LAB-4 VERIFICATION OF BERNOULIS THEOREM

5.1 Introduction
Energy presents in the form of pressure, velocity, and elevation in fluids with no energy exchange
due to viscous dissipation, heat transfer, or shaft work (pump or some other device). The
relationship among these three forms of energy was first stated by Daniel Bernoulli (1700-
1782), based upon the conservation of energy principle. Bernoulli’s theorem pertaining to a flow
streamline is based on three assumptions: steady flow, incompressible fluid, and no losses from
the fluid friction. The validity of Bernoulli’s equation will be examined in this experiment.

5.2 Objective
By the end of this lab, the student should learn how to validate the Bernoullis equation.

5.3 Prelab
Prior to coming to lab class, read Bernoulis theoremand, their application and have glance of
the Procedure.

5.4 Equipment needed

1. A water supply tank

2. A tapered inclined pipe fitted with no. of piezometer tubes point

3. Measuring tank

4. Stopwatch

5. Scale

5.5 Background
Bernoulli’s theorem provides a mathematical means to understanding the mechanics of fluids. It
has many real-world applications, ranging from understanding the aerodynamics of an airplane;
calculating wind load on buildings; designing water supply and sewer networks; measuring flow
using devices such as weirs, Parshall flumes, and venturimeters; and estimating seepage through
soil, etc. Although the expression for Bernoulli’s theorem is simple, the principle involved in the
equation plays vital roles in the technological advancements designed to improve the quality of
human life. 1-9: Piezo meters
10: Stainless steel duct
11: Sigle phase motor with pump
12: Flow control valves

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13: Supply tank with piezo meter.
14: Delivery tank with piezo meter
15: Supply tank drain control valve.
16: Out flow control valve.
17: Drain valve from dicharge tank
18: Discharge measuring tank(0.3 x 0.3 m)
19: Water storagetank

5.6 Procedure
1. Open the inlet valve slowly and allow the water to flow from the supply tank.

2. Now adjust the flow to get a constant head in the supply tank to make flow in and outflow
equal.

3. Under this condition the pressure head will become constant in the piezometer tubes. Note
down piezometer readings.

4. Note down the quantity of water collected in the measuring tank for a given interval of time

5. Compute the area of cross-section under the piezometer tube.

6. Compute the values of velocity head and pressure head.

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 7. Change the inlet and outlet supply and note the reading.

8. Take at least three readings as described in the above steps.

5.7 Observation

S No Piezo me- Time Discharge Pressure Velocity Datum Total

ter read- taken for Q [m3 /s] head (m) head (m) head (m) head
ing 5 cm rise

5.8 Calculation
p
Pressure head = m
ρg
V2
Velocity head = m
2g
Datum head = Z= 0 m (for this experiment)
Volume of water collected in tank
DischargeQ=
time taken to collect water
Area of tank x height of water collected in tank
DischargeQ=
t
Q= Velocity of water in pipe * area of cross section = V* AX
(Ai − At ) ∗ Ln
Area of cross section(AX )= At +
L
At = Area of throat
Ai = Area of inlet
Diameter of throat= 25 mm
Diameter of inlet= 50 mm
Ln = Distance between throat and corresponding piezometer
L= Lemgth of the diverging duct or converging duct= 300 mm
Distance between each piezometer = 75 mm
p V2
Total head= + +Z
ρg 2g

5.9 Results

5.10 Further Probing Experiments

Q1 :Vary the mass flow rate and verify Bernoulis theorem
Q2 :Change the fluid type and verify Bernoulis theorem

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LAB-5 DETERMINATION OF REYNOLDS NUMBER OF FLUID
FLOW

6.1 Introduction
In nature and in laboratory experiments, flow may occur under two very different regimes: lam-
inar and turbulent. In laminar flows, fluid particles move in layers, sliding over each other,
causing a small energy exchange to occur between layers. Laminar flow occurs in fluids with
high viscosity, moving at slow velocity. The turbulent flow, on the other hand, is character-
ized by random movements and intermixing of fluid particles, with a great exchange of energy
throughout the fluid. This type of flow occurs in fluids with low viscosity and high velocity.
The dimensionless Reynolds number is used to classify the state of flow. The Reynolds Number
Demonstration is a classic experiment based on flow discharge.

6.2 Objective
By the end of this lab, the student should learn how to determine the Reynolds number of given
fluid.

6.3 Prelab Preparation:

Prior to coming to lab class, read Reynolds number, their importance in he flow measurments,
application and have glance of the Procedure.

6.4 Equipment needed

1. Hydraulics bench,

2. Reynolds demonstration apparatus

3. Cylinder for measuring flow

4. Stopwatch

6.5 Background
The Reynolds number is a dimensionless parameter that is the ratio of the inertial (destabi-
lizing) force to the viscosity (stabilizing) force. As Re increases, the inertial force becomes
relatively larger, and the flow destabilizes and becomes fully turbulent. Flow behavior in natu-
ral or artificial systems depends on which forces (inertia, viscous, gravity, surface tension, etc.)
predominate. In slow-moving laminar flows, viscous forces are dominant, and the fluid behaves
as if the layers are sliding over each other. In turbulent flows, the flow behavior is chaotic and
changes dramatically, since the inertial forces are more significant than the viscous forces.

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 In this experiment, the dye injected into a laminar flow will form a clear well-defined line. It
will mix with the water only minimally, due to molecular diffusion. When the flow in the pipe is
turbulent, the dye will rapidly mix with the water, due to the substantial lateral movement and
energy exchange in the flow. There is also a transitional stage between laminar and turbulent
flows, in which the dye stream will wander about and show intermittent bursts of mixing,
followed by a more laminar behavior.
The Reynolds experiment determines the critical Reynolds number for pipe flow at which
laminar flow (Re¡2000) becomes transitional (2000¡Re¡4000 ) and the transitional flow becomes
turbulent (Re¿4000). The advantage of using a critical Reynolds number, instead of critical
velocity, is that the results of the experiments are applicable to all Newtonian fluid flows in
pipes with a circular cross-section.

6.6 Procedure
1. Fill the supply tank some times before the experiment.

2. The calculated fluid is filled as container.

3. Now set the discharge by using the valve of that particular flow can be obtained.

4. The type of flow of rate in glass tube is made to be known by opening the valve of dye
container

5. Take the reading of discharge for particular flow.

6.7 Observation

S No Time Discharge Q (Re )=

4Q
π ∗ ∆V
(t) Initial Final Difference Volume m3 /s

6.8 Results

6.9 Further Probing Experiments

Q1 : Change thetemperature of the flow and repeat the same experiment
Q2 : Changethe density of flow and measure the Reynolds number

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