Exercises on Applied Linear Algebra

Duong Thanh PHAM

August 29, 2021

1 Systems of Linear Equations and Matrices

1.1 Systems of linear equations and Gaussian elimination
Exercise 1. Solve the following systems
 
 2x − x2 − x3 = 4  x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 − 2x4 =6
 1

 



1. 3x1 + 4x2 − 2x3 = 11 2x − x − 2x − 3x

1 2 3 4 =4

 3.
3x − 2x + 4x = 11
  3x1 + 2x2 − x3 + 2x4 =4
1 2 3 



 2x − 3x + 2x + x

= −8
1 2 3 4
 x + x2 + 2x3 = −1
 1


2. 2x1 − x2 + 2x3 = −4


4x + x + 4x = −2

1 2 3

Exercise 2. Solve the following systems

 
 mx + x2 + x3 = 1  (m + 3)x1 + x2 + 2x3 = m
 1

 


1. x1 + mx2 + x3 = m 2. mx1 + (m − 1)x2 + x3 = 2m

 

x + x + mx = m2
 
3(m + 1)x + mx + (m + 3)x = 3
1 2 3 1 2 3

Exercise 3. Solve the following systems by using Gaussian Elimination

 


 x+y+z+t+u=7 

 2x − 2y + z − t + u = 1

 

3x + 2y + z + t − 3u = −2
 x + 2y − z + t − 2u = 1

1. 3.


 y + 2z + 2t + 6u = 23 

 4x − 10y + 5z − 5t + 7u = 1

 

5x + 4y + 3z + 3t − u = 12
 2x − 14y + 7z − 7t + 11u = −1


 


 2x + y − z − t + u = 1 

 3x + y − 2z + t − u = 1

 

x − y + z + t − 2u = 0
 2x − y + 7z − 3t + 5u = 2

2. 4.


 3x + 3y − 3z − 3t + 4u = 2 

 x + 3y − 2z + 5t − 7u = 3

 

4x + 5y − 5z − 5t + 7u = 3
 3x − 2y + 7z − 5t + 8u = 3


Exercise 4. Solve the corresponding homogeneous systems of the systems in Exercise ??.

1
1.2 Matrices
Exercise 5. Find transposes of the following matrices:
1. I2 , I3 , In 2. 03×2 , O3×2 , Om×n
 
1 −11 8 0  
  3 −1 0 8 14 9
0 −2 13 7 
3. A =  4. B =  7 5 12 0 15 −10
  
0 0 6 −23
−6 4 8 0 11 0
 
0 0 0 17
 
−5 0 0 0
 
0 −2 0 0
5. C = 
0

 0 6 0

0 0 0 7
Exercise 6. Find the unknown entries of the following matrices:
 
0 8 −3
1. A = x −1 2  is a symmetric matrix,
 

y z 11
 
3 x 2 y
 
−1 9 0 11
2. B =   is a skew-symmetric matrix,
z
 t −3 6 

20 u v 8

Exercise 7. Find A + B and A − B of the following matrices:

h i h i
1. A = 1 0 −3 9 10 8 and B = 0 4 −3 −6 0 −20
   
5 10
−2 4
   
   
2. A = 
 23 
 and B = 
0

9 5
   

0 10
" # " #
1 2 −1 1 2 3
3. A = and B =
3 1 2 3 1 −1
Exercise 8. Find the unknown entries of the following matrices
   
0 8 −3 0 24 −9
1. 3 x −1 2  =  0 −3 6 
   

y z 33 17 −3 11
   
x 3 20 13 3 w 20/3 y
   
−1 9 0 11 −1/3 3
  0 11/3
2. 31  = 
z
 t −3 6 
  10 7 m n 
20 u v 8 20/3 6 10 k
 
" # 1 3 " #
1 2 −1 2 −1
Exercise 9. Let A = , B = 2 1  and C = . Compute AB, BA, AC, CA, BC and
 
3 1 2 1 0
3 −1
CB whenever they are well-defined.

2
Exercise 10. Compute the products
     
4 0 1 3 1 0 0 5 " #" #
2 0 1
1. 0 1 0 4 2. 0 1 0 −2 3.
     
1 3 1
4 0 1 5 0 0 1 3

Exercise 11. Compute

   
h i 1 h 1 i
1. 1 −2 7 −2 2. −2 1 −2 7
   

7 7

Exercise 12. Find 2 × 2 matrices such that

1. A2 = −I, A having only real entries

2. B 2 = 0, although B 6= 02

3. CD = −DC, where CD 6= 02

4. EF = 0, in which no entries of E and F are zero.

Exercise 13. Which of the following matrices equal (A + B)2 ?

A2 + 2AB + B 2 , A(A + B) + B(A + B), (A + B)(B + A), A2 + AB + BA + B 2 .

Exercise 14. Find A2 , A3 ; B 2 , B 3 and C 2 , C 3 . What are Ak , B k and C k ?

" # " #
1 1
1 0
A = 12 21 , B = and C = AB.
2 2 0 −1

Exercise 15. Find

" #3 " #5 " #n " #n " #n
2 1 3 2 1 1 λ 1 cos ϕ − sin ϕ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1 3 −4 −2 0 1 0 λ sin ϕ cos ϕ

Exercise 16. Let p(x) = x2 − 5x + 3. Compute p(A), where

   
" # 2 0 1 " # 1 0 0
2 −1 1 1
1. A = 2. A = 3 1 2 3. A = 4. A = 1 1 0
   
−3 3 2 1
0 −1 0 0 1 1

Exercise 17. Prove that

 
2 0 0
1. A = 0 2 0  is a solution of p(x) = x3 − 3x2 + 4
 

0 0 −1
" #
a b
2. A = ∈ M2 (K) is a solution of p(x) = x2 − (a + d)x + (ad − bc)
c d

Exercise 18. Let A, B ∈ Mn (K) satisfy AB = BA. Prove

1. (A + B)2 = A2 + 2AB + B 2

2. A2 − B 2 = (A + B)(A − B)
Pm
3. (A + B)m = k=0 Ckm Ak B m−k , where n ∈ N\{0}

3
2 DETERMINANTS
   
4 6 1 2 3
4 
Exercise 19. 1. 
 
  
−2 1 −2 1 0 7 
3. 
4 8 12 16 
 
−4 0 12 −21
 
1
 0 −3 −7 0 
−2 4 0 11 −5
 
   
−1 4 −6 4.  6 7 0 12 0 

2.  8 1 0  11 −12 3 2 5
   
   
 11 −3 2 0 5 −3 9 11 
 2   
sin α
 1 cos2 α x
 x0 ax + bx0 
Exercise 20. 1. sin2 β 1 cos2 β  3. y y0 ay + by 0 
   
 2   
 sin γ 1 cos2 γ  z z0 az + bz 0 
   
a + b c 1 (a1 + b1 )2 a21 + b21 a1 b1 
 
2.  b + c a 1 4. (a2 + b2 )2 a22 + b22 a2 b2 
   
   
c + a b 1 (a3 + b3 )2 a23 + b23 a3 b3 

Exercise 21. Prove the following equalities:

   
a1 b1 a1 x + b1 y + c1  a1 b1 c1 

1. a2 b2 a2 x + b2 y + c2  = a2 b2 c2 
   
   
a3 b3 a3 x + b3 y + c3  a3 b3 c3 
   
a1 + b1 x a1 − b1 x c1  a1 b1 c1 
  
2. a2 + b2 x a2 − b2 x c2  = −2x a2 b2 c2 
   
   
a3 + b3 x a3 − b3 x c3  a3 b3 c3 
   
a1 + b1 x a1 x + b1 c1  a1 b1 c1 
 
3. a2 + b2 x a2 x + b2 c2  = (1 − x2 ) a2 b2 c2 
   
   
a3 + b3 x a3 x + b3 c3  a3 b3 c3 
 
1 a bc 

4. 1 b ca = (b − a)(c − a)(c − b)
 
 
1 c ab

Exercise 22. Compute the following determinants

       
0 1 1 1 2 1 1 x 1 1 11  0 1 1 a
   
       
1 0 1 1 1 2 1 y  1 −1 1 1  1 0 1 b 
1.  2.  3.  4. 
1 1 0 1 1 1 2 z  1 1 −1 1  1 1 0 c 
       
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 −1 a b c 0

Exercise 23. Compute the following determinants of order n:

 
1 1 1 1 ...

1 0 1 1 ...
 
 
1.  1 1 0 . . . 1  (order n ≥ 2)
... ... ... ...
 
 
1 1 1 ... 0 4
    
1
 1 0 0 ... 1
 2 3 ... n−1 
 n
 
1 1 1 ... 0 1 3 3 ... n−1 n
  
   
2.  0 1 1 . . . 0  (order n ≥ 2) 1 2 5 ... n−1 n 
7.   (order n+1≥3)

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
  
   
0 0 0 ... 1 1
 2 3 ... 2n − 3 n 
 
1 2 3 ... n − 1 2n − 1
   
x a a ...
a 
1
 −1 0 ... 0  
a x a ... a
 
−1 2 −1 ... 0
 
 
8.  a (order n≥2)
 
3.  0 −1 2 ... 0  (order n ≥ 2) a x . . . a 
... ... ... ...
 
 ... ... ... ...
 
   
0 a a a ... x
0 0 ... 2
 
x y 0 ... 0 0 

0 x y ... 0 0
   
0 1 0 ... 0 0 
  

1 0 1 ... 0

0  9. ... ... ... ... ... (order n≥3)
0 0 0 ... x y
  
0 1 0 ... 0 0 
4.   (order n ≥ 2)
  
0 0 0 ... 0 x
... ... ... ... ...

0 0 0 ... 0 1   
 a1 x x ... x 
  
0 0 0 ... 1 0 x a2 x ... x
 
 
10.  x x a3 ... x  (order n≥2)
 ... ... ... ... 
   
1 a1 a2 ... an   
 x x x ... an 
 1 a1 +b1 a2 ... an 
 
 
5.  1 an  (order n+1≥3)
 
a1 a2 +b2 ... x a1 a2 ... an 

... ... ... ... 
 
a1 x a2 . . . an 
 
   
1 a1 a2 . . . an +bn  11. a1 (order n + 1≥2)
a2 x . . . an 
 ... ... ... ... 
 
 
  a1 a2 a3 ... x 
1 x1 x2 ... xn−1 xn 
  
 
1 x x2 ... xn−1 xn  x1
 a1 a2 ... an 

1 x1 x ... xn−1 xn  a1

x2 a2 ... an 

6.   (order n+1≥3)
  
... ... ... ...  12. a1 a2 x3 ... an  (order n≥2)
 
1 x1 x2 ... x xn   ...

... ... ... 

  
 
1 x1 x2 ... xn−1 x a1 a2 a3 ... xn 

Exercise 24. Evaluate the following determinants:

   
1 − λ 3 2  2 − λ 1 0 
  
1.  2 1−λ 3  2.  0 3−λ 2 
   
   
 3 2 1 − λ  1 4 −2 − λ

Exercise 25. Find x satisfying:

   
1
 x x2 x3  x2
 x3 x4 
x2 − 1
 
1 2 4 8  2.  0 0 =0
 
1.  =0  
1 3 9 27 0 x3 + 1 x3 − 1 
 
1 4 16 64

5
Exercise 26. Solve the following systems by using Cramer’s rule
 
2x − x2 − x3 = 4  x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 − 2x4 =6
 1

 



1. 3x1 + 4x2 − 2x3 = 11 2x − x − 2x − 3x

1 2 3 4 =4

 3.
3x − 2x + 4x = 11
  3x1 + 2x2 − x3 + 2x4 =4
1 2 3 



 2x − 3x + 2x + x

= −8
1 2 3 4
 x + x2 + 2x3 = −1
 1


2. 2x1 − x2 + 2x3 = −4


4x + x + 4x = −2

1 2 3

Exercise 27. Find the inverse (if exists) of the following matrices
       
1 0 3 1 3 2 1 2 0 1 1 1 0 0
   
1. 2 1 1 3. 2 1 3 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 0
   
5.   7.  
3 2 2 3 2 1 0
 1 1 2
0
 0 1 1
2 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
 
2 1 0 2
     
0 1 2 1 3 5 2 2 1 0
6.  
2. 1 1 0 4. 5 0 1 0 2 2 1
   
 
2 0 1 3 1 0 1 0 2 2

Exercise 28. Find the ranks of the following matrices

     
1 2 3 4 5 0 3 2 0 1 1 3 5
1. A = 0 1 2 3 4 3. C = 0 0 0 1 2 5. E = 2 4 6
     

2 4 6 8 10 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 11
   
1 2 3 4 5 1 0 0
2. B = 2 0 4 5 6 4. D = 2 3 4
   

3 0 0 6 7 3 0 5

Exercise 29. Find the ranks of the following matrices

   
2 5 7 3 5 8 1 2 3 5 7
 
1 2 3
3 1 2 2 5 7 12 17
 
   
1. A = 
3 7 11 5 8 12 0 1 2 3 4
2. B = 
  

4 9 14 6 10 15 1 3 5 8 11
 
 
5 11 17 7 12 18 2
 4 7 11 15
3 7 11 18 25

Exercise 30. Find the ranks of the following matrices

     
−1 2 1 1 2 3 1 3 5
1.  2 λ −2 2. 3 6−λ 9 3. 4 12 λ+5
     

3 −6 −3 4 8−λ 12 5 15 λ + 10

6
3 VECTOR SPACES
Exercise 31. In R3 , give two vectors u1 = (1, −2, 3) and u2 = (0, 1, −3).

1. Is u = (2, 4, 5) a linear combination of u1 and u2 ?

2. Find m so that v = (1, m, −3) is a linear combination of u1 and u2 .

Exercise 32. Are (2, 11, 18), (2, −1, 4), (0, 5, 3), (1, −1, 0) linearly dependent?

Exercise 33. Are (2, −1, 4), (0, 5, 3), (1, −1, 0) linearly dependent?

Exercise 34. Show that (2, 5, −1, 1), (1, 4, 0, 2), (6, 15, −3, 3) are linearly dependent.

Exercise 35. Show that (1, 0, 0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 0, 0) are linearly independent.

Exercise 36. In P3 [x], given

u1 = 3x2 − 2x + 1, u2 = x2 − x + 2, u3 = x3 + x + 1.

Prove that u = 2x3 + 2x2 − 5x + 4 is a linear combination of {u1 , u2 , u3 }.

Exercise 37. In P2 [x], given

u1 = x2 + 3x + 1, u2 = −2x2 − x − 1, u3 = −2x2 + x + m.

Find m so that u3 is a linear combination of {u1 , u2 }.

Exercise 38. In P3 [x], given

u1 = x3 + 2x2 + x + 1, u2 = 2x3 + x2 − x + 1, u3 = 3x3 + 3x2 − x + 2.

When u = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d is a linear combination of {u1 , u2 , u3 }.

Exercise 39. In R4 given

u1 = (1, 1, 1, 1), u2 = (2, 3, −1, 0), u3 = (−1, −1, 1, 1), u4 = (1, 2, 1, −1).

When u = (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) is a linear combination of

1. {u1 , u2 , u3 }?

2. {u1 , u2 , u3 , u4 }?

Exercise 40. In R3 , determine if the following sets of vectors are linearly independent or dependent:

1. {u1 = (1, 0, 1), u2 = (1, 2, 3), u3 = (10, 11, 12), u4 = (4, 5, 6)}

2. {u1 = (1, 0, 1), u2 = (1, 2, 3), u3 = (2, 2, 4)}

3. {u1 = (1, 0, 1), u2 = (1, 2, 3), u3 = (2, 2, 5)}

4. {u1 = (1, 0, 1), u2 = (1, 2, 3)}

Exercise 41. In P3 [x], determine if the following sets of vectors are linearly independent or dependent:

1. {u1 = x3 − 2x + 3, u2 = x2 + 1}

2. {u1 = x3 − 2x + 3, u2 = x2 + 1, u3 = 2x3 + x2 − 4x + 10}

7
 3. {u1 = x3 − 2x + 3, u2 = x2 + 2x − 1, u3 = x3 + x2 + 2}

4. {u1 = x3 , u2 = 2x2 , u3 = 3x, u4 = 2x2 + 3x, u5 = 1}

Exercise 42. In M3 (R), prove that the following set of vectors is linearly independent:
(" # " # " #)
1 −1 −1 0 0 1
, ,
2 0 0 2 −2 5

Exercise 43. Which of the following sets of vectors are bases of R3 :

1. S1 = {(1, 2, 3), (0, 2, 3)} 3. S3 = {(1, 1, 2), (1, 2, 5), (5, 3, 4)}

2. S2 = {(1, 2, 3), (0, 2, 3), (0, 0, 5)} 4. S4 = {(−1, 0, 0), (−1, 1, 0), (1, −1, 1), (2, 0, 5)}

Exercise 44. In R3 , prove that S = {u1 , u2 , u3 } is a basis and find the coordinates of u with respect to S:

1. u1 = (1, 1, 1); u2 = (1, 1, 2); u3 = (1, 2, 3); u = (6, 9, 14)

2. u1 = (2, 1, −3); u2 = (3, 2, −5); u3 = (1, −1, 1); u = (6, 2, −7)

3. u1 = (1, −1, 0); u2 = (1, 0, −1); u3 = (2, 0, 0); u = (6, 9, 14)

Exercise 45. In R3 given two sets

S1 = {(1, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1)}; S2 = {(0, 0, 1), (1, −1, 0), (1, 1, 1)}.

1. Prove that S1 , S2 are bases of R3 .

2. Find basis transformation matrices from S1 to S2 and from S2 to S1 .

3. Find the coordinates of x = (1, −1, 1) with respect to S1 and S2 .

Exercise 46. In Rn , let

B = {(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 2), (1, 2, 3)} and B 0 = {(2, 1, −1), (3, 2, −5), (1, −1, m)}.

1. Prove that B is a basis of R3 .

2. Find m so that B 0 is a basis of R3 .

3. In the case B 0 is a basis, find the transformation matrix from B into B 0 and find the coordinates of
u = (1, 0, 0) with respect to these two bases.

Exercise 47. In Pn [x], let

B = {1, x, x2 , . . . , xn } and B 0 = {1, x − a, (x − a)2 , . . . , (x − a)n },

where a ∈ R.

1. Prove that B and B 0 are bases of Pn [x].

2. Find the transformation matrix from B into B 0 .

3. Find the coordinates of f (x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + . . . + an xn with respect to B and B 0 .

Exercise 48. Find basis and dimension of the linear subspaces S of Rn which is spanned by

1. S = {(1, 4, −1, 3), (2, 1, −3, −1), (0, 2, 1, −5)}

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 2. S = {(1, −4, −2, 1), (1, −3, −1, 2), (3, −8, −2, 7)}

Exercise 49. Find basis and dimension of the linear subspaces S of M2 (R) which is spanned by
(" # " # " # " #)
1 −5 1 1 2 −4 1 −7
, , ,
−4 2 −1 5 −5 7 −5 1

Exercise 50. Find basis and dimension of the linear subspaces S of P2 [x] which is spanned by

{x3 + 2x2 − 2x + 1, x3 + 3x2 − x + 4, 2x3 + x2 − 7x − 7}

Exercise 51. Find basis and dimension of the null space of the following matrices:
    " #
1 3 2 1 −2 7 1 4 2
3.
1. 1 5 1 2. 2 3 −2 2 1 5
   

3 5 8 2 −1 1

Exercise 52. Find basis and dimension of the solution space of the following homogeneous systems of linear
equations:
 
x + 2y − 2z + 2s − t = 0




 x + 2y − z + 3s − 4t = 0
 
1. x + 2y − z + 3s − 2t = 0 2. 2x + 4y − 2z − s + 5t = 0

 

2x + 4y − 7z + s + t = 0
 2x + 4y − 2z + 4s − 2t = 0


Exercise 53. In R4 , let the following subspaces

W1 = {(a, b, c, d)| b − 2c + d = 0}, W2 = {(a, b, c, d)| a = d, b = 2c}.

Find bases and dimensions of W1 , W2 and W1 ∩ W2 .

Exercise 54. In R5 , let

W1 = h(1, 3, −2, 2, 3), (1, 4, −3, 4, 2), (2, 3, −1, −2, 9)i
W2 = h(1, 3, 0, 2, 1), (1, 5, −6, 6, 3), (2, 5, 3, 2, 1)i.

1. Find a basis and dimension of W1 + W2

2. Find a basis and dimension of W1 ∩ W2

Exercise 55. In R4 , find linear subspaces created by the following sets

(a) S1 = {u1 = (1, 1, 0, 0), u2 = (0, 1, 1, 0), u3 = (0, 0, 1, 1)}

(b) S2 = {u1 = (1, 1, 1, 0), u2 = (0, 1, 1, 1)}

(c) S2 = {u1 = (1, 2, 1, 2), u2 = (2, 1, 2, 1), u3 = (3, 3, 3, 3)}

4 Linear transformation
Exercise 56. In Rn , let i ∈ {1, ..., n}. Prove that the mapping f : Rn → R defined by

f (x1 , .., xi , ..., xn ) = xi

is a linear transformation.

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Exercise 57. Let g : Pn [x] → Pn−1 [x] be defined by

g(p) = p0 , p ∈ Pn [x].

Prove that g is a linear transformation

Exercise 58. Determine which of the following mappings are linear.

1. f : R3 → R3 , f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (2x1 − x2 , x3 − x2 , x1 )

2. f : R3 → R3 , f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 , x2 + 3, x3 − x1 )

3. f : R3 → R3 , f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x2 + x3 , 2x3 + x1 , 2x1 + x2 )

4. f : R3 → R3 , f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x21 , x22 , x23 )

5. f : R3 → R3 , f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 , x2 , 4)

Exercise 59. Let f : R2 → R2 be a linear transformation defined by f (3, 1) = (2, −4) and f (1, 1) = (0, 2).
Find f (x1 , x2 ).

Exercise 60. Let f : R3 → R2 be a linear transformation defined by f (1, 2, 3) = (1, 0), f (2, 5, 3) = (1, 0) and
f (1, 0, 10) = (0, 1). Find f (x1 , x2 , x3 ).

Exercise 61. Find the linear transformation f : P2 [x] → P2 [x] satisfying

f (1) = 1 + x2 , f (x) = 3 − x2 , f (x2 ) = 4 + 2x − 3x2 .

Exercise 62. Find kernels and images of the linear transformations in Exercises ??, ??, ??, ?? and ??.

Exercise 63. Let f : R4 → R3 be a linear transformation defined by

f (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = (x1 − x2 + x3 , 2x1 + x4 , 2x2 + x3 − x4 ).

Find a basis for Kerf and a basis for Imf. Is f injective or surjective?

Exercise 64. Let f : R4 → R4 be a linear transformation defined by

f (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = (x1 + 2x2 + 4x3 − 3x4 , 3x1 + 5x2 + 6x3 − 4x4 , 4x1 + 5x2 − 2x3 + 3x4 , 3x1 + 8x2 + 24x3 − 19x4 ).

Find a basis for Kerf and a basis for Imf.

Exercise 65. Let f : R4 → R3 be a mapping defined by

f (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = (x1 − x2 + x3 , 2x1 + x4 , 2x2 + x3 − x4 )

1. Prove that f is a linear transformation.

2. Find the transformation matrix of f with respect to the following bases

B = {u1 = (1, 1, 1, 1), u2 = (0, 1, 1, 1), u3 = (0, 0, 1, 1), u4 = (0, 0, 0, 1)},

B 0 = {v 1 = (1, 1, 1), v 2 = (1, 1, 0), v 3 = (1, 0, 0).}

Exercise 66. Let f : R3 → R3 be a linear transformation defined by

f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (2x2 + x3 , x1 − 4x2 , 3x1 ).

Find the transformation matrix of f with respect to the basis

B = {e1 = (1, 1, 1), e2 = (1, 1, 0), e3 = (1, 0, 0)}

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Exercise 67. Let f : R3 → R2 and g : R3 → R2 defined by

f (x, y, z) = (2x, y + z), g(x, y, z) = (x − y, z).

Find f + g, 3f , 2f − 5g.

Exercise 68. Let f : R3 → R2 and g : R3 → R2 defined by

f (x, y, z) = (2x, y + z), g(x, y, z) = (y, z).

Find gf .

Exercise 69. Let f and g be linear transformations on R2 defined by

f (x, y) = (y, x), g(x, y) = (0, x).

Find f g, gf, f 2 , g 2 .

Exercise 70. Prove the following linear transformation is surjective and then find f −1 .

1. f (x, y, z) = (x − 3y − 2z, y − 4z, z)

2. f (x, y, z) = (x + z, x − z, y).

Exercise 71. The linear transformation f : R4 → R4 whose transformation matrix w.r.t. B = {e1 , e2 , e3 , e4 }
is  
1 3 2 1
 
2 5 11 2
 
0
 −1 3 1
1 2 1 3
1. Find Kerf, Imf
Pk
2. Find the transformation matrix of f w.r.t. basis B 0 = {u1 , u2 , u3 , u4 }, where uk = i=1 ei for i =
1, 2, 3, 4.

Exercise 72. Find eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the linear transformation f : R3 → R3 , where the transfor-
mation matrix w.r.t. B = {e1 , e2 , e3 }
     
2 −1 2 4 −5 2 1 −3 4
1.  5 −3 3  3. 5 −7 3 5. 4 −7 8
     

−1 0 −2 6 −9 4 6 −7 −7
     
0 1 0 1 −3 3 7 −12 6
2. −4 4 4 4. −2 −6 13 6. 10 −19 10
     

−2 1 2 −1 −4 8 12 −24 13

5 Euclidean Spaces
Exercise 73. Find the lengths of the sides of the triangle P QR. Is it a right triangle? Is it an isosceles triangle?

1. P (3, −2, −3), Q(7, 0, 1), R(1, 2, 1)

2. P (2, −1, 0), Q(4, 1, 1), R(4, −5, 4).

Exercise 74. Determine whether the points lie on straight line.

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 1. A(2, 4, 2), B(3, 7, −2), C(1, 3, 3)

2. D(0, −5, 5), E(1, −2, 4), F (3, 4, 2)

Exercise 75. Find a + b, 2a + 3b, kak , ka − bk

1. a = (2, −4, 2), b = (3, 7, −2),

2. a(1, −2, 5), b(1, −2, 4).

Exercise 76. Find a vector that has the same direction as v = (−2, 4, 2) but has length 6.

Exercise 77. Find parametric equations for the line

1. The line through the point (6, −5, 2) and parallel to the vector (1, 2, 3).

2. The line through the point (0, 14, −10) and parallel to the line x = −1 + 2t, y = 6 − 3t, z = 3 + 9t.

3. The line through the point (1, 0, 6) and perpendicular to the plane x + 3y + z = 5.

Exercise 78. Find an equation of the plane.

1. The plane through the point (6, 3, 2) and perpendicular to the vector (−2, 1, 5),

2. The plane through the point (4, 0, −3) and with normal vector (0, 1, 2),

3. The plane through the point −2, 8, 10) and perpendicular to the line x = 1 + t, y = 2t, z = 4 − 3t,

4. The plane through the origin and parallel to the plane 2x − y + 3z = 1

Exercise 79. Which of the points P (6, 2, 3), Q(−5, −1, 4), and R(0, 3, 8) is closest to the xz-plane? Which
point lies in the yz-plane?

Exercise 80. What are the projections of the point (2, 3, 5) on the xy-, xz-, and yz-planes? Draw a rectangular
box with the origin and (2, 3, 5) as opposite vertices and with its faces parallel to the coordinate planes. Label
all vertices of the box. Find the length of the diagonal of the box.

Exercise 81. Describe and sketch the surface in R3 represented by the equation x + y = 2.

Exercise 82. What does the equation x = 4 represent in R2 ? What does it represent in R3 ? Illustrate with
sketches.

Exercise 83. What does the equation y = 3 represent in R3 ? What does z = 5 represent? What does the pair
of equations y = 3, z = 5 represent? In other words, describe the set of points (x, y, z) such that y = 3 and
z = 5. Illustrate with a sketch.

Exercise 84. Let P (3, 2, 3), Q(7, 0, 1) and R(1, 2, 1). Find the lengths of the sides of the triangle P QR. Is it
a right triangle? Is it an isosceles triangle?

Exercise 85. Find the distance from (3, 7, −5) to each of the following.

(i) The xy-plane (iii) The yz-plane (v) The y-axis

(ii) The xz-plane (iv) The x-axis (vi) The z-axis

Exercise 86. Find an equation of the sphere with center (1, −4, 3) and radius 5. What is the intersection of
this sphere with the xz-plane?

Exercise 87. Find an equation of the sphere that passes through the point (4, 3, −1) and has center (3, 8, 1).

Exercise 88. Show that the equation represents a sphere, and find its center and radius.

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 (i) x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6x + 4y − 2z = 11 (iii) 2x2 + 2y 2 + 2z 2 = 8x − 24z + 1

(ii) x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 8x − 6y + 2z + 17 = 0 (iv) 4x2 + 4y 2 + 4z 2 − 8x + 16y = 1

Exercise 89. Prove that the midpoint of the line segment from P1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ) to P2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ) is
 
x1 + x2 y1 + y2 z1 + z2
, , .
2 2 2

Exercise 90. Find the lengths of the medians of the triangle with vertices

A(1, 2, 3), B(−2, 0, 5), C(4, 1, 5).

Exercise 91. Find an equation of a sphere if one of its diameters has endpoints (2, 1, 4) and (4, 3, 10).

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