Scribd
Upload
24K views

Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 Solid State Handwritten Notes

Chemistry notes of class 12

Uploaded by

Sunil Murapaka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
24K views

Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 Solid State Handwritten Notes

Chemistry notes of class 12

Uploaded by

Sunil Murapaka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19
Solid State Golids axe chasacterised by the state amattey im which pagde axe closely Packed amd held together b ee Stroma Tontessmol att sactive Forse + ae ae Propertes oh Solids => Q) Im Solid state the posxticle axe mot able to move gamdoemly @ They have defimate shape and Velwme- (8) Solids hove high density Solids have high amd shasbe melting poimt @hich debemds om the St¥ength se value of, bimeling emesegiy - S (S) They axe veuy Low Com pyessi ble - 6) They Show very slow diffusion - {Solids Rumox phous Solid () They domct have dePimite asd gegular geometsi col foxes Tonite, Crystalline Solids Ww) They have definite amd gegviak, geometric) Forem + fa) They have defimite anelting Pointe [(9) They do mot have deri cmelting point + have. definite. ® They have adefimite heat of fo) They Eysions Fusion = Heak of Fusion (4) They axe wigicl amd incompressible (4) These amen, be compress eat fo any, apracciable extent: (5) They axe isoTropic- (5) They axe amiset ropic « solids ©) They ane pseudo © Mey axe True Sclide + exasmple => Rubbes. , Plaste example = Qvasetg , Diasmocnd Some Important Characteristics of Various Classification © Forse. F crystalline Solids Tom the basis of imtexmmolecvlas | types of Crystals Units that Cations and ‘Atoms Molecules Positive fons in a occupy lattice anions "sea or pond’ of points electrons. Binding Electrostatic Shared vander Waals | Electrostatic forces attraction electrons or Dipole- attraction between between fons dipole positively charged fons and negatively charged electrons. Hardness Hard Very hard Soft Fiard or soft Graphite is soft Brittleness Brittle Tnterme= Low Tow diate Melting point High Very high Low Verying from moderate to high Electrical ‘Semi cond- Non-con- Bad condu- | Good conductors Conduction vuctor due to ductor ctor crystal impe- Graphite rections,con- Is good ductor in fused conductor state ‘Solubility in Soluble Insoluble Soluble as Good conductors Polar solvents well as insoluble Heat of NaCls) Graphite NHj\s) Cus) Veporisation 170-75 718-43 23.55 304.59 i mot) Heat of Necl > NH, 6) Cus) fusion 28.45 = 5.65 13.016 ty mot") Example NaCl, KNO, Diamond, 06), Na, Cu, Ag, Fe, CsCl, Na,SO, araphite, cO,s), Pr, alloys 2s Quartz Sulphur, (so), Sugar, sic Todine,noble gases 1 Tetelinte Lag of woth ee orthorhombic. Monoelinte 3K These crystals System differ im the Length ef, umit cells edges (a;b,c) and the amgles beleeom the umit cell edges: En cubic amd-trigonal System- the three Umit edges axe oh ual Length but Por the rest Five System fr 1s met Se - Umit-Cell > Umit cell the crysialline substamce fs defined as the sanallest Cebeahing umit which shows the complete geoametry of the crystalline Ssubstamce- %* A umit Cell fs chaxncterized by the edge lLemgih 4,6,¢ along Me meee edge ch the umit cell amd the amgleg Ar RIV between the pair oh edges be, ca amd ab eespectively - Cyy Stalline Lattice /space -Lattice/ 80- Lattice =7/ SPace Lattice Is a regula aseamgememt of Lattice poimts showing how the Paxticles aXe argamaed at cifferont Site im 3p - View. KK The three dismemsional distributfom of Commpomemt partcles ima ceystal cam be Foumd by %- Ray diFFeracho on of diFFexemt Paces of the cs Stall % * om the basis of the Classification of, Symmetry the cay stals have beem divided jmto Seven Systemes - these cam be geoubed Imto aa clagges which in tuam cam be 2egeo uber into og steal Sy Stem - The Seven Crystal Systems Primitive, Face-centred, Body centred = 3 ‘Tetragonal ebee a= B=y=90° Primitive, Body centred = 2 Rhombohedral | a= b=e a= B=7 290" Primitive = 1 Cubic a=b=c J cr Trigonal Orthorhombic | azbze | a=p=y=50° Primitive, Face-centred, or Rhomble Body centred End centred = 4 Monoelinie avbee a= y= 90%; Primitive, End - centred = 2 B= 90° ‘Triclinie azbec ar Beye 90 Primitive = 1 Hexagonal a= f= 90" Primitive = 1 y= 120° Total = 14 Types oF Umit cellBra vais -tattice] > {al sicmple / Primikve/ Basic unit cell =7 A umit cell havieng lattice Poimt omly at Cormerg called S-c-c {+e im this case Phere To ome atom at each the eight cormeys of the Umit cell Comsidertirg am atom AF ONE COYMERS.agaitee jt Will be Round Hhat His wtoam 1S sueecumded by six atom MUS CN Will be Sige fl (b Relationship between edge Lomgth “a ” amd atomic Yadiuse Q= ae ooo UW’ Number of atoms fn unit cell > moe heed CoyMers a. (iii) Packing ePrictency [p-£) => PES 1H YQ SL 5)° [es amd yeuS my = uf _ as * Sg = 07584 oR BQ-ye/. GEomETrYy of a cube => + # Number oF cormeys = & *%** Number of faces 2 & BE Number oh edges = 1a ** Number of cube centra= | ae Nusmbex of, Woe diagomals = 4 a *~ Numbeq ef Face diagemala = 1a Comtyibution of an atom at diPRevem} Siteg of cobe > @ & Cormey oF qa cube fs common jen 8 cobeg «go Yeh past OR am com is Peegemt ab this Coemeg cube. (] Atace of cube fs common im a cobes, 50 Yat pant of Am atom is Preset at the Pace of & cub (©) Anedge ol a whe is Common i 4 cubes, Sey,th Paset f the atocm 19 peesemt at the edge of a CUbe- e- [at corner ] (at fade) Lax edge) Tot cubecemtye | (o) Body -centred cubic cell [b-c-c] > A usit Celh having jattice Point at the body cemtre im additiom +o the Lattice comness ag body cemterea umit cell. @) Numbes eh atoom Presemt jen Umit cel => $*8)+(In1) =o atcormez ab Body cemtre, ») Packing eFficiency => eR = sf Lays oe ey = Jan 20-68" “as & Im@-ce 68+: of Total Nolwme iSoccypiedl by atom: (©) Pace-cemtred cubic cellLe-c-¢] => A Umit cell having Lattice Point at eveuy Pace Cemire jn additien to the Iaitce geimt at Wey corner, coldest Rice. Ror F Pes Nx Yaher N = angr( ais = S 20-3y ar BI ‘f- sf total Nelume 18 occupied by atoms - Im Pee 44. @ end centered tunit Cell => & umit cell having IeHice Poimd at the cemires of, only one ser ch opposite Races im addition te He lattice Poimt oF Rey Commer Called a8 end Centered umit celll - Crystal demsity of the Crystal => uh the lemgin of edge of the umit cell iS kmowm we cam calle the density of the ceysial as Ponow : lek edge Lemgth eb a cubic caystal =a cm Volume ef unit cell = 3 om Density of, uit cell = mass of umit cell Velum ef ni col Mass Umit call = one oh atoms xomegs of each sim umit cell, atoam = Xx™m om = M —> molaamass close Packed Ssteuctuxe =7 (@) omne-dienemsion =7 Assosngomm emt sf differant akomgy bm a eo touching eacth other Foes ene dimension close Packing (©) 2-0 - close Packiong =) The row Sl Paskele Cam be Stacked lon +00 Locys, o Sqpsce - close packing => Sphere oe Packed) ain Such A Way that they clign together, Veskically as, voell ag heel gentally ornd comer of alll sphess axe in a Straight ne «| ee ‘Square close packing (WD Hexagomal close Packicng fon the. de peessions to each othe - = when secomd gow ig aesamged of Fiyst eo amd all ateas Magomraley Hexagonal close packing (il) 3-0 close packing > "th 3-0 close Packing Froom 2-0 Squaxe close packed layers, => it is layes packing am hich Secomd layer is placed over Fiyst Layea in Such q'Way thet all the sphexes age exactly above each otheg~ This agsamngement FoUNg AAA Tybe oh lotice -@ Foemg Sionple cubic Lattice amd f\5 umit cell fg Peimitive cubic umit cell - ti} 3-0 close Packing Feoam 2-0 hexagemal close packed layers When Lay esg Comtasming hexagomal close Packing age BBamgeck Oe each cthex, two tybes eases: + Feasible. : "SP + Somems ake, W Aggamg enn emt of P beasese ovee the Piest Layea @D 6 fold axis are | w) pan 4 ae Lye, CNEL ABCABCA.. or abt doe pasting (ea) of soheres_| the 2 Layeg « Vg A umit cell comsists a Q cvbe im which x otoome cter ak the Cormesa amd y Yotoomg ase at the Face cemtyeg, Uwe atoms age missing Fromm two Cormess, of the umit cel) what fs the Foem ula of the Coanbouna 9 go Total Comte bution of “x” aboem Prom 6 Coen ens, = ox 4 73 ThEee atom P,G,R caystallige ina cuble Soliel Lottice & 10, R ceystallig 1 Q-etom ot body comteo. having P~atome at cormexs Amd R-etocme, at the Pace cemtges Piod Formula. of Soon oumel ¢) So” P —> Coymeng, Q — Body comtve R —s Face Comte (B54) R = POR aera) Ex. Sol 16 Element A is every element of FCC, atom B is present at every Octahedral void, ator C is present at 25% of ‘Tetrahedal void. Find out the possible molecular formula of the compound ? ‘Atom A is every eloment of FCC = 4 atoms of A Atom B is present at every octahedral void = 4 atoms of B ‘tom Cs prsent at 25W of tetrahedral vid = 8x25 Top” 2 tem of © So, the possible molecular formula is A, By C, LIMITING RADIUS RATIO9 : ‘An ionic erystal contains a latge number of cations and anions. Generally cations are Smaller in size than that of anions. The cations are surrounded by anions and they touch each other. These ions are arranged in ‘space In such @ way to produce maximum stability. The stability of the ionic erystal may be described in terms of radius ratio ie. the ratio of the radius of cation (7) to thet of anion (R) is (r/R). The range of (1/R) may be expressed as limiting radius ratio. This value is important to determine the arrangement of the ion in different types of crystals. Evidently radus ratio (/R) plays a very important role in deciding the stable structure of ionic crystal. Larger cations prefer occupying lagor holes (cule ete.) and smaller cations prefer occupying smeller holes (tetrahedral ete) (1) Triangular : All anions touches each other and co-ordination number is 3 Br 4 Vr" = 27 (2- va)" 2-V3 _2-1,73 _0.27 ome 173) | 178 LRR = 0155 = = <1 0.155 (ii) Tetrahedral void : All anions touches each other and co ordination number of cotion is 4, Face diagonal AC = Ba =2s- Fee nee ‘Triangle ACD - i c AD*= AC*+ CD* A Apt= (vBa) +(a)? = 258+ 3 AD= V3 2 “ Rats According to cube diagonal AD B D z NB-V2 _1.73-1.414 ee 1414 (iit) Octahedral void : Alll the anions are touch each other and co ordination number is 6. In AABC AC? = ABY+ BC? 0.225 ac = Ze are B= AC Be BC+ a= 2r Bri +20 Bx 2r7 2r 2 Se P-1_ 144-1 = 0014 (iv) Cubic void : All the anions are touch each other and co ordination number is 8. According to cube diagonal AD = YBa =2r° +217 (e=2r"=BO) 3x20 Dividing by 2r “on both sides. Oe Or 1 => Dev8-1 ~ 1.732 - 1 = 0.732 “The preferred cirecion of the structure wath increase in the radius ratio 1s as folows Plane triangular 025, Tetvehedral _941¢_, octahedral 073" 5 Cubie Limiting radius ratio for various types of sites Limiting radius Coordination Structural Example ratio = 1/R, Number of cation ‘Arrangement (Geometry of voids) 0.185 - 0.225 3 Plane Trigonal Boron Oxide 0.225 - 0.414 4 ‘Tetrahedral 2n8, SiO, 0.414 - 0,732 4 Square plenaer - 0.414 - 0.732 6 Octahedral NaCl, MgO, 0.732 - 1.000 8 Cubic csc Defects oe Imperfection im Solidg => ——————— The ceystal in which all the Lattice poimts age occupied by the Compomemt particle og geoufs of Pasties is called am ideal aystal. Defect ion GAystals we Peoducod either, due to theasmal 6 6e by adding cestarin Ton puri tes im the pire cuysialg « W Stoichiometric - defects @ Non-shoichiometsic defeds W Defects im stoichiometyic defect => Stoichiometelc Coamboundy ore thoSe [Im which te mumbem Positive amd megah've ions age exactly fon the -gatio ag Showm by there chemni cog. Poamula - @ Bchotiky defect (6) Frenkel defect A\ Schottky oh k => ~> Nacomey dePeed im fomic Solfdy- — equal Mo Cakiong amd amiong, are missing > — Demsity Substamce | amd Stability {. We solide” howe Comparable cationic amet amignic fading. — c'N ig nigh — Hishy pound im ~ Nacl, Kel, Agee (&) Eeemkel defect > Smaller, tens cusvally cations axe Alsociated Prom movmal site to geome Ponteestitial g/te . — density Same but stability |. — > baege Sige vasiah'on b/t cation amd amion —=>> GN Low && Ams , fad, Agbe —s Comductyity ___ Schottky defect Frenkel defect age © Nem=Seichiometvic dehect =) These Types off defeats axe obsewed fon the combound al teamsitfonal elememt - These defects axise ether due to the beesemce of excesg onetal, fon S& ECE Non - Metal fon- () Metall exceag di due to ambien vacamci es, => Fr compound “may have excess metal fon Th am amion (megative ion) iS absent Feom its appeopetote lattice site eeeating avoid’ which is eccupied by am Clecte ones whem alkali -metal holide ote Heated im a aksmos phese of ‘afoures of the alboli metal anion vacamctos ane Reated « Theamiong di fo the § the Gy Stal From theiy appropriate laitice sites, te Combine with the newly gemetated metal cation - The e? Lost by the Metal atoan eli theough the eaystal ase fanown og F - Cemt yes . ie am atemos FeEeKomMble, When Nock caystal ts Healed Phese off No vapours Tt become Yelloyy Ui) Peesence oh extva cation im imterstitial sites => Zinc Caide 18 white ion Colou% ak yooen Tempgotuse on Keating it Loses onjgem amd tuams yellow - amo —A —szmt@ rah Pa Now there is excess af, time Ton the caystal ame its Foamula he comes, Km peg. he excess xt? fens amove to fentesstWal sites, amd the electrons to cneigh bo vsuing Poteestitad siteg . il) _Metal -dericiemcy defects = itis a Coansmom defeat oe tramsition metal compoumda im Which Metal shows Variable valency tm Pact a Peto etal cations im lower Oxidation state ate omissiorg Froon caystoal Lathice amd thely choage ts balamced b ¥ the othe Cot ong, Same metal im Higher, oxidakion Stele . it Cauges, Some ete ig amet Loss Causing Metal cle Pieiemcy : + mera Ge Fogg? | Ro.g.0 Q& Sodiwm has a bec structure sith Meatest meighbour distame, 265-3 PEN calculate. HS demsity (Atomic mass ef Na= 23) Sol For bee structuve ,neavest neighbovs distamce (ax) is eclated to edge Length fa) 2% =o x 11% 2 pay =_@ 365-9 = Hag. 5 yaa SHES Pan M233 for bec Structure ,X= a d= 2eM Qa a heuer 23 aSx Na (waa-6 x16" ) & eroaa nig 218) gan | Gm? S Am element crystallizes am Pace cemtyed cubic Latiice sith density 5-203 anJ om amd edge Length of the side of unit cell ag 3e0 pan > Calevlate the mags of the elememt which comtaim $-01% 10 atooes sa" Por Fee ze 4 A=

You might also like