Reading and

Writing Skills
Quarter 4 – Module 8:
Composing Academic Writing
Reading and Writing Skills
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 8: Composing Academic Writing
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

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Writers: Emerson T. Armero, Ana Rose I. Colarina
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ii
 Reading and Writing
Skills Quarter 4 – Module 8:
Composing Academic Writing
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Reading and Writing Skills 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module
on Composing Academic Writing!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from
public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners
meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social,
and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning
activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire
the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the
module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will
help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You
also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own
learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they
do the tasks included in the module.

1
For the learner:

Welcome to the Reading and Writing Skills 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)
Module on Composing Academic Writing!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided
and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the
contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to check

what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson.

This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and skills
of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will help

you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real
life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of

mastery in achieving the learning competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given to you to

enrich your knowledge or skill of the
 lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module, you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing this

module.
The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use
a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult
your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep
understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you identify
the unique features of and requirements in composing texts that are useful across
disciplines. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning
situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The
lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in
which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now
using.

The module is divided into five lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1 – Book Review or Article Critique
 Lesson 2 – Literature Review
 Lesson 3 – Research Report
  Lesson 4 – Project Proposal
 Lesson 5 – Position Paper
After going through this module, you are expected to:
 identify the unique features, parts, and requirements in writing a book
review; and
 write a book review following the process approach to writing

To achieve these, you are expected to do tasks and activities independently which will
help you master the above-mentioned competency.

What I Know
Choose the letter that best represents your answer, then write them on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. It is a sneak peek of the content of the book that includes relevant description as well as
its overall perspective and purpose.
A. Book review B. Movie Review
C. Newspaper review D. Encyclopedia review

2. The following are the focus of reviewing a book, except:

A. Purpose of the Author B. Content of the Book or Novel
C. Relevance of the Issues D. Title of the Book or Novel

3. Which of the following parts of a review provides the author’s name, book article’s
name, source and their statement?
A. Introduction B. Body
C. Conclusion D. Synthesis

4. How long should a book review be?

A. 50 words C. strictly 500 words
C. 500 words or more D. strictly 100 words

5. The following skills are enhanced when one writes a book review, except: A.
Describing C. Expressing
B. Analyzing D. Assessing

6. What is your best basis in creating titles for a book review?

A. Background of the Author C. Book’s Impression
B. Book Illustrations D. Book’s Sales and Popularity

7. Which of the following are identified first in writing a book review?

A. Author and Title C. Page and Number
B. Publication House D. Audience

8. Which of the following is a strong book review title?

 A. Hilarious C. Student Reviewer Went Viral
B. Five Thumbs Up! D. Millennial Philosophy to the Highest Level

9. Which of the following shows a weak book review title?

A. Quite Tough C. A nerve-wracking thriller to date
B. She is a rose among thorns D. Pinoy frontliners honored insanely

10. In reviewing fiction books, what elements should be paid with most attention by the
reviewer?
A. Setting and plot only C. Language and audience
B. Setting, plot and characters D. Language and genre

11. Which should be given particular treatment in reviewing nonfiction materials?

A. Argument and sources C. Style and diction
B. Content and context A. Audience and relevance

12. The following are categorized as fiction, except: A.

Poetry C. Novel
B. Biography D. Sci-fi

13. Which of the following cannot be classified as nonfiction?

A. Fantasy C. Documentary
B. History D. Autobiography

14. What do we mean by this book review warning, “Do not give away the story?”
A. Avoid distributing the story C. Avoid the story
B. Avoid telling the entire story D. Avoid reading the story

15. What should reviewers do first in revising the draft?

A. Allowing time to elapse before revising
B. Correcting grammatical mistakes and punctuation
C. Verifying quotations for accuracy
D. Checking the format of the references
 Lesson
Book Review
1
Have you experienced frowning and arguing over a reading material as if it will respond
and defend itself from your judgment? I’m pretty sure you would like to know and
understand what you were doing in instances like that.

What’s In
In the previous module, you learned about determining textual evidence to validate
assertions and counterclaims made about a text read. This time, you will understand the
requirements of composing academic writing.

What’s New
Read the sample book review below and complete the matrix with information about
the text on a separate sheet of paper.

Handbook of Disaster Risk Reduction & Management

Climate Change and Natural Disasters
By Yingigba Akenyemi

Climate change is increasingly of great concern to the world community. The earth has
witnessed the build-up of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere changes in
biodiversity, and more occurrences of natural disasters. Recently, scientists have begun to
shift their emphasis away from curbing carbon dioxide emission to adapting to carbon dioxide
emission. The increase in natural disasters around the world is unprecedented in earth’s
history and these disasters are often associated to climate changes. Many nations along the
coastal lines are threatened by massive floods and tsunamis. Earthquakes are increasing in
intensity and erosion and droughts are problems in many parts of the developing
countries. This book is therefore to investigate ways to prepare and effectively manage
these disasters and possibly reduce their impacts. The book takes an in-depth look at
climate change and its association to socio-economic development and cultures especially
in vulnerable communities; and investigates how communities can develop resilience to
disasters. A balanced and a multiple perspective approach to manage the risks associated with
natural disasters is offered by engaging authors from the entire world to proffer solutions
(Worldscientific 2020).

Main Idea
Purpose
Your Evaluation of the Text
Answer the following questions and write them on a sheet of paper:
1. What skills did you apply in the activity?
2. How were you able to come up with responses needed for the activity?

What is It
A book review describes and evaluates a work of fiction or nonfiction and offers the
book’s overall purpose, structure, style of narration to the unknown readers. It tells not
only what a book is about, but also how successful it is at what it is trying to do. It is a sneak
peek at a book, not a summary.

As a reviewer, you bring together the two strands of accurate, analytical reading and strong,
personal response when you indicate what the book is about and what it meant to
readers. Hence, in writing a book review, you combine your skills of describing the
content of the pages, analyzing how the book achieved its purpose, and expressing your
most personal comments, reactions and suggestions.

But before you start writing a book review, you have to read the book first and ask
yourself these questions: What are the author’s viewpoint and purpose? What are the author’s
main points? What kind of evidence does the author use to prove his or her points? How does
this book relate to other books on the same topic? Does the author have the necessary
expertise to write the book? What are the most appropriate criteria by which to judge the
book? How successful do you think the author was in carrying out the overall purposes of the
book?

If it is a short review, you may not be able to fulfill your purpose. If it is too long, it
may stray too much of the plot or of the content, you may lose the interest of your
readers. Take this general guideline: the length of the review depends upon the length of the book
itself, and a review should not be less than 100 words. Longer books usually asks for more
than 500 words.

A book review title should be based on your total impression of a book. Similar to
creating passwords, strong titles might be “Drew girl power to new height”, “A night owl
that seldom sleeps even during daytime,” “Beautiful illustrations with a story to match,”
“Perfect for a weekend getaway” while weak titles are: “State of the art book,” “Five stars,” “A
breath of fresh air,” “Fast and furious.”

How do you START writing a book review?

1. Identify the book by author, title, and sometimes publishing information.
2. Specify the type of book (for example: fiction, nonfiction, biography, and
autobiography). Help your readers to review with perspective.
3. Mention the book’s theme.
4. Include background, if necessary, to enable reader/s to place the book into a specific
context.
5. You may also use an interesting quote, an interesting fact, or an explanation of a
concept or term.
What do you DO with the content?
1. For nonfiction books like biography, history and the like: pay primary attention
to the major points (the argument) the author is putting forth and to the sources
the author has drawn upon to back up his/her point of view.
2. For fictional works such as novels, chic lit, graphic novels, manga: Pay
attention primarily to the novel or book’s setting, plot, style, characters,
theme/s, use of language and voice. Caution: Do not give away the story for no one
appreciates a spoiler!
3. Provide your reactions to the book.
4. Describe the book.
5. Respond to the author’s opinions and analyze it.
6. Explore issues the book raises.

How do you CONCLUDE?

1. Relate your argument to other books or authors.
2. Relate the book to larger issues.
3. Tie together issues raised in the review.
4. Briefly restate your main points and your thesis statement.
5. Indicate how well the book has achieved its goal, what possibilities are
suggested by the book, what the book has left out, how the book compares to others
on the subject, what specific points are not convincing, and what personal
experiences you’ve had related to the subject.

How do you REVISE the draft?

1. Allow time to elapse, at least a day, before starting your revision.
2. Correct grammatical mistakes and punctuation as you find them.
3. Read your paper through again looking for unity, organization and logical
development.
4. If necessary, do not hesitate to make major revisions in your draft.
5. Verify quotations for accuracy and check the format and content of references.

What’s More

Following the process in book reviewing, write a rough draft on Dr. Jose Rizal’s novel, Noli Me
Tangere. Focus only on the author’s portrayal of the main characters Ibarra, Maria Clara, Sisa,
Padre Damaso, and the like.

What I Have Learned

In your own words, write at least five pointers for writing a book review.
 What I Can Do

Write a book review of a novel or a book that you like. You may choose to upload your
output to your class group chat or to your school’s Facebook page.
Book Review Rubric
Components Distinguished Proficient Apprentice Novice
(5 points) (4 points) (3 points) (2 points) No
Introduction Book review “grabber” is Book review Book review attempt was made to
very interesting or “grabber” is mildly “grabber” lacks catch the reader’s
catchy. interesting. interest. attention.
Plot Reviewer does a good job of Reviewer offers a little Reviewer offers way Reviewer gives
Summary leaving the reader in too much plot too much plot away the ending.
suspense about conflict summary, but paints a summary, leaving the
resolutions while painting a fair picture of what the reader little reason
clear, interesting portrait of novel is about. to read the book or
the novel or book’s novel.
story.
Reviewer offers his/her Reviewer offers a
Opinion/ opinion on the book’s little of his or her Reviewer offers Reviewer consist of
Commentary aspects. Reviewer also opinion on the book’s very little of his/her plot summary and
writes a recommendation aspects. Reviewer opinion on the offers no opinion of
to readers. writes a book’s aspects. or commentary on
recommendation to Reviewer also the book or novel.
readers. writes
recommendation to
readers
Spelling/ No errors. Somewhat Some errors. Error-filled all
Mechanics errorless. throughout the
text.
(Myenglishclass 2020)

Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. It is a sneak peek of the content of the book that includes relevant description as well as
its overall perspective and purpose.
A. Fiction Review B. Movie Review
C. Newspaper Review D. Book Review

2. The following are the focus of reviewing a book, except:

A. Purpose of the Author B. Title of the Book or Novel
C. Relevance of the Issues D. Content of the Book or Novel

3. Which of the following parts of a review provides the author’s name, book article’s
name, source, and their statement?
A. Introduction B. Body
C. Conclusion D. Synthesis
4. How long should a book review be?
A. 50 words B. strictly 500 words
C. 500 words or more D. strictly 100 words

5. The following skills are enhanced when one writes a book review, except : A.
Describing B. Expressing
C. Analyzing D. Assessing

6. What is your best basis in creating titles for a book review?

A. Background of the Author B. Book’s Impression
C. Book Illustrations D. Book’s Sales and Popularity

7. Which of the following are identified first in writing a book review?

A. Author and Title B. Page and Number
C. Publication House D. Audience

8. Which of the following is a strong book review title?

A. Hilarious B. Student Reviewer Went Viral
C. Five Thumbs Up! D. Millennial Philosophy to the Highest Level

9. Which of the following shows a weak book review title?

A. Quite Tough
B. A nerve-wracking thriller to date
C. She is a rose among thorns
D. Pinoy frontliners honored insanely

10. In reviewing fiction books, what elements should be paid with most attention by the
reviewer?
A. Setting and plot only B. Language and audience
C. Setting, plot and characters D. Language and genre

11. Which should be given particular treatment in reviewing nonfiction materials?

A. Argument and sources B. Style and diction
C. Content and context D. Audience and relevance

12. The following are categorized as fiction, except : A.

Poetry B. Novel
C. Biography D. Sci-fi

13. Which of the following cannot be classified as nonfiction?

A. Fantasy B. Documentary
C. History D. Autobiography

14. What do we mean by this book review warning, “Do not give away the story?”
A. Avoid distributing the story B. Avoid the story
C. Avoid telling the entire story D. Avoid reading the story

15. What should reviewers do first in revising the draft?

A. Checking the format of the references
B. Correcting grammatical mistakes and punctuation
C. Verifying quotations for accuracy
D. Allowing time to elapse before revising
 Additional Activities

Analyze a book review to be given by your teacher. Examine how it was written using the
process which you learned from the lesson. Comment on the good points and bad points
of the book review. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

No te s to the Teacher
Answer K e y
You may choose to provide your learners with strand-
specific book review sample.

Answer Key
 What I Need to Know

This lesson was designed and written to help you identify the unique features of a
Literature Review and its requirements that are useful across disciplines. It is here to help
you create a Literature Review following the properties of well-written text and process
approach to writing. Thus, in this lesson, you are expected to write a simple yet
comprehensive literature review.

What I Know
Choose the letter that best represents your answer. Write them on a sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following does not describe the nature and purpose of a literature review?
A. It is a type of an academic essay.
B. It synthesizes and evaluates the relevant scholarly paper on a topic.
C. It contains some of the major concerns and debates within a discipline. D. It
attempts to develop a new argument.

2. Why should students write a literature review?

A. to show knowledge of the topic
B. to keep current or abreast with the times
C. to serve as stepping stone for further research
D. all of the above

3. This system provides a mean of identification for managing information on digital

networks.
A. DOI B. DTI C. STI D. FTI

4. Which of the following does not describe the literature review accurately?
A. It is a summary of existing literature
B. It is a synthesis of the arguments of others
C. It is a critical or analytical account of a finished research
D. It is an account of a selection of writing relevant to your work

5. This part of a literature review defines the topic and the scope being considered.
A. Introduction B. Main Body C. Conclusion D. References

6. It offers the reviewer’s justification of the conducted research.

A. Introduction B. Main Body C. Conclusion D. References

7. Which part is the organization of the evaluation of sources chronologically?

A. Introduction B. Main Body C. Conclusion D. References

8. This is the part that accurately contains in-text citations.

A. Introduction B. Main Body C. Conclusion D. References
9. Relational words and phrases are used in writing the literature to achieve _
A. Coherence B. Cohesion C. Inference D. Reference

10. What literature review strategy should be applied when you state the
arguments and main points of the research?
A. Summary B. Synthesis C. Analysis D. Evaluation

11. This is a literature review strategy that combines ideas in order to form an
integrated theory or system through critical evaluation.
A. Summary B. Synthesis C. Analysis D. Evaluation

12. When one closely examines the elements or structure of the research, it is called
.
A. Summary B. Synthesis C. Analysis D. Evaluation

13. This is a literature review strategy that assesses the research based on criteria that you
chose.
A. Summary B. Synthesis C. Analysis D. Evaluation

14. It is a literature review is simply a summary of what existing scholarship knows about a
particular topic.
A. Book Review B. Article Critique C. Literature Review D. Book Report

15. The following are sources for a good literature review, except:
A. Databases B. Websites C. Textbooks D. All of the Above

Lesson
Literature Review
2
Literature review is one of the components of the research process. Aside from that, a
student researcher like you should have the ability to determine what you should read and
include in your study.

What’s In
In the previous lesson, you were introduced with the process of writing a book review. However,
in this lesson you will be required to read a lot and learn how to write a literature
review faithfully following a few guidelines and an attached rubric.
 What’s New

List down the sources that you used in your Grade 10 Science Investigatory Project. Separate
the sources taken from databases, websites, or textbooks.

What is It
A literature review (LR) is a type of academic essay that examines what has already been written
about a topic. As a collection of published research about your topic by recognized scholars and
researchers, it is a way for you to examine also what has already been done in regard
to your research question or problem. Likewise, it summarizes and synthesizes the
conducted research driven by guiding principles. Although, it is not a research paper, it
provides background for your problem and a rationale for your research (Abadiano 2016, 51-
52).

Literature reviews consist of the following components and its purposes:

 Introduction
o Defines the topic and the scope being considered
o Notes intentional exclusions
o States the general findings of the review and the availability of the sources
 Main Body
o Organizes the evaluation of the sources whether chronologically or
thematically
o Showcases the critical summary and evaluation of the research’s premise,
methodology, and conclusion
o Uses grammatical connectors, relational words or phrases and transitional devices
 Conclusion
o Summarizes the key findings of the review
o Offers the reviewer’s justification of the conducted research
 References
o Reflects the in-text citations
o Contains complete and correct citations

Here are four literature review strategies:

Summary Synthesis
State briefly the argument and Combine ideas in order to form an integrated
main points of relevant research theory or system through critical evaluation,
compare/contrast, etc.
Analysis Evaluation
Examine closely the elements or Assess the research based on the criteria or
structure of the research rubric that you choose, state, and explain.
Support it with another similar research.
 What’s More

Read the literature review of your previous research outputs (like your Grade 10 science
investigatory project or any research in English). Rate the said review based on the rubric
below.

Target Acceptable Not acceptable

Content The inquiry question was well The inquiry question The inquiry question was not
established in the broader context was established in the established in the context of
of an educational topic. (2 points) context of an an educational topic. (0
educational topic. (2- point)
At least five articles were selected 1point
and each specifically related to At least five articles were At least five articles were
the initial inquiry question. (5 selected and related to selected; some minimally
points) the initial inquiry related to the inquiry
question. (5-4 points) question. (3-0 points)
The findings/results of articles The findings of
were thoughtfully compared, articles were The findings of articles were
contrasted and/or connected compared, mentioned with little and or
to each other. (5 points) contrasted and/or no comparison or connection
connected to each to each other. (3-0 points)
other. (4 points)
The conclusion of the review The conclusion of the The conclusion of the review
summarized the knowledge found review summarized the did not summarize the
from this review and related the knowledge found from knowledge found from this
knowledge gain to the inquiry this review. (1 point) review. (0 point)
question. (2 points)
The references were cited using The references were
CMOS or the Chicago Manual of listed. (1 point) The references were not
Style. (2 points) listed. (0 point)
Organization The review was organized The review was
using subheadings. The review was suitably organized The review was minimally
suitably organized considering the considering the organized and writing was
contents of contents of the difficult to follow throughout.
the selected articles. (2 points) selected articles. (1 (0 point)
point)
Mechanics There were no grammatical, There was an occasional
spelling and/or punctuation grammatical, spelling There were many grammatical,
errors and transitional phrases and/or punctuation spelling and/or punctuation
were used to guide the reader error that did not errors that distracted the
throughout the text. (2 points) distract the reader. reader from the content of the
(1 point) writing. (0 point)
 What I Have Learned

1. The basic parts of a literature review are: .

2. The four literature review strategies are: _.

What I Can Do
Improve the literature review that you have evaluated in What’s More. Please refer to the
previous rubric for your guidance. Don’t forget to include the output in your
portfolio.

Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following does not describe the nature and purpose of a literature review?
A. It attempts to develop a new argument.
B. It synthesizes and evaluates the relevant scholarly paper on a topic.
C. It contains some of the major concerns and debates within a discipline.
D. It is a type of an academic essay.

2. Why should students write a literature review?

A. to show knowledge of the topic
B. to keep current or abreast with the times
C. to serve as stepping stone for further research
D. all of the above

3. This system provides a means of identification for managing information on digital

networks
A. AOI B. FOI C. DOI D. FTI

4. Which of the following does not describe the literature review accurately?
A. It is a summary of existing literature
B. It is a synthesis of the arguments of others
C. It is a critical or analytical account of a finished research
D. It is an account of a selection of writing relevant to your work

5. This part of a literature review defines the topic and the scope being considered
A. Introduction B. Main Body C. Conclusion D. References

6. It offers the reviewer’s justification of the conducted research

A. Introduction B. Main Body C. Conclusion D. References
7. Which part is the organization of the evaluation of sources chronologically?
A. Introduction B. Main Body C. Conclusion D. References

8. This is the part that accurately contains in-text citations

A. Introduction B. Main Body C. Conclusion D. References

9. Relational words and phrases are used in writing the literature to achieve
A. Coherence B. Cohesion C. Inference D. Reference

10. What literature review strategy should be applied when you state the
arguments and main points of the research?
A. Analysis B. Evaluation C. Summary D. Synthesis

11. This is a literature review strategy that combines ideas in order to form an
integrated theory or system through critical evaluation.
A. Analysis B. Evaluation C. Summary D. Synthesis

12. When one closely examines the elements or structure of the research is called
.
A. Analysis B. Evaluation C. Summary D. Synthesis

13. This is a literature review strategy that assesses the research based on the criteria
that you chose.
A. Analysis B. Evaluation C. Summary D. Synthesis

14. It is a literature review is simply a summary of what existing scholarship knows about a
particular topic
A. Book Review B. Article Critique C. Literature Review D. Book Report

15. The following are sources for a good literature review, except:
A. Databases B. Websites C. Textbooks D. All of the Above

Additional Activities
Write a literature review on the topic of your choice (like Facebook Page Netiquette,
Cyberbullying in Your School, Courtship among Millennials, etc.). Please refer to the rubric
in What’s More.
Answer Key

18
 What I Need to Know

This module will help you to identify the unique features, parts, requirements and how to
write a Research Report as a part of academic writing and professional correspondence.
Thus, in this lesson, you are required to prepare and write a research report on recent
and relevant topics such as natural disasters.

What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Which of the following is a long, formal essay, usually five to fifteen pages in length
that presents the writer’s views and findings on a chosen subject?
A. Book Report B. Research Report
C. Formal Report D. Informal Report

2. It allows the readers to evaluate the quality of the research and provides the details
by which another researcher may replicate and validate the findings.
A. Abstract B. Discussion C. Methodology D. Results

3. It contains the interpretation of data and perhaps a short introduction.

A. Abstract B. Discussion C. Methodology D. Results

4. It is an overview of the research study and is typically two to four paragraphs in length.
A. Abstract B. Discussion C. Methodology D. Results

5. It is where the results of the study are interpreted and evaluated against the existing
body or research literature.
A. Abstract B. Discussion C. Methodology D. Results

6. This should reflect the content and emphasis of the project described in the report
A. Abstract B. Title C. Introduction D. References

7. The abstract is limited to number of words?

A. 50-100 B. 100 C. 150 D. 200-300

8. What is the other term for a research format?

A. Type B. Structure C. Mechanics D. Style

19
9. Which of the following is not the physical format of a research report?
A. Margins B. Length C. Width D. Vlog

10. Who should evaluate the research report best?

A. Researcher B. Teacher C. Parent D. Principal

11. Which of the following is not found in a research report?

A. Results B. Discussion C. Recommendations D. Abstract

12. The introductory part of a research report should aim to: A.

Identify the specific focus of the study
B. Provide a rationale of the study
C. Grab the readers’ attention
D. All of the above

13. What is the purpose of the conclusion in a research report?

A. Summarizes what the research conducted already said
B. Summarizes the key findings
C. Contains a useful review
D. It outlines the methods

14. Which of the following could be considered as the biggest enemy of students in preparing
and writing of research reports?
A. Time B. Money C. Commitment D. All of the Above

15. Who is the main intended audience of a research report?

A. Unknown reader B. Teacher C. Personnel D. Principal

Lesson
Research Report
3
As a student, research has always been gradually explained to you by your subject
teachers. You most likely received activities or homework at school in which you are asked to
surf online on concepts related to the topics that you discussed and learned in class. In this
lesson, you will be instructed on how to write a research report.

What’s In
Previously, you learned about writing a literature review. This time you
will be introduced into the writing of a research report. Caution:
This lesson requires a tremendous amount of your patience and the
application of your reading skills.
 What’s New

Surf a research report on the effects of ash fall in your barangay. Cite your sources well.
Then, read it in advance to supplement your knowledge in the next part of this lesson.

Notes to the Teacher

Research topics other than the one given above can be considered.
You may provide list of topics that learners can choose from.

What is It

A Research Report is a long, formal essay, usually five to fifteen pages in length, which
presents the writer’s views and findings on a chosen subject. However, it is not just a
long composition which follows the principles of good writing. It is a scholarly work and
not just a collection of notes lifted from many different sources and strung together, one
after the other.
The components of a research report are as follows:
Title
It reflects the content and emphasis of the project described in the report.
Similarly, it should be as short as possible, including essential key words.
Abstract
It is an overview of the research study and is typically two to four paragraphs in length
containing 200-300 words. Think of it as an executive and technical summary that
distills the key elements of the remaining sections into a few sentences.
Introduction
It provides the key question that the researcher is attempting to answer and
a review of any literature that is relevant. In addition, the researcher will provide a
rationale of why the research is important and will present a hypothesis that
attempts to answer the key question. Lastly, it should contain a summary of the key question
following the completion of the research.
Methodology
This is arguably the most important section for two reasons: (1) it allows readers
to evaluate the quality of the research, and (2) it provides the details by which another
researcher may replicate and validate the findings. Typically, the information
in the methodology section is arranged in chronological order with the most
important information on top of each section.
Results
In longer research papers, the results section contains the data and perhaps a
short introduction. Ideally, the interpretation of the data and the analysis is reserved
for the discussion section.
Discussion
This section is where the results of the study are interpreted and evaluated against
the existing body or literature. In addition, should there be any anomalies found in the
results, this is where the authors point them out. Finally, it is an attempt to connect the results
to the bigger picture and show how the results might be applied.
References
This section provides a list of each author and paper cited in the research
report. Any fact, idea, or direct quotation used in the report should be cited and
referenced.

How do you format a research report?

There is no one best format for all reports for a format depends on several relevant
variables. You must employ a suitable format to create a desirable impression with clarity.
Report must be attractive. While you should write systematically, you must use the format
(or often called structure) that best fits the needs and wants of its readers.
Below is an example of senior high school students’ research report:
Utilization of Used Electrical Wires as Accessories Rommel
Abarte, Ferdinand Genaga and Jana Mae Clemente Southville 1
Integrated National High School
Abstract
This study aims to find out the utilization of electrical wires as accessories among
Grade 12 TVL Electrical Installation and Maintenance (EIM) students for the school year
2019-2020.
The descriptive-developmental design was used to deal with the variables. Using
purposive sampling, the consolidated data were determined, employed to statistical analysis and utilized
as inputs to the development of the finished products – the accessories.
With an obtained weighted mean of 3.76 interpreted as Utilized, the findings revealed that the
students could use the materials and had mastery to create such products.
The research is a first in Southville 1 Integrated National High School for it enlightened the
respondents on the concept of designing with an attention to originality and creativity.
The study covers one group of respondents composed of twenty-seven (27) Grade 12
TVL-EIM students with 25 male and two female participants respectively
Keywords: Utilization, Electrical Wires, Accessories

Introduction
The study focuses on the utilization of used electrical wires as accessories of Grade
12 Electrical Installation and Maintenance (EIM) students of Southville 1 Integrated National
High School. Making accessories with electrical wires is one way of reusing and recycling electrical
wires as future entrepreneurs. Likewise, the creation of accessories with such materials is a
recreational activity that enhances skills in the proper handling of electrical tools in order to
produce pieces such as earrings, bracelets, necklaces, rings and a crown enhanced by an LED (Light
Emitting Diode).
This in in cognizance to RA 10679, “An Act Promoting Entrepreneurship and Financial Education
among Filipino Youth” or “Youth Entrepreneurship Act of 2014” which declares that it is the policy
of the State to promote the sustained development of young Filipinos
whose aptitude and skill in the field of finance and entrepreneurship shall be encouraged and honed
through education and specialized training programs. Towards this end, the State shall establish,
maintain, and support a complete, adequate, and integrated system of education and training to
encourage the entrepreneurial spirit among our youth as well as support and promote the growth of
young entrepreneurs nationwide.
The researchers conducted this study to determine whether accessories using
electrical wires are feasible to the EIM students during their free time and start a business out of it.

Research Questions
1. What is the level of utilization of used electrical wires as accessories among Grade 12
TVL-EIM students in terms of:
1.1. usage of electrical tools and
1.2. skill mastery?
2. How do the Grade 12 TVL-EIM students utilize electrical wires as accessories in terms of:
2.1. creativity and
2.2. originality?
3. Based on the results of the study, what can be proposed?

Methodology
The methods used by the researchers are sampling, data collection and analysis. Likewise, they
employed the descriptive-developmental research to determine the utilization of used electrical wires.

Results and Discussion

1. On the level of utilization of used electrical wires as accessories among Grade 12 TVL- EIM
students in terms of usage of electrical tools shows that the highest mean of 4 is achieved by
indicator #1(Uses appropriate tools and equipment in making accessories) interpreted as
Utilized is followed by the mean of 3.92 gained by indicator #2 (Uses electrical wires
economically) interpreted as “Utilized”. The overall mean of 3.90 indicates that the level
of utilization of electrical wires in terms of usage of electrical tools is “Utilized”.
2. Apparently, the level of utilization of used electrical wires as accessories in terms of
skill mastery shows that the highest mean of 4.14 was gained by indicator #4 (Has the
ability to use tools and equipment properly) with an interpretation of “Utilized” is followed
by the mean of 3.77 gained by indicator #1 (Knows how to create innovative designs (with
same interpretation. On the other hand, indicator #2 (Creates accessories with
enough speed) gained the lowest mean of 3.37 interpreted as “Moderately Utilized” and
the overall mean of 3.71 which indicates that the level of utilization in terms of skill mastery
is “Utilized”.
3. In addition, the utilization of used electrical wires as accessories in terms of creativity reveals that
the highest mean of 3.74 is gained by indicator #3 (Shows spontaneous and cognitive
attitude) and indicator #4 interpreted as “Mastered” is followed by a mean of 3.70 for
indicator #2 (Shows deliberate and emotional aptitude) with a similar interpretation. With that,
the overall mean of 3.69 indicates that the utilization of electrical wires in terms of creativity
is “Mastered”.
4. Finally, in terms of originality the participants rated the proponents with the highest mean
of 3.85 as revealed by indicator #1 (Designs are unique) interpreted as “Mastered”
followed by a mean of 3.81 as seen in indicator #2 (Designs cater to the millennials) with
a similar mean and interpretation. However, indicator #3 (Designs are personally selected by
the proponents) has the lowest mean of 3.62 interpreted as “Mastered”. Interestingly, the
overall mean of 3.76 indicates that the grade 12 TVL- EIM students’ utilization of used
electrical wires as accessories in terms of originality was “Mastered”.

Conclusions
 1. Based on the findings, the proponents are skilled enough to utilize electrical wires as accessories.
Their acquired skill can be useful if they plan to put up their own accessories
business applying it real-life business situations.
2. Although their developed products were approved by a school-based electrical engineer
and by a panel of research examiners, the proponents should obtain permission from a
local DTI representative, have it registered in the local SEC and then secure permits from the
barangay, the city hall and the BIR. This is in case they aspire to venture into the accessories
business.
3. The results also indicated that the proponents demonstrated their competence in utilizing
electrical tools and equipment without the guidance of their EIM teachers. Their initiative
and independence satisfy the law on youth entrepreneurship which clearly advocates the
putting up of a microbusiness strongly honed while in school.
4. The grade 12 researchers are capable of creating original designs with an attention to
details and safety.

References
Babbie, E. (2018) The Practice of Social Research, 8th ed: Wadsworth Publishing.
Ghani, A. (2014) Experimental Research Methods for Students in Built Environment and
Engineering. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274618610_Experimental_Research_Method
s_for_Students_in_Built_Environment_and_Engineering.
Lazatin, H (2019) The Best New Fashion and Accessory Brands You Should Discover in Manila
https://www.townandcountry.ph/style/fashion/new-fashion-and-accessory- brands-in-
the-philippines-a00184-20190726-Ifrm.

What’s More
Read the sample student research report in What’s New. Then rate it using the rubric that
follows. Provide comments as well.
Scoring Rubric for Research Report
Name Date
Organization 4 points The 3 points 2 points The 1 points
report is both The report is report is factual and The report is
accurate and accurate and shows evidence of generally
compelling clear. some work. confusing and
hard to follow.
Elements of The writers The writers The writers provide The writers provide
Research provide facts and provide facts and facts and a mixture of
Reports quotations from quotations from quotations from opinions,
a variety of several sources. more than one facts, and
sources. There are minor source. statements.
Grammar, There are few or errors in There are Numerous errors in
Usage, no errors in mechanics, usage, numerous errors in mechanics, usage,
Mechanics, mechanics, usage, grammar, or mechanics, usage, grammar, or
and Spelling grammar, or spelling. grammar, or spelling may hinder
spelling. spelling. comprehension.
(Wordpress 2012)

Comments:
 What I Have Learned

Research reporting is one of the academic activities in senior high school. That is why,
critically thinking a problem, processing the problem, and proposing possible solutions to
that problem may offer a huge leap to effect positive changes to your school and to your
community. Now, recall the parts of a research report. Which of the parts is the most
difficult to do, and why?

What I Can Do
Write the complete components of a research report about natural disasters that have
recently affected your school. You may use the rubric in What’s More as a guide for this task.

Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet.
1. Which of the following is a long formal essay with the length of five to fifteen
pages presenting the writer’s views and findings.
A. Book Report B. Formal Report
C. Research Report D. Informal Report

2. It allows the readers in evaluating the quality of the research which another
researcher may replicate.
A. Abstract B. Discussion C. Methodology D. Results

3. It contains the interpretation of data and perhaps a short introduction.

A. Abstract B. Discussion C. Methodology D. Results

4. It is an overview of the research study measuring two to four paragraphs.

A. Abstract B. Discussion C. Methodology D. Results

5. This is where the outcome of the study is interpreted and evaluated against the existing
body of research literature.
A. Abstract B. Discussion C. Methodology D. Results

6. It reflects the content and emphasis of the project described in the study.
A. Abstract B. Title C. Introduction D. References
7. The abstract is limited to number of words.
A. 50 B. 100 C. 150 D. 200-300

8. What is the other term for research format?

A. Mechanics B. Style C. Structure D. Type

9. Which of the following is not a physical format of a research report?

A. Margins B. Length C. Vlog D. Width

10. Who should evaluate the research report best?

A. Parent B. Principal C. Researcher D. Teacher

11. Which of the following is not found in a research report?

A. Abstract B. Recommendations C. Results D. Discussion

12. The introductory part of a research report should have the aim to:
A. Identify the specific focus of the study. C. Grab reader’s attention
B. Provide a rationale of the study D. All of the above

13. What is the purpose of the conclusion in a research report?

A. It contains a useful review of the research report.
B. It outlines the research methods.
C. It summarizes the conducted research.
D. It summarizes the key findings of the research report.

14. Which of the factors below could be considered as the biggest enemy of students
in the preparation and in writing research reports?
A. Time B. Money C. Commitment D. All of the above

15. Who is the main intended audience of a research report?

A. Personnel B. Principal C. Teacher D. Unknown Reader

Additional Activities
Write a research report on a researchable topic of your choice. Use the attached rubric in
What’s More. Don’t forget to file your output in your portfolio.
Answer Key

27
 What I Need to Know

Have you experienced standing in front of the class, trying to convince your teacher or
your classmate to get their approval of your suggestion or point of view? That’s what we
call persuasion. Hence, this lesson is written to help you identify the unique features of Project
Proposal and its requirements that are useful across disciplines; and create Project
Proposal following the properties of well-written text and process approach to writing.

What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet.
1. Which part of the Project Proposal provides the background necessary for
understanding the project?
A. Project Introduction B. Project Description
C. Project Methodology D. Project Revision

2. Which section gives specific information about the project itself?

A. Project Introduction B. Project Description
C. Project Methodology D. Project Revision

3. Which of the following presents an analysis of all the costs anticipated in the project?
A. Benefits B. Methods C. Schedule D. Budget

4. What part of the proposal reveals what the project intends to achieve in terms of results?
A. Rationale B. Objectives C. Benefits D. Introduction

5. Which shows what the reader target audience can gain from the proposal, like
improvements on systems or a change in behavior of the beneficiaries?
A. Introduction B. Rationale C. Benefits D. Objectives

6. Which document is written for problem solving, service provision, event planning, or
equipment selling?
A. Research Report B. Project Proposal
C. Book Report D. Position Paper

7. Which details the different activities the project will take on that includes the
manpower?
A. Budget B. Schedule C. Methodology D. Objectives

8. Which part of the project description discusses the task duration and expected start and end
dates of each activity in the project?
A. Budget B. Schedule C. Methodology D. Objectives

9. Which identifies the problem to be addressed and shows the need to solve it?

28
 A. Rationale B. Objectives C. Benefits D. Introduction

10. Which guideline in writing the proposal do you collect data from primary and
secondary sources?
A. Gathering the data B. Organizing the data
C. Writing the proposal D. Revising the proposal

11. In doing a project proposal, when do you use an outline to structure your discussion more
effectively?
A. Gathering the data B. Organizing the data
C. Writing the proposal D. Revising the proposal

12. What do you do when you review your proposal for accuracy and organization before you send it
out?
A. Gathering the data B. Organizing the data
C. Writing the proposal D. Revising the proposal

13. What do you do when you fill out the parts of the proposal with the relevant data?
A. Gathering the data B. Organizing the data
C. Writing the proposal D. Revising the proposal

14. In stating the proposal’s objective, you should clearly state the issue, the target
group, time and place of the program.
A. Specific B. Measurable
C. Achievable D. Results oriented

15. What is a detailed description of a series of activities which aim to solve a certain
problem?
A. Research Report B. Project Proposal
C. Book Report D. Position Paper

Lesson
Project Proposal
4
Knowing how to convince people of your perspective is a valuable skill, more so, if you
are equipped with the strategies suitable for a particular audience. A project proposal is a
tool which you can use to influence people to achieve what you want.

What’s In
Project proposals have elements which construct the proposal’s foundation. Match
the descriptions from the left to the elements on the right. Write the letter of your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. institution information, title, author, date A. Introduction
2. background, rationale, objectives B. Schedule
3. date of implementation, duration, start date C. Title Page
 4. gain, increase in revenue, improved processes D. Project Description
5. methodology, schedule, budget E. Benefit

What is It
A project proposal is a document that is written for problem solving, service
provision, event planning, or equipment selling. Generally, proposals are used to convince
the reader to do what the proposal suggests, such as buying goods or services, funding a
project, or implementing a program. Proposals in the professional world are used for
internal (within an organization) and external (from one organization to another)
purposes. They are ways of generating income for companies or seeking funding for projects.
This is provided to the sponsor of the project for approval.
A proposal stands out depending on its ability to clearly answer questions about
what is being proposed, how the plan will be carried out, when it will be implemented,
and how much money will be needed or spent. In other words, they are persuasive
documents that need to do the following: highlight reader benefits, prove your credibility
in carrying out the project, and allow the reader to respond easily.
As a student, you have been familiarized with writing proposals - maybe even
without you knowing it. Whenever you envision, plan, and complete a project for your science
class or your club outreach, you are thinking about fulfilling a need for something. This
process may involve writing a paper or doing a presentation in front of an audience to get
their approval. While proposal writing may seem like an intimidating task, they can be
made easier by following the guidelines in writing and familiarizing yourself with the parts of a
project proposal.
(Projectmanager 2018)

Guidelines in Writing the Proposal

1. Gathering the Data. One of the characteristics of an effective proposal is being
well- researched. It needs concreted data to back up its claims so it can become more
credible. You can gather data from primary and secondary sources, and apply the
strategies that you learned in writing a research paper in the previous lessons.
2. Organizing the Data. A proposal becomes more effective if the information on it is
clearly organized. You can use the parts of the proposal to guide you in your
organization, or use an outline to structure your discussion more effectively.
3. Writing the Proposal. Fill out the parts of the proposal with the relevant data.
4. Revising the Proposal. Make sure to review your proposal for accuracy and
organization before you send it out. A good proposal will be comprehensive and will
put your organization in the best light.
(Tiongson and Rodriguez 2016)

Formatting the Project Proposal

Proposals are primarily categorized according to their length. An informal proposal
is about 2-4 pages long. Meanwhile, a formal proposal has 5 or more pages. Regardless of
their purpose and audience, they have standard parts such as the following:
1. Introduction. This part provides the background necessary for understanding the project,
which is done by telling your reader the following:
 Rationale - this identifies the problem to be addressed and shows the need to solve
it.
 Objectives - these reveal what the project intends to achieve in terms of results.
It also gives the reader an idea of the intended solution. Good objectives are SMART
(Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Results oriented, and bound within a realistic Time
frame).
 Benefits - these show what the reader or the target audience can gain from the proposal,
which may be improvements in processes or systems, an increase in revenue, or a change
in behavior of the beneficiaries of the proposal.

2. Project Description. This section gives specific information about the project itself. It indicates
how the project will address the identified problem through the following parts:
 Methodology – this entails the different activities, the project will take on,
including the manpower (i.e., the people involved and their duties), resources to be
utilized and the expanded output.
 Schedule - this discusses the task duration and expected start and end dates of each
activity in the project.
 Budget - this presents an analysis of all the costs anticipated in the project, which
can be itemized or shown as a whole, depending on the needs of the project.

Note: Organizations usually provide interested parties with a required format for
project proposals, so make sure that you follow the prescribed format. (Brighthubpm 2009)

What’s More
Conceptualize a solution related to the number one problem listed in What is It.
Then, write a Project Proposal outline. Highest point for each criterion is indicated below,
but one (1) point will be deducted to your score if you fail to meet the given
requirements.

Description Highest Point

Has appropriate quality of well-organized points to 5 points
support the topic.
Has clear and specific details. 3 points
Grammar, spelling and punctuation marks are correct. 2 points Total
10 points

What’s More
Complete the following statements to summarize what you have learned in this lesson:
1. A project proposal is a which aim to solve a certain
problem
2. Proposals are used to convince the reader , such as
buying goods or services.
3. The introductory part of the proposal provides the background necessary for
understanding the project, which tell the reader of the ,
, and .

What I Can Do
Supply the necessary details of the Project Proposal format below, you may use the
ideas/details of your Barangay’s top most problem. The rubric in What I Have Learned
may still apply to this activity.
Project Title:
Part of the Introduction Content
Rationale (What prompted the project? Is there an existing concern or
potential problem that you want to address?)
Objectives (What does the project hope to achieve?)
Benefits (Who are the project beneficiaries? How will they benefit?)
II. Project Description
Methodology (Who are the people involved in the project? What are their
duties? What are the resources needed? What is the expected output?)
Schedule (What is the date of implementation and its duration?) Budget
(What is the estimated amount of budget requirement? Budget
sources?)
(Sampletemplates 2020)

Assessment
Write the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which part of the Project Proposal provides the background necessary for
understanding the project?
A. Project Introduction B. Project Description
C. Project Methodology D. Project Revision

2. Which section gives specific information about the project itself?

A. Project Introduction B. Project Description
C. Project Methodology D. Project Revision

3. Which of the following presents an analysis of all the costs anticipated in the project?
 A. Benefits B. Methods C. Schedule D. Budget

4. What part of the proposal reveals what the project intends to achieve in terms of results?
A. Rationale B. Objectives C. Benefits D. Introduction

5. Which shows what the reader target audience can gain from the proposal, like
improvements on systems or a change in behavior of the beneficiaries?
A. Introduction B. Rationale C. Benefits D. Objectives

6. Which document is written for problem solving, service provision, event planning, or equipment
selling.
A. Research Report B. Project Proposal
C. Book Report D. Position Paper

7. Which details the different activities the project will take on that includes the
manpower?
A. Budget B. Schedule C. Methodology D. Objectives

8. Which part of the project description discusses the task duration and expected start and end
dates of each activity in the project?
A. Budget B. Schedule C. Methodology D. Objectives

9. Which identifies the problem to be addressed and shows the need to solve it
A. Rationale B. Objectives C. Benefits D. Introduction

10. Which guideline in writing the proposal do you collect data from primary and secondary
sources?
A. Gathering the data B. Organizing the data
C. Writing the proposal D. Revising the proposal

11. In doing a project proposal, when do you use an outline to structure your discussion
more effectively?
A. Gathering the data B. Organizing the data
C. Writing the proposal D. Revising the proposal

12. What do you do when you review your proposal for accuracy and organization before you
send it out?
A. Gathering the data B. Organizing the data
C. Writing the proposal D. Revising the proposal

13. What do you do when you fill out the parts of the proposal with the relevant data.
A. Gathering the data B. Organizing the data
C. Writing the proposal D. Revising the proposal

14. In stating the proposal’s objective, you should clearly state the issue, the target
group, time and place of the program.
A. Specific B. Measurable C. Achievable D. Results-oriented

15. What is a detailed description of a series of activities which aim to solve a certain problem?
A. Research Report B. Project Proposal C. Book Report D. Position Paper
 Additional Activities

Assuming you are the Supreme Student Government (SSG) President and you would like to
convince the School Principal about a particular project (i.e. tutorial sessions, school fair, etc.),
write a one-page project proposal observing the required format.

Answer Key

What I Need to Know

In the previous lesson, you have learned what a project proposal is. In this one, you
will identify the unique features, parts, requirements and how to write a Position Paper as a
part of academic writing.

What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which composition highlights the opinion of the author or specific entity about an issue?
A. Research Report B. Article Critique C. Project Proposal D. Position Paper

2. The following criteria are considered in choosing the issue on problem to be discussed, EXCEPT:
A. Pervasiveness B. Argument C. Urgency D. Demonstrability

3. Which of the following is the supporting evidence that is valid and verifiable?
A. Factual Knowledge B. Statistical Inferences
C. Informed Opinion D. Personal Testimony
 4. Which knowledge relies on evidence instead of limited personal experience?
A. Factual Knowledge B. Statistical Inferences
C. Informed Opinion D. Personal Testimony

5. What is called the first-hand experience of the writer on knowledgeable parts?

A. Factual Knowledge B. Statistical Inferences
C. Informed Opinion D. Personal Testimony

6. Which is referred as the conclusions drawn from data gathered?

A. Factual Knowledge B. Statistical Inferences
C. Informed Opinion D. Personal Testimony

7. Which component of the proposition paper contains the main argument which can be further
broken up into sections?
A. Introduction B. Body C. Conclusion D. Summary

8. Which part of the proposition paper restates the key points and suggests resolution to the issue.
A. Introduction B. Body C. Conclusion D. Summary

9. This identifies the issue that will be discussed and states the author’s position on
that issue.
A. Introduction B. Body C. Conclusion D. Summary

10. Which part of the paper suggests a course of action?

A. Introduction B. Body C. Conclusion D. Summary

11. Which part of the paper defines the issue and discusses its background?
A. Introduction B. Body C. Conclusion D. Summary

12. What is an idea that disagrees or contradicts with your given position?
A. Argument B. Counter-argument C. First Claim D. Support

13. Why is a topic like “The pandemic Covid-19 shakes the world” not a good idea for a
position statement?
A. It’s too controversial. B. It’s a long, complicated topic.
C. There is nothing to debate about. D. It’s a good topic for a position statement

14. Which of the following statements is false?

A. A position statement can be based upon your opinion
B. You will need to choose a side when writing a position statement
C. You don’t need to offer any options when writing a position statement
D. You should always write a conclusion that sums up your position

15. Which of the following is not included in the introduction of the position paper?
A. counter-argument B. background of the topic
C. relevance of the topic D. position statement

Lesson

Position Paper
5
You most likely received activities or homework at school in which you are asked to
explain a concept or prove a point. In this lesson, you will be taught on how to win an
argument over an issue or a problem with the help of your writing skills.

What’s New
“Maharlika”, a word originally meaning warrior class, is proposed to replace the name of our
country Philippines. Given its history and its meaning, do you agree that our country will
be renamed Maharlika? What is your stand on this matter? Write your answer on a
separate sheet.

What is It
The position paper is a composition that highlights an opinion of an author or specified
entity about an issue. As a debate, it presents one side of an arguable
opinion and persuades the readers or audience that the author has a well-founded
knowledge about the issue.
In writing the Position Paper, your goal as a writer is not only to state and defend your
position on the issue but also to show how your stance relates to other position. Do remember
that arguments should be supported with reasons and evidences?
Writing Center of the University of Hawaii, stated that in choosing the issue or problem
to be discussed, you may ask yourself the following questions as issue criteria to ensure
that you will be able to present a strong argument:
1. Is it the actual and real issue?
2. Can you clearly identify two positions?
3. Are you an advocate of one of these positions?
4. Is the issue narrow enough to be manageable?
After choosing the argument to take, you must present relevant supporting evidence
like:
1. Factual knowledge, which valid and verifiable information
2. Statistical inferences, which are conclusions drawn from data gathered
3. Informed opinions, which are based on knowledge of the facts and carefully
considered principle, and rely on evidence instead of limited personal
experience
4. Personal testimony, which are personal or first-hand experience of the writer or
knowledgeable party
(Rutgers 1998)

Now, here are the components of a position paper.

I. The Introduction – identifies the issue that will be discussed and states the
author’s position on that issue.
A. Introduce your topic with background information
B. Build up your thesis statement which asserts your position
  Fast food restaurants are bad for our health.
 Fast food packages should contain warning labels.
II. The Body – contains the central argument and can be further broken up into
sections:
A. Possible objections to your position (counter argument)
 Whose job is it to determine which restaurants are bad?
 Such labels would affect the profits of major corporations.
B. A discussion of both sides of the issue, which addresses and refutes arguments
that contradict the author’s position (your argument)
 It would be difficult and expensive for any entity to determine which
restaurants should adhere to the policy.
 Nobody wants to see the government overstepping its boundaries.
C. Explain that your position is still the best one, despite the strength of counter- arguments.
This is where you can work to discredit some of the counter-
arguments and support your own.
 Restaurants might improve the standards of food if warning labels were put into place.
 The role of the government is to keep citizens safe.
III. Conclusion – restating the key points and when applicable, suggest resolution to
the issue.
A. restate your position
B. provide Plan of Action
(Thoughtco 2020)

What’s More
Your position paper should have a clear and relevant claim or argument. Choose between
A and B which you think is the better thesis statement.

1.
A. Milktea is delicious.
B. Milktea tastes better than other drinks because of its creamy and refreshing
flavor.

2.
A. The governor is a bad and ungrateful man.
B. The governor has continually done the community a disservice by failing to
listen to his constituents.

3.
A. Reading to babies is the best predictor of academic success. B.
Babies are born with the ability to swim.

4.
A. Drug use is detrimental to society.
B. Illegal drug use is dangerous because it encourages gang violence.

5.
 A. We should vote for candidates who are willing to make the necessary changes
because our education system is in need of reform.
B. In this essay, I will persuade you to vote for candidates who support education
reform.

What I Have Learned

Is social media helpful or harmful? Brainstorm and list down your claims using the format
below.
Issue/argument:
Helpful Harmful
(include details/evidences) (include details/evidences)

What I Can Do

Do you feel ready to try writing it on your own now? Create an outline showing your position
on the topic: Children below 10 years old should not be given access to social media.

Please be guided by the score sheet below. A deduction of one (1) point each criterion if you fail
to meet the given requirements.
Description Highest Your
Point Score
Has appropriate quality of well-organized points to 5 points
support the topic
Has clear and specific details 3 points
Grammar, spelling and punctuation marks are correct 2 points Total
10 points

Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a sheet of paper.
1. Which composition highlights the opinion of the author or specific entity about an issue?
A. Research Report B. Article Critique C. Project Proposal D. Position Paper
2. The following criteria are considered in choosing the issue on problem to be discussed, except:
A. Pervasiveness B. Argument C. Urgency D. Demonstrability

3. Which of the following is supporting evidence that is valid and verifiable?

A. Factual Knowledge B. Statistical Inferences
C. Informed Opinion D. Personal Testimony

4. Which knowledge relies on evidence instead of limited personal experience?

A. Factual Knowledge B. Statistical Inferences
C. Informed Opinion D. Personal Testimony

5. What is called the first-hand experience of the writer on knowledgeable parts?

A. Factual Knowledge B. Statistical Inferences
C. Informed Opinion D. Personal Testimony

6. Which is referred as the conclusions drawn from data gathered?

A. Factual Knowledge B. Statistical Inferences
C. Informed Opinion D. Personal Testimony

7. Which component of the proposition paper contains the main argument which can be further
broken up into sections?
A. Introduction B. Body C. Conclusion D. Summary

8. Which part of the proposition paper restates the key points and suggests resolution to the issue.
A. Introduction B. Body C. Conclusion D. Summary

9. This identifies the issue that will be discussed and states the author’s position on
that issue.
A. Introduction B. Body C. Conclusion D. Summary

10. Which part of the paper suggests a course of action?

A. Introduction B. Body C. Conclusion D. Summary

11. Which part of the paper defines the issue and discusses its background?
A. Introduction B. Body C. Conclusion D. Summary

12. What is an idea that disagree or contradict with your given position?
A. Argument B. Counter-argument C. First Claim D. Support

13. Why is a topic like “The pandemic Covid-19 shakes the world” not a good idea for a
position statement?
A. It’s too controversial B. It’s a long, complicated topic
C. There is nothing to debate about D. It’s a good topic for a position statement
14. Which of the following statements is false?
A. A position statement can be based upon your opinion
B. You will need to choose a side when writing a position statement
C. You don’t need to offer any options when writing a position statement
D. You should always write a conclusion that sums up your position

15. Which of the following is not included in the introduction of the position paper?
A. counter-argument B. background of the topic
C. relevance of the topic D. position statement
 Additional Activities

Write a five-paragraph essay and try to win your readers’ vote by clearly stating your
claim and providing strong evidences. Choose one among the topics below:
1. Can smoking be prevented by raising the price of cigarettes?
2. Are we too dependent on computers?
3. Do young people’s behavior better or worse than it was years ago?
Please be guided by the score sheet below. A deduction of one (1) point each criterion if you fail
to meet the given requirements.

Description Highest Point Your Score

Has a clear, arguable thesis statement 3 points
Has strong and relevant claims and evidences 5 points
Grammar, spelling and punctuation marks are 2 points
correct
Total 10 points

Answer Key

References
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Tiongson, Marella Therese A. Tiongson and Rodriguez, Maxine Rafaella C. Reading and
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M. Hogue, “Writing a Research Report,” 2013, accessed June 10, 2020,

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