CHAPTER O1 NTRODUCTION ee 1-0 Introduction Concrete structural construction components are categorized as either reinforced concrete (RC) or prestressed concrete (PSC). The structural design for these two types of concrete are covered in the provisions in Chapter 4 “Structural Concrete” of the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP), Volume I, “Buildings, Towers and Other Vertical Structures”, 7" Edition, 2015, Reinforced concrete is made up of two materials: 1) concrete which is strong in compression but very ‘weak in tension and 2) steel! which is strong in both tension and compression, Concrete is composed of three materials, namely: cement, fine aggregates and coarse aggregates. Water is added to the mixture and thoroughly mixed to create concrete. The amount, quality and proportion of these component materials directly affect the strength of the concrete mix. 1-1 Cement Many types of cements are produced for different purposes. Some of them are listed below. + Rapid hardening cement — Attains high strength in 7 days, 3 days or even | day. ‘© Quick setting concrete — Used primarily in situations where the work needs to be completed in a very short period of time (e.g. concreting under water). Low heat cement ~ Used for massive construction, ‘* Blast furnace slag cement ~ Used as a cheaper alternative. Pozzolanic cement ~ Ideal for concreting of marine structures and other concreting works under water. 1-2 Mixing Water Water is an important component for mortar or concrete. When the water is mixed in mortar, it reacts with cement and forms a binding paste which fills small voids in the sand. This creates a close cohesion of sand particles and cement. In case of cement concrete the voids formed between sand and coarse aggregate gets filled with the paste forming a cohesive substance/concrete. The quantity and quality of water have vital effect on the strength of the concrete mix. Too much water will lessen the concrete strength while too little amount of water makes the workability of the mix difficult Only the right amount of water should be used to prepare mortar or concrete. However, when not properly supervised, workers tend to put in more water than is required to make the mix very workable. This bad practice weakens the strength of the concrete mix since this will introduce an inordinate amount of voids. Also, the moisture in the aggregates should be taken into account in determining the amount of water to be introduced in the concrete mix. Only clean water can be used in the concrete mix since impurities in dirty water generally has an adverse effect on the concrete strength, 1-3 Aggregates For a good concrete mix, aggregates need to be clean, hard, strong particles free of absorbed chemi oF coatings of clay and other fine materials that could cause the deterioration of eoneret \ vuaiicu witrcalINTRODUCTION 5 percent of the total volume of conerete, ate divided into two aig which account for 60 to 75 p a te categories: fine and coarse agereg: es a ; ial that will pass a No. 4 sieve and will, for the retained on a No 200 sie ahould havea rounded shape. The purpose of the fine aggregate cer he core aggregate and to act 5a workability agent. voi st part, use of ee less 15 to fil te a it id will be retained on the Ni ; jal that will pass the 3-inch screen an 0.4 sey ee economy as reflected by the use of less oc eanen oe ears should have a rounded shape. Even though the definition seems to liga the coarse a oth lerations Nr. the sizg f coarse aggregate, other considerations must be accounted for of coars > i it s Id an almost void le tioned and mixed with cement, these two groups yiel Se ee a In strength and durability, aggregate must be equal to or better hardened cement to withstand the designed loads and the elfets of weathering, SS stone than the Two characterises of aggregates have an important influence on proportioning concrete mixture because they affect the workability of the fresh concrete, They are: 1. Grading (particle size and distribution) 2. Nature of particles (shape, porosity, surface texture) 1-4 Concrete Additives Over the decades, attempts have been made to obtain concrete with certain desired characteristics such os high compressive strength, high workability, and high performance and durability Parameters to meet the requirements of complex modem structures, Admixtures provide enhanced concrete quality, the producer and the user. The sustainability and admixture use, improved durability and deliver cost-benefits to both environmental profile of concrete is also enhanced by Below is alist of commonly used concrete admixtures, Air entrained concrete can i ‘ can increas {ype of admixture produces rkable conan e-thaw durability of concrete. This 's a more workable concret fe than non-entrained concrete while erties are imy Ae ons. Water reducers a improved and help place concre Paiching. conse weed Primarily in bridge decks, low: Recent advancements is i a in admixture “Pment Of mid-range water reducers, cement rati ned. concrete pan io than what is normally des vuainicu wittt CalINTRODUCTION 4, Accelerating “Accelerator concrete admixtures are used to increase the rate of concrete strength development, of to reduce conerete setting time, Calcium chloride could be named a8 the most common accelerator component; however, it could promote corrosion activity ofsstcel reinforcement. Accelerating admixtures are especially useful for modifying the properties of concrete in cold weather. Shrinkage Reducing. Shrinkage reducing concrete admixture isa mixing. This type of admixture could reduce ¢ Shrinkage reducing admixtures can be used in sit lead to durability problems or where large numbe ‘economic or technical reasons, \dded to concrete during initial arly and long-term drying. shrinkage. tuations where shrinkage cracking could ts of shrinkage joints are undesirable for 6. Super plastici rs The main purpose of using super plasticizers is to produce flowing concrete with very high slump in the range of 7-9 inches to be used in heavily reinforced structures and in placements where adequate consolidation by vibration cannot be readily achieved. The other major application is the production of high-strength concrete. It has been found that for most types of cement, super plasticizer improves the workability of concrete. Workability of the mix is maintained even with a reduction in the amount of water. The eduction in the amount of water results into a dramatic increase in the concrete strength. 7. Corrosion-inhibiting Corrosior inhibiting admixtures fall into the specialty admixture category and are used to slow corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete. Corrosion inhibitors can significantly reduce maintenance costs of reinforced concrete structures throughout a typical service life of 30 to 40 years. Other specialty admixtures include shrinkage- reducing admixtures and alkali-silica reactivity inhibitors. Corrosion inhibiting admixtures have little effect on strength at later ages but may accelerate carly strength development. 1-5 Structural Properties of Conerete Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but significantly low tensile strength, and as such is usually reinforced with materials that are str ‘ong in tension. The elasticity of concrete is relatively constant at low stress levels but starts decreasin, ig at higher stress levels as cracking develop, Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, and as it matures conerete shrinks. All concrete structures will crack to some extent, due to shrinkage and tension. Concrete which is subjected to long-duration compressive forces is prone to creep. ‘Tess can be made to ensure the properties of concrete correspond to specifications for the application. The density of concrete varies, but is around 2,320 kilograms per cubic metre (22.8 kNleum,) for normal weight concrete, Lightweight concrete can weigh up to less than 20% of normal weight concrete: The unit weight of reinforced concrete used for load calculations can be conservatively taken as 24 kN/cum, The modulus of elasticity of concrete is an important material property. This is proportionate to the square root of the concrete compressive strength, For normal weight concrete, the NSCP Code formula for concrete modulus of elasticity is Be=4700Vf' (in MPa for normal weight concrete) (NSCP Eqn. 419.2.2.16) where f = concrete compressive strength, MPa The following are the 5 Mpossesses a high compressive strength, important properties of concrete: Misa corrosion resistant material and atmospheric agents have no appreciable effect on it vvuainicu vwiul CalRODUCTION 3, hardens with age and the process of hardening continues for a lon; has attained sufficient strength. It is this property of cement concrete place among building materials. 4, Itis more economical than steel, : 5. It binds rapidly with steel and as it is weak in tension, the steel reinfor cement concrete at suitable places to take up the tensile stresses reinforced concrete or simply as R.C. 6. Under the following two conditions, it has a tendency to shrink: a, There is initial shrinkage of cement concrete which is maint through forms, absorption by surfaces of forms etc, b. The shrinkage of cement conerete occurs as it hardens, This conerete can be minimized by proper curing of concrete 7. Ithas a tendency to be porous. This is due to the presence of voids which are fo and after its placement. The two precautions necessary to avoid this tendency a. There should be proper grading and consolidating of the aggregates b. The minimum water-cement ratio should be adopted. 8. It forms a hard surface, capable of resisting abrasion. 9. It should be remembered that apart from other materials, the concrete comes to the site in the form of raw materials only, Its final strength and quality depend entirely on local condition, and persons handling it. However, the materials which concrete is composed may be subjected to rigid specifications. B time after the conc, which gives it a Aistiney cement is placed This is termed as ine IY due to the loss of wate tendency of cement med during are as follows: The stress-strain diagram of concrete is shown in Fig. 1.1. After reaching the peak stress of f, the skin of the concrete cylinder sample will spall off. The force/stress will slightly decrease to a stress of 0.854 before the sample crushes. According to the NSCP 2015 (Art, 422.2.2.1), the maximum usable concrete strain is taken as 0.003. Traditionally, the concrete grade commonly used has a strength of 21 MPa (3,000 psi). With the advances in concrete technology, much higher concrete strengths are specified. Locally, concrete ready-mix suppliers can provide strengths as high as 82 MPa (12,000 psi). High-rise structures in the Philippines are usually constructed using concrete grades of 55 MPa (8,000 psi) to 69 MPa (10.000 Psi) Prestressed concrete members are designed using high concrete grades commonly rang 35 MPa (5,000 psi) to 41 MPa (6,000 psi). The latest and Standards (DG ige code (DPWH Design Guidelines, Criteria . Vol. 5, Bridges) specifies a minimum concrete strength of 28 MPa (4,000 psi). The tensile strength of concrete is defined as the modulus of rupture, .. Tests yield tensile sre gths of about 1.2/f-’. However, the NSCP limits this to f= 062K: (NSCP Eqn, 419.23.) where 2 1.0 for normal weight concrete " —— Figure 1.1 Concrete Stress-Steain Diagram Simro noes oat anes Ges aad oe = vvainicu wiul ValINTRODUCTION 1-6 Types of Concrete 1. Lightweight concrete One of the main advantages of normal weight concrete is the heavy self. weight of concrete. Density of normal concrete is of the order of 2200 to 2600 Kem. This self weight will make it to some extent an uneconomical structural m concrete can be a viable option since the self-weight is about weight concrete iaterial. Hence lightweight 20% lighter than normal High density concrete They are mainly used in the construction of radiation shields (medical or nuclear), Offshore, heavyweight concrete is used for ballasting for pipelines and similar structures 3. Mass Concrete Mass concreting practices were developed largely from concrete dam construction, where temperature-related cracking was first identified, Temperature-related cracking has also been experienced in other thick-section concrete structures, including, ‘mat foundations, pile caps, bridge piers, thick walls, and tunnel linings. 4. Ready-mix concrete Ready-mix concrete is sometimes preferred over on-site concrete mixing because of the precision of the mixture and reduced worksite confusion. However, using a pre- determined concrete mixture reduces flexibility, both in the supply chain and in the actual components of the concrete, 5. Shoterete It is defined as a mortar conveyed through a hose and pneumatically projected at high velocity on to a surface. There are mainly two different methods namely wet mix and dry mix process. In wet mix process the material is conveyed after mixing with water. 1-7 Reinforced Conerete ‘Since concrete is a brittle material strong in compression but weak in tension, reinforcing steel bars are used inside concrete to provide the tensile resistance. The steel must have appropriate deformations (lugs) to provide strong bond and interlocking of both materials. When completely surrounded by the hardened concrete mass, it forms an integral part of the two materials, known as "reinforced concrete”. 1-7.1 Advantages of Reinforced Concrete 1. Reinforced concrete has greater compressive strength as compared to most other materials. used for construction besides being good in tension, 2. The concrete cover provides better resistance to fire than steel structural members. Thus, reinforced concrete structures are capable of resisting fire for a longer time. 3, Has long service life with low maintenance cost 4, Most economical structural material in some typ. footings. of structures, such as dams, piers and 5. Can be cast to take the shape required, making it widely used in pre-cast structural component 6. Yields rigid members with minimum apparent deflection 7. Yield strength of steel is about 15 times the «1 and well over 100 times its tensile strength 8. By using steel, cross sectional dimensions of structural members can be reduced © it Jower floor columns Less skilled labor is required for erection of structures as compared to other materials such as structural steel, mpressive strength of structural cone: 5 Sy vvainicu wiul Valt_ ~~ INTRODUCTION 1-7.2 Disadvantages of Reinfor 4. Innceds mixing. ating and curing, all of which affect the final strength of concrete nee the forms used to cast concrete is relatively high 311 has Jow compressive strength as compared to steel which leads to large sections se meame of mltstory buildings. Cracks develop in concrete due to shrinkage ant the application of live londs yreed Concrete 1-4 Steel Reinforcements wn as reinforcing steel, isa steel bar or mesh of steel wi inforced concrete and reinforced masonry. sheen rebars are also used as compressinn ion Rebar (short for reinforcing bar), also kno. ised primarily as a tension deviee in rc 0 strengthen and hold the concrete in tension. In some instances, reinforcements “The reinforcing sec allowed by the NSCP (Art, 403.6.3-1) to be used as tension reinforcement Concrete are those satisfying the specifications of carbon steel ASTM ‘AG15M, low-alloy steel ASTw TM A0SSM and rail steel ASTM A966M. Caution must be penta AT06M, stainless steel AS’ Menched tempered thermi-mechanieally treated (QT/TMT) reinforcing bars are used in structures ocated in areas of high seismicity. scl as high tensile and compressive strengths. A very important property of stel is its high duc wherein it can withstand extensive elongation before it ruptures. af The stress-strain diagram of reinforcing steel is shown below to understand and ay mechanical properties of this material. Cee 140 120 ° 10 200 Strain, 0.001 The important prope nt properties of reinforcing steel of reinforcing steel include the tensile strength and yield strength. This is because the NSCP h YSCP has a minimum re ent for the 1 a Hum requirement for the T.S/Y.S. ratio for seismic resisting structural f - Tensile Strenga TS. =f, Yield Strength, ¥.5, =f, , Figure 1.2 Steel Stress-Strain Diagram veamiicu wiul CalINTRODUCTION For structural analysis and design purposes, the stress-strain diagram is simplified to an idealized elasto-plastic material with a stress-strain plot as shown in the diagram in Fig. 1.3. The steel reinforcement is assumed to have a constant stress of f, beyond the elastic range. The steel rebar is assumed to be able to deform indefinitely in the inelastic range shown as the flat portion in the stress. strain diagram in Fig. 2.3. . & Yield Strength, |. be Figure 1.3 Idealized Steel Stress-Strain Diagram 1-9 Basic Load Combinations (From NSCP 2015, Art. 203.3.1) Where load and resistance factor design is used, structures and all portions thereof shall resist the most critical effects from the following combinations of factored loads: 14(D+F) 1.2(D + F +7) +16(L +H) +05(L, or R) 1.2D + 1.6(L, or R) + (yl or 0.5W) 1.2D + LOW + fil + 0.5(L, or R) 1.20 £ 1.0E + fil 0.9D + 1.0W + 16H 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H where: D = dead load . E = earthquake load F = load due to fluids with well-defined pressures and maximum heights H = load due to lateral pressure of soil and water in soil L = live load, except roof live load, including any permitted live load reductions 1, = roof live load, including any permitted live load reduction P = ponding load R = rain load on the undeflected roof T = self-straining force and effects arising from contraction or expansion resulting from temperature change, shrinkage, moisture change, creep in component materials, movement due to differential settlement, or combinations thereof 7 =~ vvainicu wiul ValINTRODUCTION w= load due to wind pressure f, = 10 for floors in places of public assembly, for live loads in excess of 48 kp, * for garage live load Pe ag = 0.5 for other live loads -the common load combinations for most applications are the following: 12D+ 1.6L «) 12D+fiL+1.0W 2 12D+fL4 LOE 6 09D + 1.0W oy 0.9D + 1.0E 6) 3) the maximum wind and earthquake forces are not applied wMletaneously since both are extreme events and the statistical probability of these two occuring Simultaneously is nil. Also, the normal live load is assumed during these extreme events and thus a ower f live load factor representing normal loading is applied. Note that in equations (2) and ‘The latter two load combinations are applied for tall structures and retaining walls to ensure stability against overtuming. Examples are provided below to illustrate how the load factors are applied. Example 1.1 Determine the design moment for the beam shown below with a dead load of 35 kNim and a live load of 15 kN/m. The beam span length is 7.4m. Mm I Ordinarily, the factored distributed load wy is computed directly. Since the loads are dead loads and live loads only, Equation (1) shall be used. 2p + 1.6w. = 1.235 + 1.6415 = 66 kN/m. For a simply supported, uniformly loaded beam, the maximum moment is 660742 = 451.77 kN-m In some complicates s, ri complicated situations, itis easier to determine the design moments from the service (onfactored) loads separately an (cet) lads partly and combine these later with their corresponding load factors Mya Mol = s5e748 . 239.575 kN ~m sera =m Mas a = 102.675 kN —m M1. 1-2Mo + 1.6Mi = 1.2°239.575 + 1,64102.675 = 451.77 kN-m VLaINicu with CalINTRODUCTION Example 1.2 Determine the design moment for the beams and columns shown below with a dead load of 25 kN/m, a live load of 10 KN/m and a wind load of 60 KN. The beam span lengths are 6.8m and the column height is 4.2m, Use fi ~ 0.5 ernie eerie Columns are 400mm x 400mm with heights of 4m and the beams are 300mm x 600mm with lengths of 10m. Solution: There are three load combinations that will have to be evaluated using combinations (1), (2) and (4). However, as mentioned above, load combination (4) is usually required for tall structures and therefore can be omitted in this analysis. Nevertheless, the results for combination (4) will be included to illustrate the point that this will not be critical For Load Combination (1), the factored distributed load is, Woo 1.2wo + 1.6wy = 1.2"25 + 1.6410 = 46 kN/im The resulting beam forces from frame analysis are: 30 ° q DFac he 950311 he? DF pq = 1 - 0.50311 = 0.49689 ls Fem's = “22 — 393.33 om ++ Mac = 190.48 KN-m and Mcx = 479.76 KN-m. The maximum positive moment in span BC is, Myo, = 248.98 KN-m The exterior column forces are: Axial, Pu = 201.07 KN Moment at the top of the column, M, = 190.48 KN-m_ Moment at the bottom of the column, My = 95.238 kN-m. The interior column forces are: Axial, Pu = 517.86 KN Moment at the top and bottom of the column, My = 1.0 KN-m For Load Combination (2), the factored distributed load is Wo 1.2wp + 0.51 = 1.225 + 0.5*10 = 5 kN/m, 9 n veuaiicu wiul ValINTRODUCTION ‘The beam and column forces can be determined proportionately from the reduced load. Me = 190.48 * (35/46) = 144.93 KN-m_ Men = 479.76 * (35/46) = 365.04 KN-m. ‘The exterior column forces are: Axial, Pu = 201.07 * (35/46) = 152.99 KN Moment at the top of the column, My = 190.48 * (35/46) = 144.93 kN-m. Moment at the bottom of the column, My = 95.238 * (35/46) = 72.464 kN-m. The interior column forces are: Axial, Py = 517.86 * (35/46) = 394.02 KN ‘Moment at the top and bottom of the column, My 0.0 kN-m Portal Method was used for the lateral analysis for the wind loads. ‘The results for a lateral wind force of 1.0F w= 1.0*60 = 60 KN are shown below. ‘Column and beam end moments, M = +30 KN-m ‘The final beam forces from Load Combination (2) are as follows: 44.93 - 30 = 114.93 kN-m 165.04 - 30 = 335.49 04-m Mne Men, 144.93 + 30 = 174.93 kN-m and Mac 365.04 + 30 = 395.04 KN-m and Mev, ‘The maximum positive moments from the reve uniform load of wa = 35 kN/m. ing wind forces for Beam BC are determined using a With the wind force going to the right, the beam forces are: However, with the wind force reversing in direction and now going to the left, the forces are Mac = 174.93 kN-m ‘The final column forces for Load Combination (2) are as follows: Exterior column forces Axial, Py = 152.99 + 6.0 = 146.99 kN or 158.99 KN. Top of the column, My = 144.9330 = 114.93 KN-m or 174.93 kN-m. Bottom of the column, My = 72.464 + 30 = 42.464 KN-m or 102.464 kN-m. column forces Axial, Py = 394.02 + 0. ‘Top and bottom of th 94.02 kN lumi, Mu = 0.0 + 60.0 = 60.0 kN-m Similarly, the beam and design forces for Load Combination (4) ean be determined Wy = 0.9wy = 0,9°25 = 22.5 KN/in The beam and column forces can be determined proportionately from the reduced load. Moc = 190.48 * (22.5/46) = 93.168 KN-m 10 \ vvainicu wiul ValINTRODUCTION Men = 479.76 * (22.5/46) = 234.67 kN-m, ‘The exterior column forces are: Axial, Pu = 201.07 * (22.5/46) = 98.350 kN Moment at the top of the column, Mu = 190.48 * (22.5/46) = 93,168 kN-m Moment at the bottom of the column, My = 95,238 * (22.5/46) = 46.584 kN-m ‘The interior column forces are: Axial, Py = 517.86 * (22.5/46) = 253.30 kN Moment at the top and bottom of the column, Mu = 0 * (22.5146) = 0.0 kN-m, With the forces determined from the wind portal frame analysis the same as before, the final ‘beam forces from Load Combination (4) are as follows: Mpc = 93.168 + 30.0 Mcp = 113.14 + 30.0 23.17 KN-m and Mac = 93.168 - 30,0 = 63.168 KN-m. 143.14 KN-m and Men = 113.14 - 30.0 = 83.14 kN-m ‘And the end and maximum pos Mac = 63.168 kN-m Men = 143.14 KN-m. Moos = 179.52 KN-m. 've moments with the wind force going to the right are With the wind force to the left, the moments are Moc = 123.17 kN-m. Mca = 83.14 KN-m Myo = 178.45 KN-m. The final column forces for Load Combination (4) are as follows: Exterior column forces Axial, Py = 98.35 + 6.0 = 92.35 KN or 104,35 kN Top of the column, Ms = 93.168 + 30 = 63.168 KN-m or 123.17 kN-m Bottom of the column, M, = 46.584 + 30 = 16.584 kN-m or 76.584 kN-m. Interior column forces Axial, Py = 253.30 + 0.0 = 253.30 kN Top and bottom of the column, My = 0.0 + 60 = +60 kN-m. The summary of the design (maximum) forces is tabulated below. MAXIMUM BEAM FORCES Type Magnitude Load Combination] Mac 790.48 kN-m @) 120+ f+ LOW Mew 479.76 KN-m Q)12D+ HL + LOW Moos 248.98 kN-m Q)12D+ fl + LOW From the above table, Load Combination (4) is not critical in any of the moments listed. It is noteworthy however to consider that the minimum end moments for the bears (Muc = 63.168 KN-m and Meu = 83.14 kN-m) are from Load Combination (4). Moment reversal (positive moment) can occur for these beam end moments if the lateral load (from wind or seismic forces) is much higher together with the light gravity loads from this Load Combination (4). This is also a major concern for tall buildings. vvuaInicu with valey INTRODUCTION The column forces from Load Combinations (1), (2) and (4) are presented below. MAXIMUM EXTERIOR COLUMN FORCES, Load Case ‘Axial Force ‘Top Moment Bowtom Moma () 120+ 1.6L 201.07 KN 190.48 kD 95.238 [_ (2) 1.2D + fil - 1.0W. 146.99 kN, 114.93 KN-m 42.464 kNom (2) 1.2D + fiL + LOW 158.99 KN 174.93 KN-m 102.46 kN (4) 0.90 - 1.0W 92.35 KN 63.168 kN-m 16.584 KNom [@)0.9D = 1.0W 104.35 KN 123.17 KN-m 76,584 kN-m MAXIMUM INTERIOR COLUMN FORC Load Case ‘Axial Force ‘Top Moment Bottom Moment () 120+ 1.6L 517.86 KN. 0.0 kN-m 0.0 KN-m| (2)1.2D ¥ fiL - 1.0W 394.02 KN 60.0 KN-m 60.0 Nem (2) 1.2D + fiL + Low 304.02 KN. 60.0 kN-m 60.0 kN-m (4) 0.9D - 1.0W 253.30 KN 60.0 KN-m 60.0 kN-m ()0.9D + LOW, 253.30 kN 60.0 kN-m_ | _60.0 kN-m__] The minimum axial force also comes from Load Combination (4) especially for the exterior columns, Also, for very large lateral forces (wind or seismic), especially for tall buildings, the direction of the axial force can reverse. In this case, the foundation shall be anchored to withstand expected tension forces from the columns. vvainicu wit ValINTRODUCTION Chapter 1 Exercises Determine the design positive and negative moments of the beam shown. Also, determine the design shear forces ata distance 0.53m from support I in the arene e de: design shear fres ata dice 0.8 Port Win the interior span. The dead and live 7.5m OO oam © a ‘The beam below has a positive moment and 205.4 KN-m, respectively. Determine the li moment capacities. The dead load is ive moment capacities of 98.6 kN-m and Joad that the beam can carry based on the kN/m Determine the design positive and negative moments of the beam shown. Also, determine the design shear forces at a distance 1.0m from support B. The dead and live loads for w1 are 35.5 kN/m and 15.8 KN/m and w2= 1.4wl. vn UU 7.7m em aE Determine the maximum factored load wi that the beam can carry based on the ultimate shear capacity of the beam of 312 kN at a distance 0.475m from support A. Assume that w> = 1.6w1, ge oc 6.8m Determine the design shear force at a distance 0.5m from support A. The dead and live loads are 28,6 kN/m and 9.4 kN/m. A 7.5m “_ sam 8INTRODUCTION 6. “4 itive f the beam shown. The d the design positive and negative moments of ead and pear are 28.6 Nim and 9.4 KN/m for w, respectively and 246 KN and 98 KN, respective P. The concentrated loads are at their respective midspans, 1 fog Pe 3p er r A . 4 Determine the live load that the beam below can carry based on the moment capacities, The team has a positive moment and negative moment capacities of 120 kN-m and 190 kN respectively. ‘The dead load is 14.2 kN/m. respective midspans, , Determine the axial P 1.2P force and moments at Wo, = 22 KN the top and bottom of Cer the column below. Poe = 96 kN Pus45 kN mama Determine the design shear forces from 1.4m from A and B wars ie of the beam in Span AB. Wa = 21 kn Po 21528 Py = 664K Determine the maximum safe wind load wW (kN/m) on the rafier shown based on « positive moment capacity of 170 kN-m and negative ‘moment capacity of 320 kN- 'm. of the rafter. Use the load combination 1.2 + 1,0W. we SBSANOE veuaiicu wit Val