BAHIR DAR UNIVERCITY

Course Title: Global Trend:Major Contemporary Global Issues

Cource code: GITr1012

Group Assignment section 20A

Name of Group Members ID NO

1. DEREJE GIRMA ------------------------1311015

2.EYOB YIMECH --------------------------1310895

3.SURAFEL TEBEJE --------------------- 1309999

4.EMAN GETAHUN ------------------------1309750

5.YODIT TAYE -------------------------------1309652

6.MESAFINT DERSO ----------------------1309666

7.ALIMAZ FIKADU ------------------------1310746

8.OLANA ABERA -------------------------1309472

9.YETEMEGN BIZEZEW -------------------1311569

10.LEMLEM BIRHANU --------------------1312786

submmited data: 20/12/2013 E.C

submmission to:Mr.Dereje Melese

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 Table Content Page
 Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------4

1. Defining Globalization ..................................................... 5

1.1Basic dimension of Globalization ----------------------------

1.2 Globalization and it's impact on Africa ........................... 8

2.Major contemporary Global issues.............................................. 9

2.1 Global peace....................................................................10

3. Global Environmental Issues......................................................................11

3.1 Contemporary Global Environmental Issues............................... 12

3.2 The Implication of global environmental issues on global.........

peace

4. Global Cultural Issues..................................................................................13

4.1 Cultural Imperialism....................................................................... 14

5. Global Social Issues..................................................................................... 15

6. Global Economic Issues..............................................................................16

7. Global Political Issues..................................................................................18

8. The concept of Regionalism........................................................................ 21

8.1 The concept of reginal integration.................................................21

9. The most influential national political economy system in the world.........22

10. Governance of International political Economy........................................ 25

10.1 International Trade and The WTO ....................................................26

10.2 International Investment and WB......................................................27

10.3 International Finance and IMF---------------------------------------------------- 28

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Introduction

The assignment for global affairs is given to us to read more books and different
web pages and get deep knowledge about main global issues. Their impacts on
global relation & their opportunity and draw backs.

There are ten questions in this assignment .the first question is about
globalization .it's basic dimensions and negative and positive impact on
Africa and Ethiopia .question Number -2 -is about the major contemporary
global security issue question Number -3-Is on contemporary global
environmental issues and explain their implication for global peace
question Number -4- is on contemporary culture issues and cultura
imperialism question Number -5-is about global social issues Like
pandemic disease question Number 6- is on global economic issues Like

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 economic inequality question Number 7-is about global political issues
question Number 8-is on regionalism and regional integration .question
Number 9-is about the most influential national political economy
systems in the world . Question number 10-is on institutions and
governance of international political economy .

The organizer of the assignment believe that answers Which are given to each
question are best and very clear to understand .

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1.The concept of globalization

* Globalization is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of world's

economies,cultures and populations,brought about by cross-border trade in goods and
services,technology,and flow of investment,people and information.* It also defined as
stretching of social and political activities across States frontiers so that events,decisions,and
activities in one part of the world come to have significant for peoples and states in other part
of the world.

* Globalization promote and increase interaction between different regions and populations
around the globe.

Dimensions of globalization
There are at least five different dimensions of the globalization they are

1. The economic globalization

2.The politically globalization's

3. The cultural globalization

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4. The social globalization

5. The technological globalization

The positive impact of globalization on

africa and Ethiopia
* It has made available information on how other countires are governed and the freedoms and
rights there people enjoy.

* It enable distant areas of africa able to interact with one another intensively. As a result the
world become one,and interaction interaction among diverse people begin to look like those
with in a village. Thus terms such as one world and villagization.

* Globalization support the expansion of of democratic culture,human right and protection of

historically minority group.

* Globalization enable the improvement of quality of life.

*Globalization contribute for the growth of africa by making the flow of finance,economy,good
and service from one part of the world to other even within fractions of seconds.* Globalization
support the development of many or almost allsectors in african economy. for example in the
education,trade,technology,competition,investment, and organizational structure.

The negative impact of globalization

on Africa and Ethiopia
* One of the major disadvantage of globalization on afirca is that it create unbalanced economic
transaction.in which Afircan countries benefited less than any other part of the world. Its called
unequal economic growth.

*Globalization eroded the sovereignty of non-western countries particularly African countries.

* Global capital and financial institutions like wb and imf made free inroads in to countries of
the south and influencing the economic and political dynamics negatively.

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* It create vulnerable situation for global terrorism, religious fundamentalism and human
trafficking,job insecurity,price instability, fluctuation,increase the risk of currency crises. In
addition it gives the lower wages that are given to labourers.

* It leads to diffusion of culture and affect the indigenous culture and norms of Africans
negatively.

2. Briefly discuss the major contemporary global

security issue (like global terrorism, nuclear
proliferation...) and explain their implication for global
peace
Global security issues
There are two main issues and challenges.These are:terrorism and nuclear proliferation.

Global Terrorism ; is global security problem characterized by the use of violence in the form of
hostage taking, bombing, hijacking and other indiscriminate attacks on civilian targets.Terrorist
is another's freedom fighter is often presented as a justification for the general acceptance of
war as a legitimate instrument of even government.

The world is today experiencing four different types of terrorist organization s namely

✓ left wing terrorists. ✓right wing terrorists

✓ ethno- nationalists/separatist terrorists and. ✓religious terrorists

The causes of Terrorism

√ Socio-economic cause (Poverty in the Sense of economic & political isolation,

feeling of hopelessness, violation of human rights, and lack of democracy
provides a fertile breeding ground for terrorism)

√ Political cause

Legitimate grievances and the failure of governments to adequately address these

problems often foment terrorism.

Lack of democracy, and widespread and systematic violations of human rights

contributes to the rise of terrorism

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 √ Psychological cause

Humiliation is another factor conductive to the use of terrorism

Types of terrorism

Domestic terrorism:occurs within the borders of country &is associated with extremist
group.

Nationalist terrorism:is associated with struggles for political autonomy &

Independence.

Religious terrorism:that believe that God is on their side and that their violence is
divinely inspired & approved.

State terrorism: is a cold, calculated, efficient, and extremely destructive form of

terrorism

Global terrorism: is an outgrowth of the forces of globalization

Nuclear weapons and their proliferations

Fear of nuclear war dominated security planning during the cold war between two super
powers.

Reasons for the proliferation:there are strategic, economic, and political

motivations for weapons proliferation.

Superpower rivalry during the cold war.

Military burden sharing

Regional balance of power

Political, military, and economic influence

Economies of scale

Self reliance-to preserve or enhance thier Independence.

Ethinic conflict-generate demand for weapons transfers

Authoritarian regimes-gov'ts that rule without the consent people generally rely on
military force to exercise control.

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3.Briefly discuss the contemporary global
environmental issues such as climate change and global
warming and explain their implication for global peace
Environmental issues are defined as harmful effects to Earth and its natural systems due to the actions
of humans. Although climate change can also occur from natural causes, human behavior has led to an
increase in greenhouse emissions. While climate change is discussed frequently now, it has been
occurring since the Industrial Revolution.

Contemporarly the most global issues related to the environment is:

*Climate change and

*Global warming

*Climate change:-is a long term change in the earths weather patterns brought on by those same green
house gas emissions.Which climate change includes rising global temperatures, it also comrises of many
other impacts those green house gases are having on the planet.

Climate change is also refers to unexpected, abnormal and long term changes brought on by human
active.

Global warming and climate change refer to an increase in average global temperatures. Natural events
and human activities are believed to be main contributors to such increases in average global
temperatures. The climate change, caused by rising emissions of carbon dioxide from vehicles, factories
and power stations, will not only effects the atmosphere and the sea but also will alter the geology of
the Earth. Emissions of carbon dioxide due to our use of fossil energy will change the climate and the
temperature is estimated to increase by 2 to 6o Celsius within year, which is a tremendous increase
from our current average temperature of 1.7o Celsius as predicted by IPCC. This may cause huge
changes to our civilization, both positive and fnegative, but the total impact on our society is currently
very uncertain.

There have been more drought floods and heat waves, Sea levels have risen, biodiversity has
been lost and wild fire and hurricanes have become more interest than ever before.All of which point to
a dramatically and rapidly changing climate.

* Global warming:-primarily caused by increases in “greenhouse” gases such as Carbon Dioxide

(CO2), Nitrous oxide (NOX), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Hydrogen etc.,. A warming planet thus leads to

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climate changes which can adversely affect weather in different ways. Some of the prominent indicators
for a global warming are detailed below:

√Temperature over land

√Snow cover on Hills

√Glaciers on Hills

√Ocean Heat content

√Sea Ice

√Sea level

√Sea surface temperature

√Temperature Over Ocean

√Humidity

√Tropospheric Temperature

*Green house effect :-is the warming of climate that results when the atmosphere traps heat
radiating from Earth toward space. Certain gases in the atmosphere resemble glass in a greenhouse,
allowing sunlight to pass into the 'greenhouse,' but blocking Earth's heat from escaping into space. The
gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect include

√carbon dioxide (CO2

√methane

√nitrousoxides, and√chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

On Earth, human activities are changing the natural greenhouse. Fortion of atmospheric CO2.
This happens because the coal or oil burning process combines carbon (C) with oxygen (O2) in
the air to make CO2. To a lesser extent, the clearing of land for agriculture, industry, and other
human activities have increased the concentrations of other greenhouse gases like methane
(CH4), and further increased (CO2).

The consequences of changing the natural atmospheric greenhouse are difficult to predict, but
certain effects seem likely:

- On average, Earth will become warmer. Some regions may welcome warmer temperatures,
but others may not.

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- Warmer conditions will probably lead to more evaporation and precipitation overall, but
individual regions will vary, some becoming wetter and others dryer.

- A stronger greenhouse effect will probably warm the oceans and partially melt glaciers and
other ice, increasing sea level. Ocean water also will expand if it warms, contributing to further
sea level rise.

- Meanwhile, some crops and other plants may respond favorably to increased atmospheric
CO2, growing more vigorously and using water more efficiently. At the same time, higher
temperatures and shifting climate patterns may change the areas where crops grow best and
affect the makeup of natural plant communities.

Degree of vulnerability varies even more with deviloping countries and the poor which
have contributed the least to global warming. But are suffering the most this being cause,
however as the 18 session of the conference of parties of the UN framework convection of
climate change held in Doha in Nov and Dec 2012 also illustrated global climate change
mitigation efforts are insufficient.

The remaining state parties of the protocol with obligation to reduce green house gas
emission. The green house gas reduction goals set ought in Kyoto protocol remain largely
unachieved.

The idea that warming planet threatens stability around the globe.

Climate change is upon us and its physical effects have started to unfold.

That is the broad scientific consensus expressed in the Fourth Assessment Review of the Inter-
governmental Panel on Climate Change. This report takes this finding as its starting point and
looks at the social and human consequences that are likely to ensue – particularly the risks of
conflict and instability.

Hardest hit by climate change will be people living in poverty, in under-developed and unstable
states, under poor governance. The effect of the physical consequences – such as more
frequent extreme weather, melting glaciers, and shorter growing seasons – will add to the
pressures under which those societies already live. The background of poverty and bad
governance means many of these communities both have a low capacity to adapt to climate
change and face a high risk of violent conflict.

To understand how the effects of climate change will interact with socio-economic and political
problems in poorer countries means tracing the consequences oconsequences. This process
highlights four key elements of risk – political instability, economic weakness, food insecurity
and large-scale migration. Political instability and bad governance make it hard to adapt to the

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physical effects of climate change and hard to handle any conflicts that arise without violence.
Economic weakness narrows the range of income possibilities for the population and deprives
the state of resources with which to meet people’s needs. Food insecurity challenges the very
basis of being able to continue living in a particular locality and, as a response to that and other
kinds of insecurity, large-scale migration carries high risk of conflict because of the fearful
reactions it often receives and the inflammatory politics that often greet it. Climate change is
rarely viewed as a direct cause of instability and conflict.

4)briefly discuss contomporary cultural issue(like

cultural clash,identity,conflict )and elaborate
cultural imperialism
culture clash is፡

a situation in which the diverging attitudes, morals, opinions, or customs of two dissimilar
cultures or subcultures are revealed. This may occur, for example, when people in different
professions, such as academics and business people, collaborate on a project. See also culture
conflict; culture shock.

Cultural conflict is a type of conflict that occurs when different cultural values and beliefs clash.
Broad and narrow definitions exist for the concept, both of which have been used to explain
violence (including war) and crime, on either a micro or macro scale.At the heart of these
culture clashes are questions about the meaning and nature of social group differences, as well
as the ways in which these differences are more often than not constructed as forms of
inequality and marginalization.

Cultural clash can be caused by:

- lack of agreement on work place formality

- opposing behavioral norms

- expence and pay - In many fields, identity differences are seen to be a root cause of
conflict. Psychological, especially social psychological explanations of conflict draw upon social
identity theory as one of the primary explanations for conflict. In sociology, identity is related to
self-awareness and self-consciousness which lead to cultural norms and group identities. Within
politics, Identity Politics is seen as a search to reconcile concepts of nation and communal
identities. Studies of religion attribute a large part of one's identity to one's beliefs.

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Anthropology, history, literature, medicine, philosophy and other disciplines each have
something to add to the discussion on identity and how it relates to conflict.

As the concept is so prevalent, this user guide draws upon a wide-range of essays from
BeyondIntractability, written from a variety of perspectives and addressing a selection of issues.
The guide is just a door into a greater understanding and will enable the reader only to begin to
explore the concept of identity conflicts.

Of course, in any conflict there will be negative effects of the type listed here. However, some
of these effects, for example prejudice, polarization and genocide, are specifically related to
how people relate to one another's identities. There is an essay on each of the following
elements of identity conflicts and they are listed (approximately) in order of specific relevance
to identity

Identity-based conflicts are often mistaken for disputes over material resources. Attempts to
resolve such misdiagnosed conflicts generally fail, since the resolution efforts do not address
the real underlying causes of the conflict. Hence the first step in effective resolution is correctly
identifying a conflict as an identity conflict. Rothman contrasts identity-based conflicts to
interest-based disputes. Interest-based conflicts tend to be more concrete, the issues more
clearly defined, and the potential for mutual benefit more obvious. Identity-based conflicts are
based in people's psychology, culture, basic values, shared history, and beliefs. Identity conflicts
threaten people's basic needs and very survival. These issues tend to be more abstract,
ambiguous and intangible. Identity conflicts may be expressed as material disputes, in an
attempt to give focus to the parties' concerns. Material disputes may evolve into identity
conflicts, as the disputants invest themselves in the dispute and come to identify with their
positions. Once a conflict has been correctly analyzed, the next step toward resolution is to
make explicit the sources of identity threat and insecurity, and the parties' needs. Resolution
proceeds by having the parties dialogue about their needs and values. Rothman argues that
such dialog can promote the empowerment and recognition needed to transform the conflict
into a more productive relationship.

Cultural imperialism, also called cultural colonialism, comprises the cultural aspects of
imperialism. "Imperialism" here refers to the creation and maintenance of unequal
relationships between civilisations, favouring a more powerful civilisation. Thus cultural
imperialism is the practice of promoting and imposing a culture (usually that of a politically
powerful country) over a less powerful society. This may take the form of cultural hegemony of
industrialised or politically and economically influential countries influencing general cultural
values and standardising (globalising) civilisations elsewhere.

Cultural imperialism is the result of cultural globalization- a process whereby information,

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commodities and images that have been produced in one part of the world enter into a global

flow that tends to ‗flatten out‘ cultural differences between nations, regions and individuals.
This

has sometimes been portrayed as a process of ‗McDonaldization‘. McDonaldization is the

process whereby global commodities and commercial and marketing practices associated with
the fast-food industry have come to dominate more and more economic sectors.

The term "cultural imperialism" occurs especially in the fields of history, cultural studies, and
postcolonial theory. It is usually used in a pejorative sense, often in conjunction with calls to
reject such influence. Cultural imperialism may take various forms, such as an attitude, a formal
policy, or military action - insofar as each of these re-inforces cultural hegemony.

Cultural imperialism refers to the influence of a dominant culture over another culture.

Cultural imperialism, in anthropology, sociology, and ethics, the imposition by one usually
politically or economically dominant

community of various aspects of its own culture onto

another nondominant community. It is cultural in that the customs, traditions, religion,

language, social and moral norms, and other aspects of the imposing community are distinct
from, though often closely related to, the economic and political systems that shape the other
community.

Exaple of cultural imperialsm

- the native tribes ownership of casions on their land granted by federal law.

- other influence where gunes the spread of small pox and introduction of alchol.

- the roman empire to the Ottoman empire.

- European colonial power ,Japan, USA snd USSR.

5)Briefly discuss the global social issues(such as

pandemic disease, migration and refugee…)and explain
their implication for global peace?
A pandemic is a disease outbreak that spreads across countries or continents. It affects more
people and takes more lives than an epidemic. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared

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COVID-19 to be a pandemic when it became clear that the illness was severe and that it was
spreading quickly over a wide area.

A PANDEMIC is an epidemic that’s spread over multiple countries or continents.

Pandemic influenza is an acute viral disease of the respiratory tract. Pandemic influenza occurs
when an influenza virus that was not previously circulating among people and to which most
people have no immunity emerges and transmits among people.

Migration is the movement of either people or animals from one area to another.

Migration is the process or act of migrating, i.e. the movement from one region or place of
habitat to another. Animals display the so-called migratory behavior. It is when an individual or
a group of animals move from their habitat to the new habitat. One of the driving factors that
led to this behavior is the season. A flock of birds for instance would move from one area to the
new area during an unfavourable season. Immigration pertains to the migration of human(s) to
a country that is not a native to it in order to settle there.

Migration may also occur at the cellular level. For instance, leucocytes may move towards the
region where they are essential for their immunologic function. This movement is formerly
called diapedesis, which in particular is the emigration of leucocytes across the endothelium

Migration refers to permanent or semi-permanent change in the place of residence of an

individual or a group of individuals from one location to another. Hence, it is different from the
more general term mobility, which refers to all types of movements of people Thus, the term
mobility includes both permanent (and semi-permanent) and temporary movements of people
over the earth. With regard to temporary movements, the examples of which have already
been cited above, a distinction is generally made between a cyclic and a periodic movement.

refugee, generally speaking, is a displaced person who has crossed national boundaries and
who cannot or is unwilling to return home due to well-founded fear of persecution.

Such a person may be called an asylum seeker until granted refugee status by the contracting
state or the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees , if they formally make a
claimRefugees are persons who are outside their country of origin for reasons of feared
persecution, conflict, generalized violence, or other circumstances that have seriously disturbed
public order and, as a result, require international protection.

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World peace, or peace on Earth, is the concept of an ideal state of happiness, freedom, and
peace within and among all people and nations on Planet Earth. Within this idea of the world,
nonviolence is one motivation for people and nations to willingly cooperate, either voluntarily
or by virtue of a system of governance that has this objective. Different cultures, religions,
philosophies, and organizations have varying concepts on how such a state would come about

6.Deliberate global economic

issues(economic inequality and poverty)
The Global inequality of opportunity in today's world is the consequence of lobal inequality in
health,wealth,education and the many other dimensions that matter for our lives.your living conditions
are much more determined bywhat is outside your control-the place and the time that you are born
into-than by your own effort,dedications,and the choices you have made in life.(Max Roser)

Dispite rapid advancement in standards of living for large proportion of world population in recent
decades,an unacceptable nember of people are still denied access to the basic necessities of life.even if
the milennium development goals for halving extreme poverty is met,around one billion people will
officially live without adequate means for survival in 2015-Although unoffical estimated are ever higher.

Altogether,95% of people who live in developing countries survive on the equivalent of less than $10
aday(comperable to what$10 would buy in the United states)-an almost impossible task for someone
living in high income country.

Tody, highly biased regime of international trade,finance and taxation mean that atleast ten times as
much finance flow from developing countries to the rich world than is provided by donor governments
as overseas aid.As result of these unjust arrangements of the global economy,the wealthiest 20 percent
of the world's enjoy nearly 83 percent of total global income,whereas the poorst 20 percent receive
amere 1 percent. In recent years,this concentration of wealth has become increasingly extreme,with
one percent of the richest people in the world owning $110 brillon- 65 times the total wealth of bottom
half of the world's population.

persistent inequality and enduring poverity challenge beliefs in the opportunity and the
possibility of upward mobility.Eventually, the legitimancy of economic system and political and
social institution are challenged.extreme inequality perpetuates poverty and the concentration
of economic and political power and reduce economic efficiency.It strengthens inequality-
perpetuating institutions in three ways:

1,Inequality discourages the political participation of poor people, which, in turn,

diminishes their access to education, health care, and other services that contribute to

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 economic growth and development.2,Inequality often prevents the building and proper
functioning of impartial institutions and observance of the rule of law.

3,Inequality enables the wealthy to refuse to compromise politically or economically,

which further weakens poor societies in a global society that

requires relatively fast responses to economic developments.

As global justice campaigners often repeat, the underlying causes of this gross inequality
are political in nature as they stem from the policy choise that goverments make the
institutions that govern economic relation ship,and the unrivalled power and influence
of the world's largest corporations.

In order to tackle this growing crisis of poverty amidst plentry;for greater emphasis must be
placed on reforming the unjust policies and institutions that mantain adivided and increasing
unequal world.without reforming these structural codition,international aid and other forms of
financial redistribution will never be an adequate means for ending poverty or reducing the gap
between rich and poor.If global economy is to serve the interest of all people,it must be
primarly geared towards guaranteeing the fulfillment of social and economic right in
perpetuity-founded up on agenuine form of miltilateral cooperation and economic sharing.

7.Breifly discuss global political issues

(hydropolitics,nationalism,interstate conflict...
Global politics, also known as world politics, studies political and economic patterns of the
world.
It studies the relationships between cities, nation-states, shell-states, multinational corporations,
non-governmental organizations and international organizations.One important area of global
politics is contestation in the global
Global politics is said by some to be distinct from the field of international politics (commonly
seen as a branch of international relations[]), as it "does not stress the primacy of
intergovernmental relations and transactions"
Politics are conventionally considered to be the actions taken in the formation and maintenance
of the state or other governing entity.

Hydropolitics

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Water politics, sometimes called hydropolitics, is politics affected by the availability of water
and water resources, a necessity for all life forms and human development.
Arun P. Elhance's definition of hydropolitics is "the systematic study of conflict and
between states over water resources that transcend international borders".[1] Mollinga, P. P.
classifies water politics into four categories,
1.The everyday politics of water resources management",
2.The politics of water policy in the context of sovereign states.
3.Inter-state hydropolitics and
4.The global politics of water.
The availability of drinking water per capita is inadequate and shrinking worldwide.
The causes, related to both quantity and quality, are many and varied; they include:
✓ local scarcity,
✓ availability and population pressures,but also human activities of mass consumption,
✓ misuse,
✓environmental degradation and water pollution, as well as climate change.
Water is a strategic natural resource, and scarcity of potable water is a frequent contributor to
political conflicts throughout the world. With decreasing availability and increasing demand for
water, some have predicted that clean water will become the "next oil"; making countries like
Canada, Chile, Norway, Colombia and Peru, with this resource in abundance, the water-rich
countries in the world.
The UN World Water Development Report (WWDR, 2003) from the World Water Assessment
Program indicates that, in the next 20 years, the quantity of water available to everyone is
predicted to decrease by 30%. In 2004, the UK charity WaterAid reported that a child dies every
15 seconds from easily preventable water-related diseases; often this means lack of sewage
disposal; see toilet.
The United Nations Development Programme sums up world water distribution in the 2006
development report: "One part of the world, sustains a designer bottled water market that
generates no tangible health benefits, another part suffers acute public health risks because
people have to drink water from drains or from lakes and rivers.
Fresh water—now more precious than ever in our history for its extensive use in agriculture,
high-tech manufacturing, and energy production—is increasingly receiving attention as a
resource requiring better management and sustainable use.
Riparian water rights have become issues of international diplomacy, in addition to domestic and
regional water rights and politics.
World Bank Vice President Ismail Serageldin predicted, "Many of the wars of the 20th century
were about oil, but wars of the 21st century will be over water unless we change the way we

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manage water. This is debated by some, however, who argue that disputes over water usually are
resolved by diplomacy and do not turn into wars.
Another new school of thought argues that "perceived fears of losing control over shared water
might contribute towards a constant preparedness to go to war among riparian nations, just in
case there is one"

Nationalism
Nationalism is a term used to describe a fervent emotional identification with one's country and
its people, customs, and values.It is modern concept
In politics and public policy, nationalism is a doctrine whose mission is to protect a nation's
right to self-govern and shield fellow residents of a state from global economic and social
pressures. The opposite of nationalism is globalism.
Nationalism can range from the "unthinking devotion" of flag-waving patriotism in its most
benign form to chauvinism, xenophobia, racism, and ethnocentrism at its worst and most
dangerous
It is often associated with the sort of deeply emotional commitment to one’s nation — over and
against all others — that leads to atrocities.
Nationalism is one's identification and patriotic loyalty to his or her nation and its interests.

Nationalism refers to an ideology that promotes loyalty, affection and devotion to a particular
nation.It creates attachments among people to a common homeland, a common language, ideals,
values and traditions.

Nationalism defined as primarily a political principle that holds that the political and the national
unit should be congruent.The modern State along with commercial capitalism initially created
and influenced the growth of nationalism to protect the exploitative capitalist order.

Development of effective internal communication contributing to the emergence of nationalism.

Nationalism faces a host of challenges in the contemporary period.The paramount challenges can
be listed as secessionism and globalization.Many extra-national and global factors imperil
nationalism.

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Interstate conflict
Interstate: Interstate violence is a conflict between two or more states (both members of the
international system), who use their respective national forces in the conflict.

This type of conflict is also known as international conflict. This is a conflict between two or
more states. In some cases, this type of conflict degenerates to a state of war. We must
remember that all wars are described as conflict. As such, all inter-state wars are same as
international conflict.

Inter-sate conflict can be caused by territorial encroachment by another state, breakdown of

diplomaigeria almost cut off diplomatic ties with Italy because hundreds of tons of toxic
substances dumped at Koko, a sedate village in Delta (Bendel) State, were traced to the
European country. Nigeria and Cameroon have had cases of hostilities on a number of
occasions, over Northern borders and lately, Bakassi Peninsula; but none ever resulted in full-
scale war. The United States and Cuba have been in a perpetual state of conflict since the
Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962.

Examples of inter-state conflict that resulted in war include Iran-Iraq of 1980-1988, Britain-
Argentina War of 1982 over the Falkland Islands, USA-

8.DIscuss the concept of regionalism and regional

integration (example regional integration in europe and
in Africa
Regionalism is a political ideology which seeks to increase the political power, influence and/or self-
determination of the people of one or more subnational regions. ... Regions may be delineated by
administrative divisions, culture, language and religion, among others.

Regional integration is the process by which two or more nation-states agree to co-operate and work
closely together to achieve peace, stability and wealth.

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Theoretically, the concepts of regional integration and regionalism seem contradictory. Integration is
about unification along legal, political and economic lines (as is the case between the members and
candidates of the EU). Meanwhile, regionalism brings about the idea of diversification: regions as actors.

To achieve this the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) supported three regional integration
arrangements; the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) for West Africa, which was
established in 1975, predating the LPA; the Preferential Trade Area (PTA) covering East and Southern
Africa.

Since the early 1950s, the EU has been a pioneer in regional integration. The most important principles
underlying the success of the EU project include: ... The political will to share sovereignty and construct
strong, legally based, common institutions to oversee the integration project.

European integration is the process of industrial, economic, political, legal, social and cultural integration
of states wholly or partially in Europe or nearby. European integration has primarily come about through
the European Union and its policies.

Apart from the often cited problems related to corruption, instability, undemocratic rule and civil strife,
there is also a lack of private sector activity in regional integration schemes. In some instances economic
reforms have also not been properly designed and implemented.

Most of the time regional integration are very useful for the development and
general peace of the region.

In addition in increase the interaction and the communication of peoples of the

area.

Due to above reasons and many other reason regional integration both in africa
and Europe play a great rule in the development and integration of
peoples,firms,organization and states of the regions.

9,Asses the most influntial national political ecomomic

systems in the world.
#the term political economy refers to abranch of social sciences that facuses an relation ships between
individuals, governments,and public policy.It is also used to describe the policies by governments that
affect their nations'economies.

The main concern of political economy is to determine the relationship between governments and
individualis. and how public policy affects society.

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Some of the charactectersitcs of a political economy include the distribution of wealth, how goods and
services production,supply and demand,and how peblic society and government interaction impact
society.

The types of political economy include;

socialism__ states that any production and wealth should be regulated and distributed by socity.

Capitalism__ where private awners control the nations industry and trade for profit

Communism__ where auproperty is publicly ownend and every one works based on their own needs
and strengthms.

Political economy may draw up on sociology, economics and political sceince to define how
governement,an economics system, and politics influence each other.

Reseach by political economists is conducted in order determine how puplic policy influences behavior,
productivity and trade. Much of their study helps them establish how many and power are distributed
between people and defferent groups.

The study may be approched in

1. Interdisplinary studies. Draws on sociology, economics and political sceince to define how
governement institution, an economic system,political enviroment affect and influence each other.

2. New political economy _ studies as aset of actions and beliwefs,and seeks to make explicit
assumptions that lead to political debates about societal preferences.

3.International political economy-analysis the link b/n econimics & international relation.It dtaws
from many academic areas including politica science,economics,cultural study

-The most influencial national apolitical economy systems in the world are:

A)The American system of market-oriented capitalism

-The American system of political economy is founded on the premise that the primary purpose of
economic activity is to benefit customers while maximizing wealth creation;the distributiosecondary
importance.the American economy does approach the neoclassical model of a competitive market
economy in which individuals are assumed to maximieze their own private intersts (utility),and business
corpretion are expected to maximize profits.

It is appropriately characterized as a system of mariginal capitalism

Althrough americans pride them selves an their progmatism. The american economicis based up on the
abstrct theory of economic science to agreater degree than is any amereconomy.

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Thir economics seystem supports acapitalitalist free market economy subject to control byademocratic
polotical system that is supported by the mojrity.

It stands in contrast to authoritarian capitalism by limiting the infuence of specual interest groups,
including corporate lab by its on politcs.

B) the japanese system of developmental capitalism

In this model of capitalism, the state has more independent, or automatic, political power as wevas
more control over the economy.

A development state is characteristic by having strong steat intervention.,as well as extensive

regulations and planning

Governments indevelopmental states invest and mobilized majority of capital into the most promises
industrial sector that will have the maximum spill over effect for the society. Cooper rational between
state and major industries is crucial for maintenaning stable macroeconomic

There is is little government awrnrship of industry but the pirvate sector is riidly guided and restricted
by bure akuretic governments.

10) It Describe the following institution and

gevernace of international political
economysystem in the world.
International trade and world trade organization

International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or
territories because there is a need or want of goods or services. Carrying out trade at an international
level is a complex process when compared to domestic trade. When trade takes place between two or
more states factors like currency, government policies, economy, judicial system, laws, and markets
influence trade.ce.

2. Comparative advantage

The theory of comparative advantage states that countries should specialise in those goods where they
have a relatively lower opportunity cost. Even if one country can produce two goods at a lower absolute
cost

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3. Greater choice for consumers

New trade theory places less emphasis on comparative advantage and relative input costs. New trade
theory states that in the real world, a driving factor behind the trade is giving consumers greater choice

4. Specialisation and economies of scale – greater efficiency

Another aspect of new trade theory is that it doesn’t really matter what countries specialise in, the
important thing is to pursue specialisation and this enables companies to benefit from economies of
scale which outweigh most other factors. Sometimes, countries may specialise in particular industries
for no over-riding reason – it may just be a historical accident. But, that specialisation enables improved
effcienc.

5. Service sector trade

Trade tends to conjure images of physical goods import bananas, export cars. But, increasingly the
service. Global growth and economic development.

International trade has been an important factor in promopting economic growth.

What is world trade organization?

The World Trade Organization (WTO) deals with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main
function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. What's WTO?

WTO IN BRIEF

In brief, the World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only international organization dealing with the
global rules of trade. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely
as possible.

Global trade rules

Global rules of trade provide assurance and stability.

The WTO’s procedure for resolving trade conflicts under the Dispute Settlement Trade monitoring

The WTO's Trade Policy Review Mechanism is designed to improve transparency, to create a greater
understanding of the trade policies adopted by WTO members and to assess their impact. Building trade
capacity in developing economies .Technical assistance and training Functions

The WTO’s overriding objective is to help trade flow smoothly, freely and predictably. It does this by:
administering trade agreements acting as a forum for trade negotiations settling trade disputes
reviewing national trade policie building the trade capacity of developing economies.cooperating with
other international organizationsTechnical assistance and training for developing economie Cooperation
with other international organizations.

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The World Trade Organization (WTO) deals with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main
function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.

What is international investment?

International investment is one of the investment strategies in which inventor diversifies his portfolio by
purchaseing various financial instruments like shares mutual funds international investment provides an
opportunity for inventors to capitalize on the good performance of the foreign economy the investment
are mostly driven by the macroeconomy of the country and most inventor focus on the emerging
economy

Disadvantage

international investment

1) international investment makes things tough for local companies by creating huge competition

2) the risk of political change will always be aconcern for investors as it can lead to expropriation

3) unstable economic conditions can make your investment economically noninviable

4) international investment can impact exchange rate, etc

Advantage of international investment

1) foreign investment can stimulate the country economy and also boost the local industries

2) international investment creates new job opportunity

3) parent Enterprises would also provide investment to get additional expertise, technology,
and product

4) reduction in cost of production

5) tax incentive

What is world bank?

World bank is an international organization dedicated to providing financing, advice, and

research to develop ing nation to aid economic advancement

World bank support help country reform inefficient economic sectors and implement specific
project The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants
to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital
projects.

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What Is International Finance?

International finance, sometimes known as international macroeconomics, is the study of

monetary interactions between two or more countries, focusing on areas such as foreign direct
investment and currency exchange rates.

KEY TAKEAWAYS

International finance is the study of monetary interactions that transpire between two or more
countries. International finance focuses on areas such as foreign direct investment and currency
exchange rates.

International finance deals with the economic interactions between multiple countries, rather
than narrowly focusing on individual markets.

What is iternatonal montary fund?

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization that promotes global
economic growth and financial stability, encourages international trade, and reduces poverty.

The IMF's mission is to promote global economic growth and financial stability, encourage
international trade, and reduce poverty around the world. IMF,aim to acanplishe number of
diferente gole. Reducing global poverty ,encouraging international trade , promoting financial
stability and economic growth.

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 Summary
Globalization is often understood as a phenomena ,or a process characterized by increasing
interconnectedness interdependence .in short ,it is a supra regional process bringing the world into one
global village .the economy ,politics ,and technology have been the driving forces of globalization
.terrorism is defined by many as a global security problem characterized by the use of violence in the
form of hostage taking ,bombing ,hijacked and other indiscriminate attacks on civilian targets .the
environment is gradually becoming one of the most pressing issues of twenty -first century .it has been
recognized that many .if not all. Problems of environmental degradation are trans- boundary in nature
and therefore need an international solution .

Cultural imperialism is the result of cultural globalization - a process whereby information commodities
and images that have been produced in one part of the world enter into a global flow that tends to
flatten out cultural difference between nations.

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