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Microwave Assisted Drug Synthesis (MADS): A Green Technology in Medicinal

Chemistry

Article · January 2016

DOI: 10.4172/1920-4159.1000e106

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Editorial Open Access

Microwave Assisted Drug Synthesis (MADS): A Green Technology in

Medicinal Chemistry
Biswa Mohan Sahoo*
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Vikas College of Pharmacy, Vissannapeta, Krishna District-521 215, Andhra Pradesh, India
*Corresponding author: Biswa Mohan Sahoo, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Vikas College of Pharmacy, Vissannapeta, Krishna District-521 215, Andhra
Pradesh, India, Tel: 9133055582; E-mail: [email protected]
Received date: December 30, 2015; Accepted date: December 31, 2015; Published date: January 04, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Sahoo BM. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Introduction polarization and ionic conduction. When irradiated at microwave

frequencies, electromagnetic waves pass through the dipoles or ions of
Drug therapies for various diseases are developed based on their the sample and cause the molecules to oscillate. In this process, energy
biological targets. However, the development of new drug molecule is lost in the form of heat through molecular friction and dielectric
with their desired biological properties is time consuming and loss. Because microwave radiation is introduced into the reaction
expensive. In order to identify the potential drug candidates, rational system remotely without direct physical contact with reaction
drug design along with combinatorial chemistry has emerged to speed materials, this can lead to a rapid temperature increase throughout the
up the lead identification and optimization during drug discovery sample that cause less by-products formation and decomposition of
process. So, it is thought of interest toward technologies that allow products. Every solvents and reagent also absorb microwave energy
rapid synthesis and screening of chemical substances to identify lead differently. So, the organic solvents are categorized into three types
compounds with suitable potency and less toxicity. Thus, microwave such as low, medium and high absorber of microwave radiation. The
accelerated drug synthesis (MADS) is considered as an emerging green low absorbers are generally hydrocarbons while the high absorbers are
technology with environmental friendly chemical processes in more polar compounds like alcohols and medium absorbers are water,
medicinal chemistry. Most of the drug synthesis proceeds faster with dimethyl formamide, acetonitrile, acetone, acetic acid etc [4].
higher yields under microwave irradiation as compared to
conventional heating method. Microwave technology possesses several
Advantages of microwaves synthesis
advantages such as high efficiency, yield, selectivity, easy separation
and purification [1,2]. Microwave assisted drug synthesis provides following benefits over
conventional synthesis
History of Development of Microwave Technology • Increased reaction rate with less usage of energy for chemical
The first microwave oven was introduced by Tappan in 1955 but the reaction
widespread use of domestic microwave ovens occurred during the • High efficiency and uniform heating throughout the reacting
1970s and 1980s. The first application of microwaves irradiation in medium
chemical synthesis was published in 1986 by the groups of Richard • Selectivity of chemical reaction with improved reproducibility
Gedye and Raymond J. Giguere/George Majetich. Several research • Reduced reaction time with high yield and purity of the product
groups started experiments with solvent free microwave synthesis to • Reduced environmental heat loss
eliminate the chemical hazards in the year 1990. Since the year 2000, • Reduction in unwanted side reaction
commercial microwave reactors for chemical synthesis have become
• Reduced wastage of heating reaction vessel
available to carry out the various chemical transformations in the
research laboratories [3]. • Low operating cost

Types of microwave reaction Applications of Microwave Assisted Organic Synthesis

• Microwave assisted reactions using solvents Most of the peptide synthesis is carried out on a solid phase and it
• Microwave assisted reactions under solvent free conditions has been observed that microwave irradiation enhances the
deprotection, coupling, cyclization, condensation, isomerization,
• Microwave assisted reactions using solid phase
oxidation, reduction, cycloaddition, rearrangement, nucleophilic
• Microwave assisted reactions on mineral supports in dry media substitution and cleavage of chemical reactions. Based on the highly
efficient microwave heating technology, a series of potent and selective
Heating Mechanism of Microwave Synthesis allosteric AKT kinase inhibitors were developed. These inhibitors were
derived from a 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline [5].
Microwaves are the form of electromagnetic radiation or energy.
The microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum lies between
infrared and radio frequencies. Electromagnetic wave consists of both Conclusion
electric field and magnetic field. In typical microwave ovens, the Rapid synthesis and quick construction of diverse compound
magnetrons (microwave generators) produce a microwave wavelength libraries are essential to speed up the drug discovery and development
of 12.25 cm which corresponds to a frequency of 2.45 GHz. Microwave process. For high speed synthesis, microwave irradiation heating
irradiation elicits heating by two main mechanisms such as dipolar technology has gained its importance as an instrumental tool in the

J App Pharm Volume 8 • Issue 1 • 1000e106

ISSN:1920-4159 JAP, an open access journal
Citation: Sahoo BM (2016) Microwave Assisted Drug Synthesis (MADS): A Green Technology in Medicinal Chemistry. J App Pharm 8: e106.
doi:10.4172/1920-4159.1000e106

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drug discovery programs. So microwave technology is emerging as an 3. Giguere RJ, Bray TL, Duncan SM, Majetich G (1986) Application of
alternative powerful energy source to accomplish chemical commercial microwave-ovens to organic-synthesis. Tetrahedron Letter 27:
transformations in minutes, instead of hours or even days. 4945-4948.
4. Polshettiwar V, Nadagouda MN, Varma RS (2009) Microwave assisted
chemistry: A rapid and sustainable route to synthesis of organics and
References nanomaterials. Australian Journal Of Chemistry 62: 16-26.
1. Kappe CO, Dallinger D (2006) The impact of microwave synthesis on drug 5. Morschhauser R, Krull M, Kayser C, Boberski C, Bierbaum R, et al. (2012)
discovery. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 5: 51-63. Microwave-assisted continuous flow synthesis on industrial scale. Green
Process Synth 1: 281-290.
2. Gedye R, Smith R, Westaway K, Ali H, Baldisera L, et al. (1986) The use of
microwave ovens for rapid organic synthesis. Tetrahedron Letters 27:
279-282.

J App Pharm Volume 8 • Issue 1 • 1000e106

ISSN:1920-4159 JAP, an open access journal

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