage (as a
multiple of the number of series connected modules) to match or exceed the voltage input
required by the inverter. Next, the PV string (series connected group of modules) is connected
in parallel to increase the total current and power available from the modules to match or
exceed that required by the inverter [11].

Number of modules in series = pump inverter voltage/Voc

= 22 series connected modules

Calculated values for number of strings and parallel connections are rounded up to whole
numbers. This means the total amount of power and energy available from the array would be
higher than what was initially calculated resulting in more water being pumped than first
determined. This is generally good practice as it improves the performance of the system
during low sun days.

The number of module connected in parallel = total number of modules/series connected

modules. Therefore the number of modules connected in parallel are two.

42
2.2.2.2. Simulations of case 3 water supply

To compare the above designsoftware are use. There is different software that can be
applicable for solar photovoltaic water pumping system. In this research, however WinCAP
2014 has been used to simulate the solar photovoltaic water pumping system.
Simulation input parameters:-
Location ...................................................Africa, Ethiopia,
Water demand ......................................... 50 m3/d
Installation ............................................... borehole
Total dynamic head ..................................125m
Solar module ........................................... SW250
poly crystalline
Peak month .............................................. dismember
Solar radiation .......................................... 5.4 KWh m2/d
Min Ambient temperature ....................... 90c
Max Ambient temperature ...................... 270c
Sun tracking ............................................fixed

Figure 2-16: Case 3 WinCAP software input

Simulation results
The main simulation results for Case 3 small town are shown bellow
Pump type .................................................... Grundfose
Pump model ................................................. SP 8A-37
Pump power ................................................. 5.5 KW
Solar inverter ................................................ RSI 5500
Solar module ................................................ SW250 polycrystalline

43
 Figure 2-17: : Case3 solar pump performance curve taken from WinCAP software

Pump Characteristic Curves

Solar pump of case 3 is shown graphically on a characteristic curve in fig 5-3. The curve
shows the total dynamic head in meter and discharge in meter cub per hour, power in kilowatt
and efficiency.

These are:
 In the discharge versus head curve: the case 3 total head is 125 meter and the power is 5.18
kilowatt. So at 125 meter head and 5.18 kilowatt power the maximum discharge is 7.24
meter cub per hour.
 In the efficiency curve: At 125 meter head and 7.24 meter cub per hour discharge the
efficiency is about 46 present.

The solar radiation data for the case 3 water supply site were collected from NASA-SSE
satellite data [17] and fed as an input to the WinCAP software, then the water production
value are shown in figure 27 and 28.

The monthly average water production values for the case 3 site is shown in Figure 5-4. From
this graph the maximum water production month is November about 57m3/day and the
minimum production is July about 28m3/day.

44
 Figure 2-18: Case 3 monthly water production, taken from WinCap software

The daily water production of the month January has also shown as figure 2-19. From this
graph the maximum water production hour is at 12 about 8m3/h and the minimum production
are at 8 and 16hours about 2m3/h. The production hour is 8 hour.

Figure 2-19: Daily water production case 3 site.

Figure 2-20 shows the parallel and series connection of case 3 water supply PV generators.
Case 3 PV generator contains 44 numbers of modules. Out off 44 modules 22 are connected in
series and have two parallel connections. Each module has 250 watt power and 30.8 power
point voltage and 37 open circuit voltage.

45
 Figure 2-20 Series and parallel connection of solar module for case 3 water supply

Grundfose recommended for case 3 PV pumping system equipment specifications

Grundfose recommended solar module specification

SW250 POLYCRYSTALLINE MODULE Electrical data:

The SW 250 is a polycrystalline solar module. The module is equipped with MC4 plugs for
easy connection and comes as 30 pieces per pallet without individual packing. It must be
mounted on a support structure, tilted at an angle ensuring optimum utilization of the solar
energy.

Maximum power point voltage: 30.8 V

Open circuit voltage: 37 V
Max power point current: 8.12 A
Module shortcut current: 8.64 A
Maximum power output: 250 W
Solar module type: POLYCRYSTALLINE
Brand: Solar World

Net weight: 21.2 kg

Shipping volume: 2 m3
Grundfose recommended submersible pump specification

SP8A-37:
Multi-stage submersible pump for raw water supply. The pump is suitable for pumping
clean, thin, non-aggressive liquids without solid particles or fibers. The motor is a 3-phase
motor with sand shield, liquid-lubricated bearings and pressure equalizing diaphragm.

Liquid:
46
Pumped liquid: Water
Max liquid t at 0.15 m/sec: 40 °C
Liquid temp: 20 °C
Density: 998.2 kg/m³

Technical:
Speed for pump data: 2900 rpm
Rated flow: 8 m³/h
Rated head: 158 m

Materials:
Stainless steel
Pump:
DIN W.-Nr. 1.4301
AISI 304
Impeller: Stainless steel
DIN W.-Nr. 1.4301
AISI 304
Motor: Stainless steel
DINW.-Nr. 1.4301
AISI 304
Installation:
Pump outlet: Rp 2
Motor diameter: 4 inch

Electrical data:

Motor type: MS4000

Rated power - P2: 5.5 kW
Mains frequency: 50 Hz
Rated voltage: 3 x 380-400-415 V
Start. method: direct-on-line
Rated current: 13.0-13.0-13.4 A
Cos phi - power factor: 0.85-0.81-0.76
Rated speed: 2850-2860-2870 rpm

47
 Enclosure class (IEC 34-5): IP68
Insulation class (IEC 85): F

RSI5500
Renewable Solar Inverter RSI is a sourced off-grid solar inverter to enable us to expand the
family of solar submersible pumping systems. RSI is configured specifically to be compatible
with 3 phase 400V SP submersible pumps. It delivers an efficient and reliable renewable
system solution.
Liquid:

Pumped liquid: Water

Liquid temp: 20 °C
Density: 998.2 kg/m³
Installation:

Range of ambient temperature: -10 .. 50 °C

Relative humidity: 95 %

Electrical data:

Power input - P1: 5.5 kW

Phase: 3
Enclosure class (IEC 34-5): IP41
Vol. output AC: 380 V
Vol. input DC: 750

2.2.3. Case 1 water supply design and simulation

2.2.3.1. Design of case 1 water supply

By using chapter four formula design case 1 water supply has shown below.

Hydraulic energy demand is:- From equation 4-1.

From the existing water supply of case 1 developing town:-

Total dynamic head (TDH) = 183m
Discharge [meter cub per day] = 76.9m3/d
48
Eh = 38.3kWh/day

Determination of pump capacity /Sizing of pump Motor/,

The sun shine hour per day for the month December getting from west Gojam metrology
office in Dangila station is up to 10.22 hour, and from equation 4-2.

= =

= 2.4 L/s

Pump motor power

From standard motor production used for submersible pumps select Standard rating:
KW

Inverter sizing

From equation 4-3, the inverter size is

P controller = P motor*1.25

= 9.1KW

Select From grundfose controller standard rating the controller size is 9.2KW, maximum input
voltage 750V DC and output voltage 380V AC ratted.

To determine solar module

From equation 4-4, the number and the connection type of the solar module is
Solar irradiation of design month (I) = 5.4KWh/m2/day (December).

From Grundfose solar panel products the highest capacity solar module rating 250W have
select, because when the power is high the number of module decrease. Maximum power
point voltage (Vmp) is 30.4V and open circuit voltage (Voc) is 37V.
Therefore to determine the number of module

Module number = PV array/250W

= 88 module in number.

The size of the solar array was determined in above.

49
 Number of modules in series = pump inverter voltage/Voc

= 22 series connected modules

The number of module connected in parallel = total number of modules/series connected

modules.
Therefore the number of modules connected in parallel are four.

2.2.3.2. Simulation of case 1 water supply

Simulation input parameters:-

Location .........................................................Africa, Ethiopia

Water demand ................................................76.9m3/d
Installation...................................................... borehole
Total dynamic head ........................................183m
Solar module ..................................................SW250
poly crystalline
Peak month ....................................................December
Solar radiation ................................................5.4 KWh m2/d
Min Ambient temperature .............................90c
Max Ambient temperature .............................270c
Sun tracking ..................................................fixed

Figure 2-21 Case 1 WinCAP software input.

Simulation results

The main simulation results for case 1 developing town are shown bellow
Pump type ..................................................... Grundfose
Pump model .................................................. SP8A-50
Pump power .................................................. 7.5KW
Solar inverter .................................................RSI9200
Solar module ................................................. SW250

50
polycrystalline
Number of modules ....................................... 88pcs
Number of modules in series ........................ 22
Number of modules in parallel ..................... 4

Pump Characteristic Curves

Solar pump of case 1 is shown graphically on a characteristic curve in figure 2-22. The curve
shows the total dynamic head in meter, discharge meter cub per hour, power in kilowatt and
efficiency.

These are:

 In the discharge versus head curve: the case 1 total head is 183 meter and 6.73 meter cub
per hour the power is 7.11 kilowatt.
 In the efficiency curve: At 184 meter head and 6.73 meter cub per hour discharge the
efficiency is about 48 present

Figure 2-22: Case 1 solar pump performance curve taken from WinCAP software

The monthly average water production values for the case 1 site is shown in Figure 2-23.
From this graph the maximum water production month are March and November about
80.7m3/day and the minimum production is July about 70.7m3/day.

51
 Figure 2-23: Case 1 monthly water production, taken from WinCAP software

The daily water production for case1developing town in the month December is shown in
figure 2-24. From this graph the maximum water production hour are from 8-16 about
8.1m3/h and the minimum production are at 7 and 18 about 2m3/h. The production hour is 11
hour.

Figure 2-24: Daily water production case 1 site.

52
 Figure 2-25: Series and parallel connection of solar module of Case 1 water supply

Figure 2-25: shows the parallel and series connection of Gubala water supply PV generator. Case 1
PV generator contains 88 numbers of modules. Out off 88 modules 22 are connected in series and have
four parallel connections. Each module has 250 watt power and 30.8 power point voltage and 35 open
circuit voltage.

Grundfose recommended foe case 1 PV pumping system equipment specifications

solar module specification:- Has specified in case1solar module specifications.

Submersible pump specification

SP8A-50:
Multi-stage submersible pump for raw water supply. The pump is suitable for pumping clean,
thin, non-aggressive liquids without solid particles or fibers. The motor is a 3-phase motor
with sand shield, liquid-lubricated bearings and pressure equalizing diaphragm.
Liquid:
Pumped liquid: Water
Max liquid t at 0.15 m/sec: 30 °C
Liquid temp: 20 °C
Density: 998.2 kg/m³

53
 Technical:
Speed for pump data: 2900 rpm
Rated flow: 8 m³/h
Rated head: 214 m

Materials:
Pump: Stainless steel
DIN W.-Nr. 1.4301
AISI 304
Impeller: Stainless steel
DIN W.-Nr. 1.4301
AISI 304
Motor: Stainless steel
DIN W.-Nr. 1.4301
AISI 304
Installation:
Pump outlet: Rp 2
Motor diameter: 6 inch
Electrical data:
Motor type: MS6000
Rated power - P2: 7.5 Kw
Mains frequency: 50 Hz
Rated voltage: 3 x 380-400-415 V
Start. method: direct-on-line
Rated current: 17,6-17,6-17,8 A
Cos phi - power factor: 0,83-0,80-0,77
Rated speed: 2840-2860-2870 rpm
Enclosure class (IEC 34-5): IP68
Insulation class (IEC 85): F
RSI9200
Renewable Solar Inverter RSI is a sourced off-grid solar inverter to enable us to expand the
family of solar submersible pumping systems. RSI is configured specifically to be compatible

54
with 3 phase 400V SP submersible pumps. With the built-in MPPT and various protection
software, it delivers an efficient and reliable renewable system solution.
Liquid:
Pumped liquid: Water
Liquid temp: 20 °C
Density: 998.2 kg/m³
Installation:
Range of ambient temperature: -10 .. 50 °C
Relative humidity: 95 %
Electrical data:
Power input - P1: 9.2 kW
Phase: 3
Enclosure class (IEC 34-5): IP41
Vol. output AC: 380 V
Vol. input DC: 750 V
Curr. Output AC: 24 I
Others:
Net weight: 8.2 kg
Gross weight: 10.5 kg

2.2.4. Analysis and simulation of case 2 water supply

2.2.4.1. Design of case 2 water supply

By using the above formula design case 2 water supply has shown below.
Hydraulic energy demand is:- From formula number 4-1

From the existing water supply of case 2 developing town:-

Total dynamic head (TDH) = 75m
Discharge [mater cub per day] = 149M3/d
Eh = 29.6KWh/day

55
Determination of pump capacity /Sizing of pump Motor/

The sun shine hour at the month December Getting from west Gojam metrology office is 8.75
hour per day, and from formula number 4-2.

= 4.7 L/s

Pump motor power

From standard motor production used for submersible pumps select Standard rating:
KW
Inverter sizing
From formula number 4-3.

P controller = P motor*1.3

= 7.5KW
Select From grundfose controller standard rating the controller size is 9.2KW, maximum input
voltage 750V DC and output voltage 380V AC ratted.

To determine solar module

From formula number 4-4.

Solar irradiation of design month = 5.2KWh/m2/day(July).

From Grundfose solar panel products the highest capacity solar module rating 250W have
selected, because when the power is high the number of module decrease. Maximum power
point voltage (Vmp) is30.4V and open circuit voltage (Voc) is 37V.
Therefore to determine the number of module
Module number = PV array/250W

= 66 module in number.

The size of the solar array was determined in above.

Number of modules in series = pump inverter voltage/Voc

= 22 series connected modules

56
The number of module connected in parallel = total number of modules/series connected
modules.
Therefore the number of modules connected in parallel are three.

2.2.4.2. Simulation of case 2 water supply

Simulation input parameters:-

Location ..................................................Africa, Ethiopia

Water demand ......................................... 149m3/d
Installation ...............................................Borehole
Total dynamic head ..................................75m
Solar module ........................................... SW250 poly crystalline
Peak month............................................... July
Solar radiation .......................................... 5.2 KWh m2/d
Min Ambient temperature .......................110c
Max Ambient temperature ......................290c
Sun tracking .............................................fixed

Figure 2-26: Case 2 WinCAP software input

Simulation results

The main simulation results for case 2developing town are shown bellow
Pump type ..................................................... Grundfose
Pump model .................................................. SP17-13
Pump power .................................................. 7.5KW
Solar inverter ................................................ RS19200
Solar module ................................................ SW250 polycrystalline
Number of modules ...................................... 66
Number of modules in series .................. 22
Number of modules in parallel ............... 3

57
 Figure 2-27: Case 2 solar pump performance curve taken from WinCAP software

Pump Characteristic Curves

Solar pump of case 2 is shown graphically on a characteristic curve in fig 2-27. These are:
 In the discharge versus head curve: the case 2 total dynamic head is 75 meter and the
power is 5.84 kilowatt. So at 75 meter head and 5.8 kilowatt power the discharge is 15.3
meter cub per hour.
 In the efficiency curve: At 75 meter head and 15.3 meter cub per hour discharge the
efficiency is about 50 present.
 The solar radiation data for the case 2 water supply site were collected from NASA-SSE
satellite data [17] and fed as an input to the WinCAP software then the water production
value are shown in figure 2-27 and 2-28.

The daily water production for case 2 in the month July is shown in figure 5-14. From this
graph the maximum water production hour is from 11, 12 and 13 about 20.5m3/h and the
minimum production are at 8 and 16 about 10.2m3/h.

58
 Figure 2-28: Daily water production case 2 site.

The monthly average water production values for the case 2 site is shown in Figure2-29. From
this graph the maximum water production month is November about 185m3/day and the
minimum production is July about 150m3/day.

Figure 2-29: Monthly water production Case 2 site.

59
 Figure 2-30: Series and parallel connection of case 2 water supply

Figure 5-30 shows the parallel and series connection of case 2 water supply PV generators.
Case 2 PV generator contains 66 numbers of modules. Out off 66 modules 22 are connected in
series and have three parallel connections. Each module has 250 watt power and 30.8 power
point voltage and 37 open circuit voltage.

Grundfose recommended for case 2 PV pumping system equipment specifications

Solar module specification and Inverter: - Has specified in case 1 solar module
specifications and converter specification.

Submersible pump specification

SP17-13:
Multi-stage submersible pump for raw water supply. The pump is suitable for pumping clean,
thin, non-aggressive liquids without solid particles or fibers. The motor is a 3-phase motor
with sand shield, liquid-lubricated bearings and pressure equalizing diaphragm.
Liquid:
Pumped liquid: Water
Max liquid temperature at 0.15 m/sec: 30 °C
Liquid temp: 20 °C
Density: 998.2 kg/m³

Technical:

Speed for pump data: 2900 rpm

60
Rated flow: 17 m³/h
Rated head: 106 m

Materials:

Pump: Stainless steel

DIN W.-Nr. 1.4301
AISI 304
Impeller: Stainless steel
DIN W.-Nr. 1.4301
AISI 304
Motor: Stainless steel
DIN W.-Nr. 1.4301
AISI 304

Installation:

Pump outlet: RP 2 1/2

Electrical data:

Motor type: MS6000

Rated power - P2: 7.5 kW
Mains frequency: 50 Hz
Rated voltage: 3 x 380-400-415 V
Start. method: direct-on-line
Rated current: 17.6-17.6-17.8 A
Cos phi - power factor: 0.83-0.80-0.77
Rated speed: 2840-2860-2870 rpm
Enclosure class (IEC 34-5): IP68
Insulation class (IEC 85): F

61
 CHAPTER 3

3. COST COMPARISON OF THE TWO SYSTEMS

The costing of a pumping system that has a life expectancy of 20 years is comprised of the
capital cost and the future costs, which include operating cost, maintenance cost and
replacement cost. In some life cycle costing calculations a residual value is assumed which
will provide a small return for the project again, for example the solar modules or lead acid
batteries. However, this is often something that is far in the future and could be quite arbitrary.
In this costing no residual values are considered for a PVP or DP system.
In the costing calculations following are considered:
 The boreholes have a sufficiently strong yield to allow for the generally higher flow rates
of the diesel pump in comparison to the PVP.
 The installation cost is not including because similar for both PV and diesel pumping
system.
 The pumping systems are complete at the exit of the borehole (i.e. the costs of the
distribution and reservoirs are excluded from the calculation).
 Diesel pumping systems are stolen but PV driven pumps are not stolen.
 The operating life of the PV panel was assumed to be 20 years and for the diesel
engine 1 0 years were assumed [18] [19].
 The maintenance cost of a PV system assumed to be a 1% of total capital cost per year [19].
 The module support cost is included in PV cost.
 Maintenance cost of diesel engine assumed to be a 5% of total capital cost per year [15].
 Consumption of diesel fuel is 7.1L/hr for case 2 and case 1 and 5.4L/hr for case 3 [21].
 The diesel generator can be selected based on its maximum output (Kilowatt). During
selection of the diesel generator, it is important to select the one whose output power is
higher than the total power needed, considering altitude, temperature and starting system.
 The replacement costs are evaluated to be once during the life analysis for diesel generator,
no replacement for PV pumping system.
 Storage tank and distribution line costs are not included in this analysis because, it is
considered as the same for both case diesel and PV pumping system.
 The PV system have no storage battery, instead using water storage because water storage
tank have no maintenance and replacement cost.

The main discrepancies in the calculations are expected from:

 Poor assessment of the maintenance and replacement costs.

62
 The life cycle costing is conducted on an annual basis. When the maintenance and
replacement intervals become close to one year then the inaccuracies increase as the
interval has to be an integer. This inaccuracy can be remedied by calculating the life cycle
cost on a monthly basis. Note that this has not been done.

3.1. Capital (initial) Cost

The capital costs occur once at the beginning of the project. It comprises the cost of the
equipment and accessories. The cost includes all the accessories up to the exit of the borehole.
No pipe extensions, reservoirs or pump house structure are included. All PV pumpingcosts
below taken from Grundfose pump Diller biselx Ethiopia found in Addis Ababa, Adukat
water works plc, Willo pump and solar pump Dillerand Amhara water works construction
enterprise.
For example the capital cost of case 3 water supply:-

= birr 495,000+ birr 104,341.6o+ birr 50,000+ birr 7,600+birr 68,428.6

= 725,370.2 birr

Cost of others for PV pumping include: water level sensor, Float switch, sun switch,
disconnecter, surge protector, grounding system, pressure switch and cable splice kit.

= birr 222,000+birr 104,341.60+ birr 27,293+7,600birr+birr 21,700.9

= birr 382,935.50

Cost of others for diesel pumping include: water level sensor, Float switch, surge
protector, grounding system, pressure switch and cable splice
kit.

63
Table 3-1: Capital cost of PV system
No Description Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
Type& No Cost (birr) Type& No Cost Type & No cost
1 PV module 88pcs SW250 990,000 66pcs SW250 742,500 44pcs SW250 495,000
polycrystalline polycrystalline polycrystalline
2 pump Grundfose 106,456 Grundfose 137,583.2 Grundfose 104,341.60
SP8A-50 SP17-13 SP8A-37
3 Inverter RSI9200 98,000 RSI9200 98,000 RSI5500 50,000
4 Other costs 68,428.8 68,428.8 68,428.8
2 2 2
5 Power 3X10mm 11,400 3X10mm 1,900 3X6mm 7,600
cable 60m long 10m long 40m long

Table 3-2: Capital cost of diesel system

N Descriptio Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
o n Type & cost Type & No Cost Type & No cost
No
1 Diesel Weichai 551,230 Hiomax 551,230 Powerpac 222,000
Generator 32KW 32KVA 16KW
2 pump Willo 106,456 Grundfose 137,583.20 CMS 104,341.60
SPI06010/33 SP17-15 408/44
3 Control Star 35,347 Direct on line 32,354 Directon line 27,293
pannel delta 7.5KW 5.5KW
13KW
4 Other cost 21700.9 21700.9 21700.9
2 2
5 Power 3X10mm 11,400 3X10mm 1,900 3X6mm 7,600
2
cable 10m long 40m long
60m long

3.2. Operating, Maintenance and Energy Cost

Operational costs of case 1, case 2 and case 3 water utility offices are predominantly the sum
total of costs of staff salary and wages, chemicals, power supply, and other administrative
costs. Except power supply the above costs are similar for diesel and solar pumps.

Maintenance cost of Case 3 developing town

Maintenance cost is established as a factor of the investment cost of the various components
of the project. Routine maintenance is required to be made at each years of the project life

64
time. The amount of 5% of the physical investment costs is assumed as maintenance cost
diesel pumping system per year [15], also 1% for PV water pumping system per year [19].

= birr 725,370.2 * 0.01 * 20

= birr 145,074.04

*20year

= birr 362,787.80 * 0.05 *20

= birr 382,935.5

Operating cost

The projects operation costs are directly related with the power supply costs. Operating cost
for PV is null, because pumping system has no fuel consumption. But for diesel pumping
system as follows:-

= 5.4L/h * 16.31birr * 7 h* 365day * 20years

= birr 4,500,581

3.3. Life Cycle Cost

In the financial comparison between solar photovoltaic and diesel water pumping system, the
main question is how the financial costs of both systems can be calculated. The whole costs of
a pumping system have a certain life expectance inyears thatismade up of the capital cost,

operating cost and maintenance and replacement cost (M & R). And these costs altogether
refer to the life cycle cost (LCC). The life-cycle cost can be calculated using the following
formula:[6] [21]

Where:-
LCC = the life cycle cost
= Capital cost

= the sum of all yearly maintenance costs

= energy cost (of a system is the sum of the yearly fuel cost)
65
 = Replacement Cost (is the sum of all equipment that will need to be replaced through
the life of the system)
= The Salvage Value (of a system is its net worth in the final year of the life-cycle
period).

For example the life cycle cost of case 3

The pump is not included because it has similar cost both PV and diesel water pumping
system

For diesel pumping system

From the above
Cc = birr 382,935.5
Mc = birr 382,935.5
Ec = birr 4,500,581
Rc = birr 222,000
LCC = birr 382,935.5+ birr 382,935.5+birr 4,500,581 + birr 222,000
= birr 5,488,452
For PV pumping system
From the above
Cc = birr 725,370.20 birr
Mc = birr 145,074.04
Ec = 0
Rc = 0
LCC = birr 752,370.20+ birr 145,074
= birr 897,444.24

66
 CHAPTER 5
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Life Cycle Cost Comparison

The capital cost, fuel cost (energy cost), maintenance and operation are simulated by
homer software.

The software input is:-

- Power of the generator in kW.
- Cost of the generator in Ethiopian birr.
- Cost of the fuel in Ethiopian birr.
- Power (kW) and types of load (AC).
- Operation and maintenance cost.
- The load (pumps):- are almost similar both for solar and diesel.
- Solar radiation (kWh/M2)
- Fuel consumption per kilowatt per hour.
- Operation time.
- Cost of solar module in Ethiopian birr.
- Cost of inverter in Ethiopian birr.

4.1.1. Case 1 Water Supply Homer Software input and Result

Case 1 homer software input.
The replacement costs are evaluated to be once during the life analysis for diesel generator
[19].

67
Case 1 water supply Home software output.

Figure 4-1: Case1 Diesel engine input

Figure 4-2: Case 1 solar array inputs

68
 Figure 4-3 Case 1 water supply PV and DP cash flow

Table 4-1: Net Present Costs of Case 1 water supply

As shown in Figure 4-3 and table 4-1,case 1 water supply diesel powered pumping system
has lower initial cost than the PV pumping system, but other costs of diesel powered
pumping are higher if we compare with PV system. In addition, there is no fuel cost
needed in PV system and as a result the present cost of PV systems is much lower than the
diesel powered system. Its lower operation and maintenance costs, the longer expected
useful life as well as the higher reliability of PV systems could make the system more
suitable for remote areas.

69
4.1.2. Case 2 Water Supply Homer Software input and Result
Gundl homer software input.

Figure 4-4: Case 2 diesel generator input

Figure 4-5: Case 2 solar array input

70
 Case 2 homer software output.

Figure 4-6: Case 2 water supply PV and DP cash flow homer simulation

Table 4-2: Net Present Costs of Case 2 water supply

Table 4-2 shows the life cycle cost comparison between photovoltaic and diesel water
pumps of Case 2 water supply simulated by homer software. Also figure 4-6 shows the life
cycle cost comparison between photovoltaic and diesel water pumps of Case 2 water supply
in graph simulated by homer software.

71
4.1.3. Case 3 Water Supply Homer Software input and Result
Homer software inputs

Figure 4-7: Case 3 diesel generator input

Figure 4-8: Case 3 solar Array input

72
 Homer software output

Figure 4-9: Case 3 water supply PV and DP cash flow simulation homer software sum

Table 4-3: Net Present Costs of Case 3 water supply

4.2. Break Even Points of Case 1, Case 2 and Case 3.

Another measure of comparison is the years-to-breakeven, i.e. after how many years does a
solar pump become cheaper to run than a diesel pump? The breakeven point is reached when
the cumulative LCC of PVPs become lower than the cumulative LCC of DPs. The shorter
the years-to-breakeven, the more attractive the renewable energy solution becomes and the
higher the cost savings over the project life. The results for the years-to-breakeven over the
operating range considered in this study are shown in the table 4-4.
Table 4-4: Lifecycle cost and breakeven time.
Project Lifecycle cost Annual cost Breakeven time
PV Generator PV Generator Breakeven time

Case 1 1,436,191 10,754,348 71,809.55 537,717.40 2.8

Case 2 1,116,462 10,602,032 55823.10 530101.60 2.1

Case 3 694,828 5,246,820 34,741.45 262,341 2.6

73
 The table 4-4 shows costs which are used to indicate what the breakeven Periods are for
PVPs versus DPs. For example, Case 1 water supply needs 2.8 year the cost of PV and
DP to be equal, Case 2 water supply needs 2.1 year the cost of PV and DP to be equal
and Case 3 water supply needs 2.6 year the cost of PV and DP to be equal.
.

Annualyzed Cost
600,00
Analysis
0.00

500,00
0.00

400,00
0.00
PV
300,00 systen
0.00
Diesel
200,00 system
0.00

100,00
0.00

0
. F G Gu
0 a u ba
Figure 4-10: 0Annual cost
gi of Case1,Case
n 2 and Case3
la
t dl
a

74
12000000
Lifecycle cost analysis
10000000

8000000
Ccost (birr)

6000000

PV system
4000000
Diesel system

2000000

0
Fagita Gundl Gubala

Figure 4-11: Lifecycle cost of Case 1, Case 2 and Case 1

The choice between PVP and DP technology should bebased on comparative lifecycle
costing where in the solution with a lower cost over the project life is selected. An Indicator
of attractiveness is the years to breakeven which the cumulative LCC of PVPs becomes
lower than the cumulative LCC of DPs. The shorter the years to breakeven, the more
attractive, so case 2 water supply has lower break even time than two water supplies and the
higher the cost savings over the project life. Figure 4-10 and Figure 7- 11 shows the annual
and life cycle cost of PV and diesel water pumping system of case 1-3 in graph.

4.3. Environmental Impact of Diesel Engine.

Table 4-5: Emitted gas by diesel engine

Project Carbon Carbon Unburned Sulfur Nitrogen
dioxide monoxide hydrocarbon dioxide oxide
(kg/yr) (kg/yr) (kg/yr) (kg/yr) (kg/yr)
Case 1 106,040 262 29 213 2,336

Case 2 98,912 244 27 199 2,179

Case 3 65,197 161 17.8 131 1,436

75
The consumption of fossil fuels also has a negative environmental impact, in particular
the release of carbon dioxide (CO 2) and carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. CO 2
emissions can be greatly reduced through the application of renewable energy
technologies, which are already cost competitive with fossil fuels in many situations. For
diesel the environmental impact will be expressed numerically as: kg/yr. Homer software
also calculates carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide emitted by diesel engine into the
atmosphere. The Case 1, Case 2 and Case 3 water supply carbon emission is shown in the
table 4-5 above.

76
 CHAPTER 5
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1. Conclusion
In this paper, the feasibility assessment of replacing diesel water pump with solar
photovoltaic water pumping system has been investigated for three selected sites in Amhara
region. The designed system of case 1,case 2 and case3capable of

providingwater76.9m3/day for head 183m,149m3/day for head 75m and 50m3/day for head
125m respectively.
The initial cost of diesel pumping system of Case 1, Case 2 and Case 3 water supplies are
birr 726,132 birr 744,768and birr 382,933 respectivelyand for PV pumping system are birr
1,274,285 birr 1, 048,412 birr and 725,370 birr respectively.

The Running cost of diesel pumping system of Case 1, Case 2 and Case 3 water supplies are
birr 10,221,454, birr 10,121,764 and birr 5,042,321 respectively, and for PV pumping system
are birr 7,161, birr 7,990 and birr 3,528 respectively.

The years- to- breakeven between PVP and DP systems are:

 For case 1 water supply is 2.6 year.
 For case 2 water supply is 2.1 year.
And for case 3 water supply is 2.4 year.

The life cycle cost analysis and breakeven time of pumping water shows that the PV water
pumping system is more economical and feasible compared to Diesel system. The results
indicate that many PV systems can be installed in the Amhara region, and replacing the
existing more expensive diesel systems are more advantageous.
The sum of emitted gases by diesel engine for three water supplies which Case 1, Case 2
and Case 3 are carbon dioxide 270,149 kg/yr, carbon monoxide 667 kg/yr, sulfur dioxide
543 kg/yr, Nitrogen oxide 5,951 kg/yr and un burned hydrocarbon 73.8 kg/yr.
The results also show that it’s more feasible and cleaner in Amhara region to use solar water
pumps instead of diesel pumps, and a solar water pump may be the right solution for water
supply needs.

In conclusion, photovoltaic power for water pumping in Amhara region is cost competitive
and cleaner with traditional diesel energy sources for small and big water supply

77
applications, if the total system design and time of utilization is carefully considered and
organized to use the solar energy as efficient as possible. In the future, when the prices of
fossil fuels raise more and the economic advantages of mass production reduce the peak watt
cost of the photovoltaic cell, the PV pump will be more competitive with conventional
supply.

5.2. Recommendations
 The study only focused on three selected sites of Amhara region in Ethiopia and it
doesn’t cover all villages around Amhara region. So, the future researchers should
expand this research work in other sites of the region and make the rural people
beneficiary with PV pumps. The region has a great solar resource potential but the
resources have not been exploited yet.
 In spite of Ethiopia's huge hydropower potential, severe power outages in recent years
have been recorded. PV pump is recommended to be incorporated for the future grid
connected application to create a strength, reliability and maintaining sustainable water
supply of the region.
 There is a new Enovation, solar motors and inverters are built in. This inverter can accept
AC and DC supply. The dc input of this inverter is from 400v to 900v and the Ac input is
from 90v to 250v single phase. Unfortunately I can’t gate full documents for it. For the
future better to write using this inverter.
 As far as environmental issues are concerned, these kinds of water supply systems have to
be wide spread in order to reduce greenhouse effects and pollution of the environment.

78
REFERENCES

[1] A. S. Dyana Saleeem, Techno economic analysis of using solar energy,diesel

and electrical networks for water pump in west bank, D. I. H.Ibrink, Ed. Nablus,
palestine: An-Najah national universty, 2012.
[2] D. M. teresa and B. Johen, "design of small PV solar powered water pump
system," Unitted states departement of agriculture and Natural resources
concervation service 28, 2010.
[3] D. Dereje and D. Abu, "Ethiopia's renewable energy power potential and
development opportunities," Ethiopan Ministery of water energy Africa CEC
session, Oct. Jun 22/2013.
[4] M. o. m. a. energy, Ethiopian energy resource potential and current status.
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: departement follow up and expanation department,
Nov,2008.
[5] Marge and Econoler, "Lighting Aferica pollcy report," 2011.
[6] Interview: TO DO.
[7] p. palau, "Guide to solar powered water pumps system," in New York, New
York, January14/2015, p. 52.
[8] F. electronic. (2013, Nov.) www.franclinwater.com.
[9] K. p. m. campany, Pump hand book. India, 2015.
[10] willo, "design of centrifugal pumps," in Fundamental principle of pump
technology. germeny: willo, 2005, ch. 5, p. 61.
[11] E. R. group, Design and implementation manual for solar water pump. Ethiopia:
Minisitry of water,irrigation and energy, March 2014.
[12] D. S. A. salan. (2012, May) Techino-economic analysis of using solar energy,
diesel and electrical net works for water pumping in the west bank.
[13] A. meknnen, Feasebility study of renewable energy resource for electrification
of small ilands.Acase study of tana lake island. Adis Ababa, Jun. 2016.
[14] k. H.nielsen, Grundfose SP engineering manual. Dun mark, 2012.
[15] A. D. a. S. enterprse, Gubala and Gundl rural developing town drift design.
Bahirdar, Ethiopia.

79
[16] P. a. H. C. o. Etiopia, "population and house censes of Ethiopia, result at country
levl volume 2," 1999.
[17] N. SAE. https://cosweb lar.nasa.gov/sse.
[18] E. M. c. group, Feasibility assesment for the replacement of diesel water pumps
with solar water pumps. Namiba: UNDP,GEF,Ministry of mines and energe of
Namibia, september 2006.
[19] G. Misirak, A. Abebayehu, and M. Marita, "Feasibility study of a solar
photovoltic water pumping system for roral Ethiopia," DOI,10.3034/envirosci
2015.3.697, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 21, Jun. 2015.
[20] h. Khumlar and lalitpur, Training Manual on solar PV pumping system. Addis
Ababa, Nepal: Ministe of science, tchnology and envaironment, Jun. Sepetember
2014, vol. 2.
[21] C. POWER, HAOMAX generator manual. yandong, China, 2014.
[22] Z. Muluken, T. Tassew, and A. Abdulkedir, "Optimal sizing of solar water
pumping system for small scale irrigation," international Jurnal of renewable
and sustainable energy, vol. 1, p. 9, Sep. 2014.
[23] SELF, "A cost and reliablity compaarision between solar and diesel powered
pump ," p. 13, 2008.
[24] National guidline for urban water uitilities Tariff setting r. Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia: Federal democratic repoblic of Ethiopia<ministry of water and energy,
March 2013.

80
 Annex

A1. Climate data of Gubala, Gundl and Fagita Taken from Nassa website
Case 1 water supply
Climate
Unit data
location
Latitude °N 12
Longitude °E 29
Elevation m 2560
Heating design temperature °C 16.09

Earth temperature °C 18.36

Air Daily solar Earth Heating Cooling

Relative Atmospher Wind
Month tempe radiation - temperatur degree- degree-
humidity ic pressure speed
rature horizontal e days days

°C % kWh/m2/d kPa m/s °C °C-d °C-d

January 22.1 19.5% 5.60 94.7 3.2 21.7 3 384

Februar
24.2 15.2% 6.24 94.6 3.4 23.2 0 410
y

March 27.4 16.4% 6.76 94.4 3.1 25.9 0 547

April 29.5 26.9% 7.15 94.2 3.0 27.2 0 584

May 28.3 50.8% 6.91 94.3 2.7 26.2 0 567

June 26.5 67.0% 6.47 94.4 3.2 21.3 0 500

July 24.7 77.3% 5.92 94.5 3.1 18.8 0 461

August 24.7 76.0% 5.82 94.5 2.6 18.9 0 464

Septem
26.3 62.2% 5.99 94.5 2.4 19.2 0 495
ber

October 28.0 38.4% 5.94 94.4 2.3 21 0 563

81
Novem
26.4 21.7% 5.81 94.6 2.7 25.1 0 504
ber

Decemb
23.0 21.4% 5.40 94.7 3.4 24.4 1 416
er

Annual
25.9 41.1% 6.17 94.5 2.9 21.4 4 5895

Case 2 water supply

Unit Climate data location

Latitude °N 11

Longitude °E 29
Elevation m 2555

Air Daily
Atmosphe Earth Heating Cooling
tempe Relative solar Wind
Month ric tempera degree- degree-
ratur humidity radiation speed
pressure ture days days
e horizontal

°C % kWh/m2/d kPa m/s °C °C-d °C-d

January 19.5 39.2% 6.20 80.4 3.1 23.3 3 287

February 20.9 36.6% 6.53 80.3 3.1 25.6 1 298

March 21.6 43.1% 6.52 80.3 3.0 26.4 0 350

April 20.8 54.0% 6.69 80.3 2.9 24.8 1 320

May 19.9 63.5% 6.32 80.4 3.1 23.1 1 310

June 17.6 79.7% 5.71 80.4 3.7 19.7 13 237

July 16.3 82.2% 5.16 80.4 3.5 17.7 42 205

August 16.4 82.0% 5.18 80.5 2.9 17.7 38 209

September 17.3 73.1% 5.81 80.4 2.4 18.5 14 230

82
October 18.0 52.2% 5.86 80.4 2.3 19.5 10 255

November 18.4 43.1% 6.01 80.4 2.8 20.5 5 257

December 18.7 40.7% 5.95 80.4 3.0 21.5 4 269

Annual 18.8 57.5% 6.00 80.4 3.0 21.5 132 3227

Measured
10.0 0.0
at (m)

Case 3 water supply

Climate
Unit data
location
Latitude °N 11

Longitude °E 37
Elevation m 2430

Air Daily solar Atmosph Earth Heating Cooling

Relative Wind
Month temper radiation - eric temper degree- degree-
humidity speed
ature horizontal pressure ature days days

kWh/m2/
°C % kPa m/s °C °C-d °C-d
d

January 22.1 19.5% 5.60 94.7 3.2 22.7 3 384

February 24.2 15.2% 6.24 94.6 3.4 25.2 0 410

March 27.4 16.4% 6.76 94.4 3.1 26.9 0 547

April 29.5 26.9% 7.15 94.2 3.0 27.2 0 584

May 28.3 50.8% 6.91 94.3 2.7 24.2 0 567

June 26.5 67.0% 6.47 94.4 3.2 23.3 0 500

83
July 24.7 77.3% 5.92 94.5 3.1 19.8 0 461

August 24.7 76.0% 5.82 94.5 2.6 18.9 0 464

September 26.3 62.2% 5.99 94.5 2.4 23.2 0 495

October 28.0 38.4% 5.94 94.4 2.3 23.9 0 563

November 26.4 21.7% 5.81 94.6 2.7 21.1 0 504

December 23.0 21.4% 5.40 94.7 3.4 22.4 1 416

Annual 25.9 41.1% 6.17 94.5 2.9 22.4 4 5895

A2.Homer software cost analysis result

System Report - Gubala final.hmr

System architecture
PV Array 18.3 kW

Generator 1 32 kW

Inverter 9.2 kW

Rectifier 9.2 kW

84
Net Present Costs

Electrical
Production Fraction
Component
(kWh/yr)

PV array 31,668 40%

Generator 1 48,320 60%

Total 79,989 100%

85
 Consumption Fraction
Load
(kWh/yr)

AC primary load 52,195 100%

Total 52,195 100%

Quantity Value Units

Excess electricity 27,256 kWh/yr

Unmet load 0.0000429 kWh/yr

Capacity shortage 0.00 kWh/yr

Renewable fraction 0.396

Photovoltaic

Quantity Value Units

Rated capacity 18.3 kW

Mean output 3.62 kW

Mean output 86.8 kWh/d

Capacity factor 19.8 %

Total production 31,668 kWh/yr

Quantity Value Units

Minimum output 0.00 kW

Maximum output 18.5 kW

PV penetration 60.7 %

86
 Hours of operation 4,380 hr/yr

Levelized cost 3.88 birr /kWh

Generator 1
Quantity Value Units

Hours of operation 4,004 hr/yr

Number of starts 365 starts/yr

Operational life 3.75 yr

Capacity factor 17.2 %

Fixed generation cost 146 $/hr

birr
Marginal generation cost 3.75
/kWhyr

Quantity Value Units

Electrical production 48,320 kWh/yr

Mean electrical output 12.1 kW

Min. electrical output 9.60 kW

Max. electrical output 25.2 kW

Quantity Value Units

Fuel consumption 40,268 L/yr

Specific fuel consumption 0.833 L/kWh

Fuel energy input 396,241 kWh/yr

Mean electrical efficiency 12.2 %

Converter

Quantity Inverter Rectifier Units

87
 Capacity 9.20 9.20 kW

Mean output 0.55 0.00 kW

Minimum output 0.00 0.00 kW

Maximum output 9.20 0.00 kW

Capacity factor 6.0 0.0 %

Quantity Inverter Rectifier Units

Hours of operation 1,581 0 hrs/yr

Energy in 5,369 0 kWh/yr

Energy out 4,832 0 kWh/yr

Losses 537 0 kWh/yr

Emissions

Pollutant Emissions (kg/yr)

Carbon dioxide 106,040

Carbon monoxide 262

Unburned hydocarbons 29

Particulate matter 19.7

Sulfur dioxide 213

Nitrogen oxides 2,336

88
 System Report - Gundl.hmr

System architecture
PV Array 23 kW

Generator 1 26.4 kW

Inverter 9.2 kW

Rectifier 9.2 kW

Cost summary

89
 Net Present Costs

Electrical
Production Fraction
Component
(kWh/yr)

PV array 39,444 54%

Generator 1 33,371 46%

otal 72,815 100%

Consumption Fraction
Load
(kWh/yr)

AC primary load 30,003 100%

90
Total 30,003 100%

Photovoltaic

Quantity Value Units

Rated capacity 23.0 kW

Mean output 4.50 kW

Mean output 108 kWh/d

Capacity factor 19.6 %

Total production 39,444 kWh/yr

Quantity Value Units

Minimum output 0.00 kW

Maximum output 19.8 kW

PV penetration 131 %

Hours of
4,343 hr/yr
operation

Levelized cost 2.48 birr/kWh

Generator 1
Quantity Value Units

Hours of operation 4,054 hr/yr

Number of starts 407 starts/yr

Operational life 3.70 yr

Capacity factor 14.4 %

Fixed generation cost 124 birr /hr

arginal generation cost 3.75 birr /kWhyr

91
 Quantity Value Units

Fuel consumption 37,561 L/yr

Specific fuel consumption 1.126 L/kWh

Fuel energy input 369,605 kWh/yr

Mean electrical efficiency 9.0 %

Converter

Quantity Inverter Rectifier Units

Capacity 9.20 9.20 kW

Mean output 0.18 0.00 kW

Minimum output 0.00 0.00 kW

Maximum output 8.36 0.00 kW

Capacity factor 1.9 0.0 %

Quantity Inverter Rectifier Units

Hours of operation 843 0 hrs/yr

Energy in 1,712 0 kWh/yr

Energy out 1,541 0 kWh/yr

Losses 171 0 kWh/yr

Emissions

Pollutant Emissions (kg/yr)

Carbon dioxide 98,912

Carbon monoxide 244

92
Unburned hydocarbons 27

Particulate matter 18.4

Sulfur dioxide 199

Nitrogen oxides 2,179

System Report - Fagita final.hmr

System architecture
PV Array 6.25 kW

Generator 1 16 kW

Inverter 3.2 kW

Rectifier 3.2 kW

93
 Electrical
Production Fraction
Component
(kWh/yr)

PV array 11,219 34%

Generator 1 21,985 66%

Total 33,203 100%

Consumption Fraction
Load
(kWh/yr)

AC primary load 22,010 100%

Total 22,010 100%

Quantity Value Units

Excess electricity 11,072 kWh/yr

Unmet load 0.00000620 kWh/yr

Capacity shortage 0.00 kWh/yr

Renewable fraction 0.338

Photovoltaic
Quantity Value Units

Rated capacity 6.25 kW

Mean output 1.28 kW

94
 Mean output 30.7 kWh/d

Capacity factor 20.5 %

Total production 11,219 kWh/yr

Quantity Value Units

Minimum output 0.00 kW

Maximum output 6.16 kW

PV penetration 51.0 %

Hours of operation 4,458 hr/yr

Levelized cost 4.84 birr/kWh

Generator 1

Quantity Value Units

Hours of operation 4,013 hr/yr

Number of starts 365 starts/yr

Operational life 3.74 yr

Capacity factor 15.7 %

Fixed generation cost 87.9 birr/hr

Marginal generation cost 3.75 birr/kWhyr

Quantity Value Units

Electrical production 21,985 kWh/yr

Mean electrical output 5.48 kW

Min. electrical output 4.80 kW

95
 Max. electrical output 10.6 kW

Quantity Value Units

Fuel consumption 24,758 L/yr

Specific fuel consumption 1.126 L/kWh

Fuel energy input 243,623 kWh/yr

Mean electrical efficiency 9.0 %

Converter
Quantity Inverter Rectifier Units

Capacity 3.20 3.20 kW

Mean output 0.13 0.00 kW

Minimum output 0.00 0.00 kW

Maximum output 3.20 0.00 kW

Capacity factor 3.9 0.0 %

Quantity Inverter Rectifier Units

Hours of operation 1,180 0 hrs/yr

Energy in 1,217 0 kWh/yr

Energy out 1,095 0 kWh/yr

Losses 122 0 kWh/yr

Emissions

Pollutant Emissions (kg/yr)

Carbon dioxide 65,197

Carbon monoxide 161

96
 Unburned hydocarbons 17.8

Particulate matter 12.1

Sulfur dioxide 131

Nitrogen oxides 1,436

A3, Metrological data from west Gojam metrology office

Region Gojam

Station Dangila Alt. Lon. Lat.

Daily
sunshine
Element Duration

Year Date Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2010 1 xx 9.8 5.2 7.6 2.9 7 1.8 5.7 xx 4.2 9.5 8.5

2 xx 10 9.4 4.3 4.6 8.8 8 2.8 xx 5.6 9.8 7.5

3 xx 9 7.5 4 5.5 8.5 6.3 1 4.5 3.5 9.2 8.1

4 xx 8.7 7.6 4.3 8 8.4 3.6 1.6 6.1 2.5 10 8.3

5 xx 8.7 9.2 9 4.7 8.3 2.5 1.3 4.6 7.8 10.2 9.4

6 xx 9.2 10.5 7 3.5 6.2 4.3 5.9 5.1 8.2 10.4 8.9

7 xx 5.7 10.6 7.2 3 4 6.7 6.8 1.6 8 9.4 1.4

8 xx 6.6 10 6 10.9 5 3.6 6.1 5.4 5.1 9.2 6.2

9 xx 9.6 4.6 4.1 8.1 2 4.7 5.1 6.1 5.3 7.2 8

10 xx 8.7 9.2 3.6 10.5 5.5 5.5 3.6 7 8.1 2.3 7.3

11 8 7.5 4.3 4 7 4 1.1 4 4.5 8.7 7.4 7

12 8.2 8.1 7 8.5 5.7 8.8 4.5 3 3.7 9.5 7 1.2

13 7.8 8 9.6 7.5 3.5 6.1 4.4 0.6 6.6 9.5 6 4

14 9.5 9.6 8.5 10.5 9 7.3 0.1 1.5 3.5 8.5 4.6 7.4

15 9.6 9.6 10 9 9.5 8.7 1.1 3.8 3 8.2 7.1 9

16 9.2 9.2 8.1 7.3 7.8 8.2 5.4 0.4 5.7 8.5 6.1 8.5

17 9.7 9.5 9.3 10.6 6.5 2.7 4.4 4.3 6.1 6 4.8 8

18 9.5 8.8 9.3 9.4 9 4.8 2.6 6.8 4.2 3.2 9 9.6

19 8.3 9.5 3.5 5.3 6.5 3.8 2.3 4.2 5.2 5 3.7 9.5

20 6.5 9.6 0 5.8 7.5 5.7 0.1 2.8 6.8 5.2 8.1 9

21 6 7.8 6.8 9.6 6 3.3 0 2.5 8.5 9.6 7 6.5

22 5.2 9.4 4 8.4 3.1 6.7 3.5 4 1.7 4.8 8.3 6.8

23 5.2 2.5 5 9.5 6.8 8.5 2 0 3.5 3 8.6 7

24 6 8.4 6.8 10.2 7.5 2.2 0 2.9 3.1 3.7 5.7 8.8

25 3.6 5.9 7.7 10.7 5.4 5 3.2 1.2 4.2 6.3 8.2 7.4

26 7.5 7.2 9.5 10.6 2.1 3.7 3.8 2.7 3.5 9 5.3 9.4

27 6.3 5.5 9.8 10.7 3.8 8 3.5 3.5 9.1 6.2 9.1 7.5

28 5.3 4.8 9.3 10 5.5 3.7 0 1.9 8.3 5 9.2 9.2

29 8.5 7.8 7.3 3.8 4 2.6 2.7 5.6 5.6 9.3 9.3

97
 30 7.2 5.4 2.3 6.8 7 1.7 xx 5.4 3.6 9.5 5.3

31 9.3 4.6 7.5 2 xx 6.5 8.5

2011 1 7.5 10.3 10.6 6.6 5.4 7.2 0.5 x 7.7 6.5 3.4 xx

2 3.7 10.5 7.3 8.3 10.3 5.7 6.8 x 7 5 5 xx

3 6.3 10 8.7 6.8 10.9 7.6 8.4 x 1.3 8.2 5.3 xx

4 7.3 10.6 9.5 6 10.8 6 9.2 x 1.5 7.5 3.5 xx

5 9.5 10.8 9.9 7.4 11.1 8.6 7.5 0.7 6 5.6 5.5 xx

6 6.8 10.6 10.3 10 10.5 8.2 0.4 3.8 1.7 9.4 8.5 xx

7 xx 10.6 8.7 7.5 7.8 7.4 2.1 0.1 4.5 8.1 10.3 xx

8 xx 10.5 9.2 4.5 7.5 8.4 2.1 6 0.4 9.2 10 xx

9 xx 10.7 6.5 8.7 2.1 4.6 8.3 0.6 3.9 9.1 9 xx

10 xx 10.6 4 9 3.1 6 4.5 1.2 6.6 7.9 9.2 xx

11 xx 10.6 4 8.5 7 6 4.7 3.2 2.2 6.2 9.8 xx

12 xx 10.4 1.5 7.3 8.5 4.8 2.7 3.1 7.1 7.9 10.1 xx

13 10 10.4 2.4 8.3 5.7 3 0 2.1 6.3 9.3 6.9 xx

14 8.8 10.5 3.2 9.4 5.8 4 0 3.4 4.5 8.3 10.2 xx

15 10.2 10.7 1.3 7.6 7.3 4.7 5.6 2.9 XX 7 8 xx

16 8.5 10.5 2.2 6.7 1.6 9 8.9 5.4 5.5 2.1 7.3 xx

17 8 10.5 2 8.1 6.5 8 4 3.5 6.9 4.5 9.6 xx

18 9.6 10.9 6 10.4 1 8 2.9 4.5 4.9 10.6 10.5 xx

19 9.6 10.8 10.3 6.8 7 4.6 7.3 6.3 8.9 6 10 xx

20 9.2 10.1 10.1 4.5 10.7 5.3 3.3 3.1 8.5 10 9.7 xx

21 7.2 9.3 9.3 3.3 8.4 7.1 xx 4.4 7.7 8.2 10.2 xx

22 7.4 9.2 9.2 2.4 4.9 6.6 xx 8.6 7.2 10.4 8.5 xx

23 9.4 7.7 9 5.7 1 6.5 xx 5.7 3.5 9.4 9.5 xx

24 5.7 8.1 9.5 11 3.3 6.4 xx 6.7 4.5 9 9.3 xx

25 8.2 9.3 6 11.2 3.2 7.9 xx 6.7 4.1 9.5 9.2 xx

26 6.6 8.7 4.9 11.1 3.3 7.6 xx 4.6 2.2 7.1 10.3 xx

27 7.2 10.4 9.5 11 2.6 7 xx 1.8 3.5 9.3 10.2 xx

28 7.8 10.3 7 10.9 5.4 6.6 xx 3.5 9.1 5.4 10 xx

29 7.7 6.3 7.3 3.5 5.7 xx 0.2 8.6 6.3 10.5 xx

30 9.4 7.6 7.5 5.8 5.3 xx 3.4 7.5 4.1 10.5 xx

31 10.4 8 10.2 xx 4.1 5.2 xx

2012 1 xx xx 7.6 10.4 5.2 8.8 4.2 6 5.3 3 2.1 10

2 xx xx 7.2 11 9 7 3.5 5.6 2.7 7.4 1 8.5

3 xx xx 9.7 11 7.7 4.4 5.7 0.5 2.2 10.1 0 10.2

4 xx xx 8.7 11 10.4 7.5 2.9 3.3 4 9.2 3.5 10.1

5 xx xx 7 10.9 7.4 9.5 3.7 4.5 7.4 9 0.8 9.4

6 xx xx 8.8 xx 7.4 3 2.6 6.1 4.8 10.4 3.8 9.5

7 xx xx 9.1 11 4.5 6.4 3.6 1.2 5.8 9.5 3.4 10.1

8 xx xx 6 11 2 5.6 2.2 2.1 2.4 10.7 2.3 10.1

9 xx xx 10.2 11 4.5 6.4 5.2 1.5 6 4 7.9 8

10 xx 10.5 9.5 6.2 8 9 6 3.3 6.1 5 9.9 10

11 xx 10.4 10 10.7 4.4 4 5 2.6 4.7 9.4 9.6 9.8

98
 12 xx 10.4 10.3 10 7 7.5 5.3 5.5 6.5 7.7 6.7 10.2

13 xx 10.6 9.7 2.7 5.5 6.5 6.5 0.4 6.4 6.9 5 10.4

14 xx 11 9.7 10.9 7 5.9 3.1 4.4 9 9 10.2 10

15 xx 10.5 9.8 11.1 8.2 7.1 4.3 2.8 3.7 10.1 9.7 9.7

16 xx 10.6 10.5 11.2 10.2 4.3 3.4 5.7 5.1 10.4 4.1 9.2

17 xx 10.6 9.5 10.5 5.7 3.6 4.7 3.9 6.6 9.7 9.7 6.2

18 xx 10.3 8.2 9.4 7.2 7 3 4.6 6.5 8.8 8.1 4.5

19 xx 10 8.5 10.9 10.5 6 3.4 5.5 5.9 8.1 9.6 6.9

20 xx 8.2 8 10.4 10 4.3 4.7 4.9 5.7 10.4 10 8

21 xx 8.5 8 7.8 9 2.4 3.3 5.5 4.6 9.5 9.7 3.6

22 xx 10 6 9 9.3 3 5.7 4.9 6.2 8.1 10.3 5.1

23 xx 10.5 6.2 10.8 8.9 5.2 1.6 6.3 5.7 6.9 10.1 7.9

24 xx 10.6 3 10.6 8 6 7.3 5.4 5.6 8.9 10.1 7

25 xx 10.4 3.5 10.7 8 4.1 1.2 2.8 5.5 7.8 9 8.9

26 xx 7.1 8.5 7 4.7 4.6 3.6 6 7.9 10 7.5 9.8

27 xx 6 5.6 10.9 4.8 7.2 5.4 3.9 7.1 10.3 5.5 9.6

28 xx 6.4 10.7 10.8 9.5 4.1 0 3.7 7.3 9 6 9.5

29 xx 8 6.7 6.5 8.5 2.5 2 6.3 4.4 4.8 6.5 9.1

30 xx 8.5 5.3 8.7 0.1 0.2 5.9 1.6 2 5.1 8.6

31 xx 8.9 11 0.5 0 4.1 9.6

2013 1 9.5 8.7 x 8.2 9.9 5.5 5.1 0.2 6.5 2.1 9.2 10.2

2 9.9 7.0 x 11.0 9.7 8.0 8.5 0.0 5.0 6.1 8.7 9.5

3 9.3 7.1 x 10.9 5.0 9.5 4.1 2.5 6.2 4.2 8.5 10.0

4 9.4 7.5 x 10.9 3.7 10.3 5.7 1.9 6.9 4.2 8.6 9.7

5 9.5 9.9 x 10.6 3.6 9.0 5.6 1.7 5.9 5.1 8.0 9.8

6 8.8 9.8 x 10.8 7.5 6.0 3.4 0.6 3.2 0.6 10.0 9.6

7 9.2 9.4 x 10.7 8.8 9.5 3.0 0.2 7.0 2.2 7.8 9.6

8 8.8 8.6 4.4 8.5 5.2 8.0 4.8 9.0 6.7 3.4 7.4 9.8

9 4.6 10.3 4.8 11.0 9.5 7.1 1.0 4.0 4.9 4.8 4.0 9.7

10 6.9 9.2 10.0 10.4 10.2 6.7 5.5 1.2 3.6 3.7 5.0 9.9

11 9.3 9.8 7.7 10.6 6.0 5.8 0.4 3.2 7.0 6.9 10.0 9.6

12 9.5 10.1 1.7 9.5 4.6 2.3 6.9 3.6 8.5 7.4 10.3 9.8

13 5.7 8.6 3.7 10.8 6.3 2.1 3.4 2.6 6.4 3.1 6.7 9.6

14 9.4 9.2 7.9 10.5 7.2 1.2 5.9 0.0 5.7 5.1 5.4 9.0

15 9.1 8.7 8.1 9.6 6.4 6.1 4.3 1.5 7.3 6.4 7.5 8.8

16 9.9 10.6 8.1 10.4 10.4 8.2 0.7 3.2 4.4 5.0 5.3 7.3

17 8.5 10.5 8.2 10.3 10.6 11.1 0.3 7.2 9.8 6.7 7.8 7.0

18 8.6 9.7 9.4 2.8 10.9 8.1 0.3 2.2 7.3 6.9 6.7 6.0

19 8.0 9.6 10.0 6.0 5.1 1.6 3.5 3.1 6.0 9.9 9.6 6.5

20 7.8 9.4 10.0 5.1 9.4 1.8 5.4 6.0 8.6 7.0 10.0 9.7

21 9.4 9.6 10.6 3.6 7.1 2.1 0.6 7.0 7.6 9.2 8.0 9.8

22 9.5 10.3 9.6 5.7 6.8 2.2 1.4 4.3 9.3 8.7 9.3 9.8

23 10.0 8.9 9.4 10.5 10.4 4.4 3.9 2.7 9.3 8.0 4.9 9.4

24 10.0 10.6 10.9 10.6 9.8 3.1 7.9 2.0 5.4 9.7 6.6 9.0

99
 25 9.7 10.4 9.5 10.5 6.7 3.6 2.9 8.0 9.5 4.2 9.2 8.6

26 9.9 9.5 10.3 10.8 8.2 1.9 0.5 3.6 9.8 9.4 7.6 7.0

27 10.0 7.1 9.8 10.7 7.1 7.2 2.9 7.7 5.0 10.5 9.5 9.1

28 9.2 9.4 10.8 11.1 7.8 4.5 3.1 7.4 6.2 9.2 9.4 9.7

29 9.3 10.8 10.3 10.9 5.6 3.3 5.6 8.9 8.4 9.6 10.1

30 5.6 10.7 10.2 6.0 7.3 2.8 2.5 3.8 8.5 7.3 10.0

31 7.5 10.5 9.8 1.9 2.3 10.1 9.6

2014 1 9.7 10 3.7 10.9 4.5 6.2 6 0.6 na NA na 10.4

2 10 10.3 6.2 7.4 3 7.8 8.5 7 na NA na 8.8

3 9.3 9 3.2 9.7 9.1 8.3 6.6 2.4 na NA na 9.9

4 9 10.1 1.7 0.5 9.7 7.4 7.2 0 na NA na 7.8

5 10 9.9 4 8.2 9.8 8 2 3 na NA na 10.3

6 10 10.3 8.6 4.4 7.6 5.5 6.8 0.8 na NA na 9.8

7 8.2 8.9 4.7 6 3.4 3.6 4 2 na NA na 9.5

8 4.5 10.5 5.7 6.3 2.5 5.6 6.3 1.9 na NA na 7.5

9 2.4 10.3 6.2 9.2 0.2 9 6 3 na NA na 7.5

10 5.6 10.1 4.8 3.7 7.7 6.1 5.1 4.6 na NA na 6

11 9.1 10 5 5.8 4.8 8.3 5.4 6.7 na NA na 10

12 9.6 10.4 6.1 3.2 5.9 6.6 2.9 1 na NA na 9.5

13 9.3 8.5 5.2 8 8.2 9.1 6.6 6.8 na NA na 9.3

14 7.5 10.6 8.6 4.4 9 3.9 3.3 5.8 na NA na 9

15 9.1 10.3 10.8 8.5 8 8.4 1.4 4.7 na NA 3.1 8.7

16 8.8 10 7 8.1 9.5 7.7 5.4 6.3 na NA 7.4 7.4

17 9.5 9 4.7 7.7 9.1 5.4. 3 5 na NA 5.7 7.8

18 9.7 9.1 6.1 8 7.2 9.6 4.8 2.2 na NA 8 7.3

19 10.3 9.5 9.4 10.6 7.5 1.6 0.8 4.2 na NA 7 7.5

20 10 8.8 8.4 8.1 7 2.5 2.1 2.8 na NA 4.2 9.2

21 10.1 6.5 10 8.7 3.3 0 2.9 4.8 na NA 6.9 8.9

22 10.2 10.4 8.9 7.5 0 4.8 1.6 4.4 na NA 7.7 9.2

23 10.2 10.6 7.2 2 2.1 7.1 1.2 2.2 na NA 9.2 8.6

24 10 10.4 10.6 7.3 4.6 6.2 3.8 4.1 na NA 10.3 9

25 10.1 9.1 10.3 5.7 3.1 5.7 0.6 0 na NA 9.3 7

26 10 9 10.2 7 6.9 1.4 0.1 0.1 na NA 7.8 4.5

27 10.1 6.4 10.4 6.3 8.9 5.5 5 na na NA 7 8.7

28 10 7 10.5 3.6 10.9 3.5 2.2 na na NA 9 9.4

29 8.5 10.5 7.5 8 7 4 na na NA 7.8 9.5

30 10 10.7 8 10.2 6.3 2.5 na na NA 9.6 9.7

31 9.5 10.9 6.1 0.2 na NA 9.6

2015 1 10.0 10.1 7.9 10.5 4.3 4.1 5.1 4.4 5.3 6.6 5.4 6.4

2 10.2 10.6 7.4 10.2 6.8 9.9 4.9 0.3 7.6 7.9 8.0 5.8

3 10.1 10.7 9.1 9.7 4.4 6.4 6.7 4.1 8.0 10.2 5.5 6.6

4 10.1 10.5 9.8 9.5 4.1 8.6 6.0 5.9 4.0 9.8 0.7 6.7

5 9.7 10.5 9.0 8.8 0.9 7.6 3.1 2.4 6.9 9.1 4.0 4.2
7.3
6 8.9 10.6 9.5 5.5 6.8 5.0 3.4 5.0 5.5 7.0 6.1

100
7 9.1 10.5 7.4 7.6 3.8 9.1 6.6 7.3 6.4 3.0 6.2 3.4

8 9.4 10.2 6.7 9.8 7.5 5.5 8.8 5.0 4.7 6.0 8.4 3.6

9 7.3 10.1 9.9 10.4 4.9 6.4 8.2 4.2 1.3 7.2 5.2 4

10 9.0 10.4 11.0 10.1 1.1 6.8 6.0 3.5 1.9 6.6 7.3 1

11 4.9 10.2 10.5 10.1 3.3 7.5 6.9 6.7 4.5 2.5 8.4 8.9

12 6.8 9.7 8.0 9.0 5.8 7.6 4.7 6.6 4.6 0.5 6.9 8.8

13 3.5 9.5 10.5 6.7 9.8 7.3 0.0 6.2 2.3 8.0 6.0 10.3

14 8.0 8.1 7.7 6.6 10.1 5.7 3.2 8.2 3.3 8.8 9.6 10.2

15 7.9 4 9.8 8.4 8.4 5.8 2.9 7.1 4.6 8.6 9.4 9.9

16 9.7 7.3 9.7 10.4 8.5 2.7 4.7 7.0 7.7 6.0 7.4 8.8

17 10.1 4.5 4.0 9.2 5.8 0.6 6.3 4.3 7.2 6.9 6.9 6.6

18 9.8 4.2 5.6 10.2 9.7 2.2 8.0 5.0 5.2 6.7 7.7 3.9

19 9.5 9.3 5.3 10.6 6.3 5.3 5.1 5.8 9.0 1.8 9.4 2.2

20 9.0 10.8 6.2 10.5 9.5 6.0 5.8 6.4 6.3 6.7 8.1 7.4

21 7.4 7.6 10.0 9.5 7.5 3.2 7.1 4.7 7.4 6.8 9.3 9

22 7.9 9.1 8.4 10.3 5.8 0.0 3.7 6.4 4.5 6.4 9.3 8.4

23 9.1 7.5 9 .3 10.9 8.3 0.6 2.4 5.8 6.7 4.9 10.0 9.5

24 9.9 8 10.5 9.2 4.6 4.2 4.0 6.7 7.0 9.1 10.1 9.1

25 9.9 10.6 10.0 6.0 7.4 9.3 7.0 9.3 6.6 7.0 10.0 8.6

26 10.0 9 10.0 8.6 5.5 2.5 8.3 0.1 6.2 4.8 8.8 8.6

27 10.3 9.6 11.0 10.8 5.7 0.9 3.6 3.2 6.0 5.0 7.4 7.3

28 10.0 8.7 8.0 10.6 1.0 2.2 6.5 5.2 5.7 4.7 6.9 3.8

29 10.4 8.2 8.0 6.4 7.9 7.2 4.5 4.7 5.5 8.6 7.1

30 10.5 8.4 5.8 8.3 5.4 5.2 6.5 5.6 3.8 7.6 9

31 10.6 9.6 7.1 5.0 4.8 6.0 10

101