Ww S 2 ALTERNATING — CuRkeST — NoTes Cformula Revision) Direc Cunent’ é— Alternating Curvent © when o coil is retoted in a magquelic fied, an alternakivg emf is J ced in it, hich is gwen by ° @ € =F, Sinwt Curent fn athe civeuit > T= E a So Simwt =p T= To Sinnt R T= instantaneous value R To = cuwent amplitude Time Period, T= 27 - frequency fe i . T 2K = Io Smanft = To Sin ant, > [=] Sime over one complete cyde @ Average value CI ac. Tov = 9 over a Complete cycle of oc. Tre overage value, of ac. ts Zen.'O Relation between average value ond peok valle of ac. (2) Tov = 2 Jo = 0637I- n av = 2s, = 06378, us @ Root mean Squave CRM) value yo AC. Teng = a Te = OF0?T, bi Ne + Reng Ff alternating emf > ve | © AC Grete containing only a Resistor > | R ® Grstantoneout emf of tre Fource = dnttontaneous pd. ocrote. R Fosmest Fosinwk = IR erp © ac. Civeuil? Contoiing only an Inductor a L Lo Sinwl where Jo = Zs = peok volue of ac. Greph o E ond I v ps asov diag ran © Qnduckve reactance (xv) X= wl = anfl fr oe x aT for ae fro, x, =° + | Evy Jo. (© . _. VX LNG ar a *Vaviakon of XL With frequency > i XfMat Civeatt Containing only Copacitor C io) sohere Tos WOES = Eo cuwent Fo Sinwol- Veo, omplitade . phose eoonship between E and I —> \ et Ef oP te e@ * ey to y Jo To ‘ (ere + Gpoditobve Reackance. ( Xe) Te tole oe Voe Xe = ! | a Qq we ante ST. anit of Cop ocitative veatane iY ohm (A) XeXe 1 i TK f—© A.C. Civeite with Resistance and Induckang ta D Serier. levpchl ke Vex T —} To. = Fo JR?+ x c = O eepedarttn 2 Sot ew Eo meat, = fate writ @ tow pe Veo lL TeX XL wh ] VE OR OR R I = To Sin(wt— $) @ AC. Cire with Resistance and capacitor in SeriesJevacRIIeEKI — I © Series LOR - Cirsit ke eos ShL ae WeEkeT be, ° ©) Lohere . Go Simast za ARH Xe = [et est- LY 4 (a) Impedance 5@ Special Cases —> . 1 When Xur%e_ of Yu > Meo from figs emf i ahead of current by phase ongle g thick i gwen by» tnd = Xie or op = RK wtf = ASK we ape 8 Iustantaneour cuwent , T= Io Sin(ot— 6) Series Lek Ciestt ff Tnductive, 2 When Xick or Vie Ne , that cuwent is ahead of emp by phase angle > wohich is given by > ton p = Xe AL or Cor = er = Thstovtaneos cutnt , I = Jo Sintuot +$) deta lek Cirudt- it hd te be Gopocitive . 3. When KL=& of Wa | =O, ne emf and gunent will be in the dame phate. 16k Givuite ig Ths & or Je= Fo puorelay reictive. => {Fons = Erm 2 Va Vzz z IResonance Conorrion OF Sees LCR Greit > @ A Sevies LCR-civeuite is Said te be in the redonance Condition when the Cunent Unrough i& hos iés moximum value. Eo. ° ae +(2b- Ly 6 ; Value Y Io is moximum Uohen -7 ee £ct 2 = we TEnp edonee , 2= aM (bau 1) = we ‘Impedance is minimum, The Civeil- ic purely resistive . The Curent And Velkage are in the fame phase and the Cuwent in the Civwil- Ip Moximum, This Condition of the LCR- Civeuil- i$ Called Resonance Condition. all— oo The frequency ot which the cunent amplitude Jo aHaint a peak value if Called natural or Reronanl- frequency (fr), Wy = anf, = jt = _ uc ax Ate Curent Qmplitute of reponant frequency coi bes eeSHARPNESS — of RESONANCE ? Q- FactOR @ The Q> four af a Seria vesonant civuut ic defined as the vaHo of the Yehonowt fequersy fh the differene In two frequencies token om bot Sides of the rehnant Paueney dade thot at each frequency, tne cawedt amplitude becomes a tmes the value at refonanu Prquency. ve Q = i = Won Resonant frequen - eel 2 Aw 7 Ravdusidth, 7+ user fr an Ac. Civauit — @& —“—— —— Poy = Emmy Tvs 2 P = Erg, Dems, R Zz B. =. ie ef dpeciol § Coses > © Pave vesistive Clrete > b=o > corp = I eo Poy = Evvays Lame XL = Samp: Dams © ® Pure frductive civenit -» $= %, = Cos%,=0 fay = Evins: Tay: cost, =O ® Reve Copeditive Civuit » =~ Alp few = Enns. Tomy C08 (7%) =2 aly © Sever Leg Ciwit frm Perch LCR Civenit, Pav = Eros Tron C8 tshee = @ pa tr! MAX R (& Power dissipated oF verwane in LCR Civenit Ak Reonane A= Xe and ps 0, & Cos p= it 4 fee Tag. That Wig Maximum Power is dissipated fo tue Ciemit (rug @) at refomance.+ Power factor @ The average power J an ac. cirwit is Given yo oo Ce Cos b Average Power = Vivlual emf x Virtoal Cuwentx Col & ab “he factor cof is cated the pres feorr f on 00. Civeuit - The power fatter of a Sevier LCR- chrait It given by. Cos $ = Re R 2 AR (t= Yo Gere purely feducive ov Copacikve Crwit. pride fowser fover = Caqy <0 Thus the power foaor anumes the minimum value for a puvely inducive or Opacikve civeuit . Gov a purely resignve duit , g=o° . power fouer = jwso*s 4 ( mox™ value for a poly renichve Ciresit) © Warress Coreent Whe Cumut Ga at. Ctroult ig Srid to fe teothess The quevage poner Consumed tn tue Gruil- ig Zev.dr fg. prose angie 4 Gekween Eyns Grd Iyag. The Ge tuwerE Tony Con he repolved alo two Componente > (0) Coreponent Leng #4 along Eom . Rage Eni ( Tyas Cot 4) exe =e le, crf (8) Gemponent Tine Sing nowal te Syne Be = Eres | Lows Sin). €08 Yy =o Lies Sin i$ the wouter Curent because Te doe ne Confirme ong Power in 0.¢. Circuit. @ Average power Otsodated wih a Resistor { ly= Me 2b = VomcTims= Vis f \ Nee R : Energy Srored fe On Paducthr fu=e tpt i a * Brerage power aieciated with an Inductor ew} ° "Energy ord average power ofcuated witha pure @pedber> usd ge icv 2c 2sPveroge power oscociated with @ Copociter @ “LC Orci NaHons —y oO Prygular law frequency of fre Oscillations of an LC- Civasit re ee 1 Nic W © Frequency of free astittations in LC- circuit > =f okr {Ue @ Instantaneout Charge on {he Copaciter— Y= Jo Cotes @| Fnstontaneous cuwent in the LC~ Cirwit > T=-d& _ 15 sincst, voheve To =o © dleeral energy thee mm The capacitor at any instant —-> ie 1 of + mar ie ug"=t. 4© Magnetic. energy shved th the induct at Ong instont = il 135 Ug al Wrox _ Pins Ug = Z LI ©) Total energy Stored Pr the LC- Civeuit U = Ugt Ug = ae bli TRANS PoRMER @ The valges and cuwent? fr @ transformer are Yelote os > Se = Ja = Me K & ny N @ BT Cpwer fn prienary ea= Ey Io ( Pexer in Secondary Cat) @ Efficiency Y a Traniformer , ( n= Output power . ios ¢, i Input power: G ENERATORS (AC) @o fix jinked, f = NGA cout: ® Instantaneous fduced emf, Es Foshot @ Moxinauen induced emf, bo =NGAw Oe © Maximum Cnet, To= Fo NRA ; RR alt k—-A Qua =