Useful Formulas & Algorithms for RC Design

Materials Parameters and Common value:

•
25 2500
Concrete:
o

0.83 ∗ 30
o must be given

0.85
o

.
8
o
o
0.3 ∗
$.& '( $.&
o
! 22 000 ∗ " #
% 22000 ∗ " %
$ $
!
o
)#
.*
o +, 0.002
o

o +- 0.0035
•
78.5 7850
Steel:
.
450
o
o ,
1 1
, .
2
!. 200 000
o

+.3 0.001956
o
14
)5
o

Section Geometry and Parameters:

Formula of the steel consumption = >

@.
?. C1 DE .
AB

9 : ; :<
Loads Parameters:

: 1.3 :< 1.5

• Maximum negative bending moment:

: 1 :< 0
o Max Load:
o Min Load:

: 1.3 :< 1.5

• Maximum positive bending moment:

: 1 :< 0
o Max Load:
o Min Load:

Andrea Luca Biagini & Marco Dotti 1

Bending Limit State

F 50
• Identification of the case:

+, 0.002
o

+ - 0.0035
G 0.8
H 1
0.44 1.25
K
I3 J. I L
P
M =1 N "1 N O % > QR 0 F + F +,
O

? 2
M QR +, F + F +
•
-
S 50
+, 2 0.085C N 50E$. &
o

V
+ 2.6 35 " %
T$U
- $$
G "0.8 N %
U $
V$$
H 1 N *$$
U $

0.54 1.25 "0.6 % L

$.$$ V K
I3 J. I O W
P
M =1 N "1 N O % > QR 0 F + F +,
O

V
? 1.4 23.4 = >
T$U
$$
•
M QR +, F + F + -

XP N GB
• Main formulas:
CXP E
2G N 1
XP N B
G
YNG
CYE
2G N 1
YN
G
XP @. ,
Y Z.
B A B
[ Z.\ D@.
B
\
[\ @\. Z.\
B D
@. Z.
M. ^_
]
A B
.
,
M.\
`
\ _
.
, A B
*

o 0 F XP F B
• Equilibrium:

NG H A XP @. M. @\. M. ^_
NG H A XP * CG XP N BE @. M. "[ N * % @\. M. "[\ N * %
a a
_
B F XP F ∞
N CXP E H A B @. M. @\. M. ^_
o

N CXP E H A B * C CXP E N 1E @. M. "[ N * % @\. M. "[\ N * %

a a
_

Andrea Luca Biagini & Marco Dotti 2

 0FYF1
NG H Y Z. C D .E
\
]_
o
.

NG H Y * CG Y N 1E Z. c . " N %
*
D ."
\ \
N %d
*
`_
1FYF∞
N CYE H Z. C D .E
\
]_
o
.

N CYE H * C CYE N 1E Z. c . " N *% D \

. " \
N *%d `_

+ +-
•
e. N!. N
Zones:
-
, +.3
+-
1000
Y

1
o ZONE 1 (both reinforcements are at yielding):
.
\
. 1
XPJPJ Jfg 0
Y JPJ Jfg 0
XP 0.6415 [
h
JPfg
i2j
'
i W

Y 2L
0.6415
h
JPfg \
' 2

1
o ZONE 2 (top reinforcement in the elastic field, bottom is at yielding):
.

e.
\ L h UK
. K

XPJPJ 0.06415 [
h
Jfg
i2j
'
i W

Y JPJ 2L
0.6415
h
Jfg \
' 2

XP 2.267 [\
h
JPfg
ki2j
'
i W

Y 2.267
JPfg 2 L h
\
2U

1
o ZONE 3 (both reinforcements are over the yielding point):
.
\
. N1
XPJPJ 2.267 [\
h
Jfg
ki2j
'
i W

Y JPJ 2.267
Jfg 2 L h
\
2U

XP 0.6415 [
JPfg
i2j
'
i W

Y JPfg 2L
0.6415
2'

e.
LUK
o ZONE 4 (bottom rebar in the elastic field, top is at yielding):
. K
\
. N1
XP
JPJ Jfg
i2j 0.6415[
'
i W

Y JPJ Jfg 2L
0.6415
2'

Andrea Luca Biagini & Marco Dotti 3

 O W 'O2j a
XP 45.454 [ N 19.052B
JPfg l
O W 'O2j
Y JPfg

Apply the same formulas substituting G G∗

KUm
o ZONE 5 (neutral axis out of the section boundaries):
nko
KU
n

Andrea Luca Biagini & Marco Dotti 4

Shear Limit State
Design:

quantity equal to 2[:

• Compute the static value of the reaction reduced of a

C2[E
p_ p_ 2qrqs N
2
In case of concentrated force, if it is applied at a distance from the support minor of 2[ multiply it
for this distance divided by 2[.
≅ 0.5
• Compute ] t0.0035e v → xyzB e 2
0.6 "1 N %
* $
•
o {)
|}4
Compute the compress fibre inclination:

$.T ~
z)
•€4
• 4
o ‚ 0.5 asinC2 z) E
o

o Check the value of ‚: it must be 21.8° ˆ ‚ ˆ 45° if it exceed set its value to the closest.
o So that the value of z_ must be: 0.3448 F z_ F 0.5

o Z. z) tanC‚E sin* C‚E

• Compute the minimum amount of steel:

o Fix a value of Š.
@.. c Š. d
‹2 • 4 ~
* 14
o
•
o ∆@.g
|}4
Compute the longitudinal reinforcement:

* 14 •Ž•C•E
• Compute the reinforcement of the maximum bending moment:
o Compute the bending moment equation and determine the maximum bending moment and

@.g
‘#r’
its position

$.T 14
o

@.. is known so that Z. sin* ‚

Check:

z_ , sin ‚ cos ‚
•

p_ , z_ , ] 0.9 [ A p–
•
•
∆@.g
|54
* 14 •Ž•C•E
•

{)
|€4
Classical Morsh Truss Model
$.T ~
•
—..
‘ ˜22
~ 322
•
M..
•€4
™22
•
Δ—.g 0.5 ›€4 a
‘ • $.T
•
22

—..
‘ •€4
Modified Morsh Truss Model
›22
•
Δ—.g 0.5 ›€4
‘ • $.T
a
•
22
• —.. H —..
‘

Andrea Luca Biagini & Marco Dotti 5

 Δ—.g Δ—.g
‘
œ
•
η 1 N 0.4 v h
ž2 žs
•4
o

"y? $
→ 30 300 %
{\ 0.9 {) "y? %
If —.g % F 1.5
. 0.5 &
—.g %
J 1
If —.g % S 1.5
. 1
1N xBŠRŠ M ˆ0
* › # 4
J ˜
4

1N xBŠRŠ M S0
¡ › q# q4
J ˜
4
H tan ‚ (in an exam did so)
—., —..
‘
H Δ—.g
‘
o
• ¢ œ
•
o £Šy9Bz H —.. @¤ ¥. 3 ¦. Δ—.g A B 1000 ¦.
$$$
If you want to calculate the new angle
‘ ‘
22 œ
You obtain a second order equation with respect to cotanC‚E
So that you can compute ‚.
•
•

Andrea Luca Biagini & Marco Dotti 6

Stability Check and Design
)§¨
• I g©

@. " % @\. " % " XP N %

U h U h m a
• - , * , * * *
O W
IW ,ª
•

Check

XP
In order to perform the stability-check compute the Balanced Section:
i
' 2j
•
i W

Y
,ª
a
•
]~ 0.8 Y
^~ ]~ @
•

« ^~ with
•
• «
]
«
coefficient usually given

˜
•
4
^. @.
h

• ,
Y
•
$.(
•
^. 2 "* N 0.4 YB%
U h a
-
b
*
•

Methods:

—. it must be —. ¬ 0.02 otherwise set: —. 0.02

˜2
1. Nominal Stiffness Method

~a
•
])
«
~ a 4
•
- B A &
*
•
G √12
g© g©
~
• ¯
®°

e ®
*$
•

e* ])
m
²$
•
• ³ 1.2 it can vary
e o
'´
•
a *
• !-P¢ e ! - 2!. -. e ! - 2!. @. "[ N * %
¨ )§ªµ#
• )P¢ g©

Dg¢f
«
«€ªµ#
•

Andrea Luca Biagini & Marco Dotti 7

 Š$
¶ ·
•
• *
"1 1.23 % * "1 0.813 %
¸ ¸
• _ U¸ U¸

O2j
2. Nominal Curvature Method

I© $.V
•
? ]) €4 «
˜ ˜
•
4 4

Z.
˜2 14
˜
•
4
• ?- 1 Z.
?~fg 0.4 or ?~fg ]~ ¹
˜
•
4

eI if eI S 1 set eI 1
PW UP
PW UP¹rº
•
G.g3P 3I √12
g© g©
~
• ¯
®°

D 0.35 N
m
• -I»f -I3 *$$ $
• e´ 1 D -I»f -I3 ³3 if e´ ˆ 1 set e´ 1
"I % eI e´ "I %
P¢
•
©

§ ¶· Š$
0 y ¼Q?¾z
•
§
"I % with ¼ ½9.8 y ¦ R AQ·y¼
g©
§§ §
P¢
12 y ¾X¿¿ŠzRy¼ zRy ?9À· R [y¾zRyAÀzyQ?
•
§
• § §§

"I %
*O2j
3. Equilibrium Method

U h
•
©

• B "I %
©

1000
* 14
• €2 o©©©
ÁkÁh

]) N ~a
«
•
4
• Iteration until C] ¬ 1.02 ]) E:
o XP N y this is the value that must be iterated
a
*
oY
,ª
a
o+ fÂ
Y
o eK if eK S 1 set eK 1
O #r’ KÃ
O1 O1

o D3< Å3 N eK Æ
Ä
&
CY N \E
\ $$$Ã
o . .T¡
o Z.
˜2 14
˜
ND3< Y Z. C1 N .\ E
4
o]
o If the condition ] ¬ 1.02 ]) is fulfilled stop iterate otherwise increase y
•
VU Ä
Ç
Now you know the position of the neutral axis

*UV Ä
•

Andrea Luca Biagini & Marco Dotti 8

 • ` D3< YC0.5 N Ç E Z. ÅC N YE . CY
\
N \ EÆ

HJ `J /]J
¶· Š$
•
• §
*
" ¨© % "I %
g
• §
©
g * Ã
H3. " µ%
‘¯
«a ¨ a
•
It’s necessary to verify that HJ S H3.

O W
4. Column Method
IW ,ª
•

!-
V«ÉÊ Cg© E
¨
•

→I
‘
Let us impose the same slope of the curves and so
\
o
" %
•
Ê
• ¢ § §§
• §§ !- I
• § ¢ N §§
¶
‘¯
~If J¢
•
If I don’t know the section (A and @. )
I have a relationship between §§ and -
Let us impose I IW

" ¨ ©% →
Vg
• §§ IW
→ XP
O W
IW ,ª
•
• 0.8 XP A → A
, @. * 2 N ^ "0.4 XP N * % → @.
U h a
• -

1
- §§ C -E
t ¢ § §§
→ Š;Ë Ì R Í, Î
¢ ¾¾y9?Š[ 1
R-
Í * A Í ¼ 0 → Í ,* Í ,* C¼E
Δ 0→Í Í* → , Í

§ -
¶ AR ¼¼yQ
•
• §
¶
‘¯ f ‘-
~If J¢ ~If J¢
•

Remark:
• Increasing the vertical load, the neutral axis tends to infinity, so decreasing it the neutral axis tends to
0.

Andrea Luca Biagini & Marco Dotti 9

Cracking Limit State
~a
Preliminary steps:
• I ¡
e
‘
‘Ê
•
• Determine the loading condition:

e 0.6
o Short term:

)2
3 )#
homogenization coefficient

e 0.4
o Long term:

3 15

• e 0.8 (improved adhesion bar)

EC2 constants:

• e* 0.5 (bending)
• e& 3.4
• eV 0.425
¼ CB N [E N
¤¹rÊ
*
•

Select the minor value of lambda: G minÐ2.5C1 N δE; 0.5Ó

Design
•
M.
‘ ‘ a
×
q# #

Õ
$.T ~a ˜2 $.T ~a ™2 ™2 $.T∗¡

x ¾I C+. N + E ¾I "0.6 ) %
›2

Ö
•
2
Õ¾
Set the system:
e& ¼ e e* e& ™ → 9 ¦ AŠzxŠŠ? zBŠ A R¾
¤m
Ô I 2
In order to simplify the computation divide x equation by and substitute the value of M. /

!. x M. G ØG
and obtain:
c Ne N e 3 d ce& ¼ e e* eV d
—. —.
1 * e B 1 e B !. x
c d Ùe e* eV ØG c N e GdÛ N Ùe 3e e* eV ØG e& ¼ ce G N dÛ N e 3 e& ¼ N 0
—. 6 ∙ 0.9[ —. 6 ∙ 0.9[
@. —. AB
@\. @. D
•
•

Check
•
D
˜h2
Compute the position of the neutral axis:

˜2
o
0 N * XP* 3 @. ÅC[ N XP E DC[\ N XP EÆ
~

A
o

→ ¾Q·ÜŠ[: XP* 3 @. C1 DEXP N 3 @. C[ D[\ E 0

2
Y
,ª
a
•
G min Þ2.5C1 N δE; ; 0.5à
Uß
&
•
-,ª A 3 @. áC[ N XP E* DC[\ N XP E* â
,ª
&
•
M.
h U,
JP ª
• 3 §1ª

M. f U,ª
• 3 §1ª

Andrea Luca Biagini & Marco Dotti 10

 M JP ,ª
§1ª
•

M., q q# m
"1 3 m%
™2 $.* q#
• I ™2 ™2

¾I e& ¼ e e* e& ™
f ¤m
•
2
• + 0
+. + ÅM. fÂ
N M., I Æ
)2
•
x ¾I +.
3»3g¢ã3 fÂ
•
If x ˆ x the check is fulfilled
3»3g¢ã3
•

• @∗ AB 3 @. homogenized section
Curvature generated by a certain bending

• Two possibilities:

ä~fI AB * 3 @. 3 @. *
a U h \ U
o Referenced to the geometrical barycentre:
h
∗
*
Xå
–¹rÊ
∗

˜∗
*
-§ AB& AB Xå* 3 @. " * N Xå %
U h
*
*
3 @. " Xå %
\ U h
*

-§§ AXP& 3 @. C[ N XP E 3 @. C[ N XP E
it represents the status of fully reagent section
* \ \ *
&
it represents the status of completely cracked

äJP AB * 3 @. [ 3 @. [
a
Referenced to the bottom edge:
∗
o
\ \

–sªæ
∗
Xå
˜∗
a *
-§ AB& AB "Xå N * % 3 @. C[ N Xå E*
\
*
3 @. C[
N Xå E*
\
it represents the status of fully rea-

-§§ AXP& 3 @. C[ N XP E* 3 @. C[ N XP E*
gent section
\ \
&
it

ç
§¯
represents the status of completely cracked

§¯¯
•
G.g3P
g©
• 3I ¯
®°¯

D 0.35 N 2ºjª4jÊ
m
• -I»f -I3 *$$ $
è 1ND -I»f -I3 " ‘ % → distribution
‘Ê
• coefficient (take into account the stiffening behaviour)
‘
I¯ ) # §¯
•
á1 Cç N 1Eèâ
I I¯
•

• Ü Ü ∆Ü
Delayed Deformation of Concrete

o Ü
∆Ü éê ë#r’ = ‘ CËE )§ Cç N 1Eè> [Ë
ê ‘CêE
it is equal to the displacement in the elastic domain

ë Ê ¯
o

Andrea Luca Biagini & Marco Dotti 11

Visco-Elasticity

¼∆ì 2
Ã∆ì
General relations:

a
•
íî í C1 N `E `í$
M î M C1 N `E `M$
•
•
` N (usually Ç is given)
Uï
ï
•
! (usually ³ is given)
\ )
'ï´
•

3 C1 dzE
)2 î
• 3 ) 3

Homogenized section: @ @ 3 ;. @ with ;. @. /@

Assuming or
∗
•

Andrea Luca Biagini & Marco Dotti 12