General Mathematics: Quarter 1 - Module 2 (Week 2) Rational Functions
General Mathematics: Quarter 1 - Module 2 (Week 2) Rational Functions
General Mathematics
Quarter 1 – Module 2
(Week 2)
Rational Functions
About the Module
This module was designed and written with you, students, in mind. It is here to help
you master the nature of functions. The scope of this module permits it to be used
in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged based on the Most Essential
Learning Competencies (MELCs) released by the Department of Education (DepEd)
for this school year 2020 – 2021.
This module is divided into five lessons, namely:
• Lesson 5 – Real Life Rational Functions
• Lesson 6 – Rational Functions, Equations and Inequality
• Lesson 7 – Solving Rational Equations and Inequalities
• Lesson 8 – Representation of Rational Functions
• Lesson 9 – Domain and Range of Rational Functions
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What I Know (Pre-Test)
Test I: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Martin can finish a job in 6 hours working alone. Victoria has more experience
and can finish the same job in 4 hours working alone. How long will it take both
people to finish that job working together?
A. 2.4 hours C. 3.5 hours
B. 2.9 hours D. 3.7 hours
2. Sarah can finish a job in 7 hours working alone. If Sarah and Matteo work
together, they can finish the work in 3 hours. How long will it take if Matteo will
choose to work alone?
A. 4.25 hours C. 5.25 hours
B. 4.85 hours D. 5.55 hours
3. Which of the following is an example of rational function?
5 2 𝑥 2 +2𝑥+3
A. ≤𝑥 C. 𝑦=
𝑥−3 𝑥+1
2 3 1 5 2 12
B. − 2𝑥 = 5 D. ≤ 𝑥 + 𝑥+2
𝑥 𝑥−3
A. -2 C. 7
B. 5 D. 10
𝑥+3
7. Solve for x in > 0.
𝑥−2
1
4𝑥 2 −3𝑥+4
9. What is the range of the function 𝑓 (𝑥) = ?
2𝑥 2 −8
A. All real numbers except -2 C. All real numbers except 2
B. All real numbers except 0 D. All real numbers except 4
3𝑥+4
10. What is the range of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = ?
2𝑥 2 −8
Test II. Fill out the missing values in the table using the given rational function below.
Copy the table and show your solution.
2
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥+1
x 0 1 2 3 4
f(x)
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Lesson Real Life Functions
5
What’s In
REVIEW
How do we find the Least Common Denominator (LCD)?
To add or subtract fractions with different denominators, you must find the least
common denominator. LCD refers to the lowest multiple shared by each original
denominator in the equation, or the smallest whole number that can be divided by
each denominator.
Example 1: Example 2:
1 2 3 6
Given: +3 Given: +5
2 4
Solution: LCD is 6 Solution: LCD is 20
1 3 2 2 3 5 6 4
= • + • = • + •
2 3 3 2 4 5 5 4
3 4 15 24
= + = +
6 6 20 20
𝟕 𝟑𝟗
= =
𝟔 𝟐𝟎
What’s New
Example 1:
Martin can finish a job in 6 hours working alone. Victor has more experience and
can finish the same job in 4 hours working alone. How long will it take both people
to finish that job working together?
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Given:
6 hours – Martin can do the work alone
4 hours – Victor can do the work alone
Find: x – hours Martin and Victor can do the work
Solution:
1 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 1
Rates: Martin = 6 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 = 6
1 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 1
Victor = 4 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 = 4
1 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 1
Together= =𝑥
𝑥 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
1 1 1
+4=𝑥
6
2 3 1
+ =
12 12 𝑥
→ LCD is 12
5 1
=𝑥
12
→ Perform the operation, use cross multiplication
5 1
=𝑥
12
Example 2:
Sarah can finish a job in 7 hours working alone. If Sarah and Matteo work together,
they can finish the work in 3 hours. How long will it take if Matteo will do the work
alone?
Given:
7 hours – Sarah can do the work alone
3 hours – Sarah and Matteo can do the work together
Find: x hours – for Matteo to do the work alone
Solution:
Rates: Sarah = 71 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
= 17
Matteo = 𝑥1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
= 1𝑥
1 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 1
Together= =3
3 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
1 1 1
Equation: +𝑥 =3
7
→ Use addition property of equality in solving x, add
both sides by -1/7
1
1
7
1
− +
7 𝑥
= 13 − 17
→ perform the operations
1 1 1
= 3−7
𝑥
→ LCD is 21 on the right side
4
1 7 3
= 21 − 21
𝑥
→ perform the operation
1 4
=
𝑥 21
→ cross multiply.
21 = 4𝑥
21 4𝑥
=
4 4
→ Divide both sides by 4 to get the value of x
21 1
𝑜𝑟 5 4 𝑜𝑟 5.25 = 𝑥
4
→ You can also switch their positions
21 1
𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 5 4 𝑜𝑟 5.25
4
Therefore, it takes 5.25 hours to finish the job if Matteo will do the work alone.
What’s More
NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!
Directions: Solve each problem. Show your solutions and write answers on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. One person can complete a task in 8 hours. Another person can complete a
task in 3 hours. How many hours does it take for them to complete the task
if they work together?
3. Joy can pile 100 boxes of goods in 5 hours. Stephen and Joy can pile 100
boxes in 2 hours. If Stephen chooses to work alone, how long will it take?
𝑃(𝑥)
• A rational function is a function of the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = , where 𝑃(𝑥)
𝑄(𝑥)
and 𝑄(𝑥) are polynomial functions and 𝑄(𝑥) ≠ 0.
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Lesson Rational Functions,
6 Equations and Inequalities
What’s New
The table below shows the definitions of rational functions, rational equations and
rational inequalities with examples.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
EXAMPLE 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟓 𝟐
𝒙+𝟏 − = ≤
or 𝒙 𝟐𝒙 𝟓 𝒙−𝟑 𝒙
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
𝒚=
𝒙+𝟏
6
What’s More
NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!
Directions: Identify whether the following is a rational function,
rational equation or rational inequality.
2 4
1. + 2−𝑥 = 0
𝑥+1 2
4. 𝑦 = 1 +
𝑥−2
𝑥 1
2. − 𝑥+1 ≤ 0
𝑥+2 5. √𝑥 − 2 = 4
𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1
3. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−1
𝑝(𝑥)
• Rational Function is a function of the form of 𝑓(𝑥) = where p(x) and q(x)
𝑞(𝑥)
are polynomials, and q(x) is not the zero function.
• Rational Equation is an equation involving rational expressions.
• Rational Inequality is an inequality involving rational expressions.
What’s In
REVIEW
Factoring
Example 1: Factor 2𝑥 + 6
→ common factor is 2.
2 (x + 3)
Therefore, the factors are 2 and x + 3
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Example 2: Factor 3𝑥 2 + 12𝑥
→ common factor is 3x.
3x (x + 4)
Therefore, the factors are 3x and x + 4
Example 3: Factor 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 15
Since there is no common factor, use factoring trinomials
So, we can factor the whole expression into
x2 + 8x + 15 = (x + 3)(x + 5)
Example 4: Factor 𝑥 2 − 16
Since there is no common factor, use the factoring of sum and
difference of two squares
So, we can factor the whole expression into
x2 - 16 = (x + 4)(x - 4)
What’s New
Example 1:
Example 2:
3 4
Solve for 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑥+2
𝑥−1 4 3 1
Solution: Solve for 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑥−1 + 2
5
3 4
= 𝑥+2 Solution:
𝑥−1 4 3 1
→ use cross multiplication = 𝑥−1 + 2
5
3(𝑥 + 2) = 4(𝑥 − 1) → LCD is 10(x-1)
→ use distributive property 4
∙ 10(𝑥 − 1) =
3 1
∙ 10(𝑥 − 1) + ∙ 10(𝑥 − 1)
3𝑥 + 6 = 4𝑥 − 4 5 𝑥−1 2
→ use addition property of → perform the operations
equality 4 ∙ 2(𝑥 − 1) = 3(10) + 5(𝑥 − 1)
3𝑥 − 4𝑥 = −4 − 6 → distributive property
→ perform the operations. 8𝑥 − 8 = 30 + 5𝑥 − 5
−𝑥 = −10 → combine like terms and
→ divide both sides by -1 solve for x
8𝑥 − 5𝑥 = 30 − 5 + 8
Hence, 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎 → simplify
3𝑥 = 33
→ divide both sides by 3
𝑥 = 11
Hence, 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏
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Solving Rational Inequality
To solve rational inequalities, you need to find the critical values of the rational
expression which divide the number line into distinct open intervals.
The critical values are simply the zeros of both the numerator and the denominator.
You must remember that the zeros of the denominator make the rational expression
undefined, so they must be immediately disregarded or excluded as a possible
solution. However, zeros of the numerator also need to be checked for its possible
inclusion to the overall solution.
Example:
𝒙+𝟑
>𝟎
𝒙−𝟐
Solution:
Step 1: Write the inequality in the correct form. One 𝑥+3
>0
side must be zero and the other side can have only 𝑥−2
one fraction, so simplify the fractions if there is
more than one fraction.
Step 2: Find the key or critical values. To find the 𝑥 + 3 = 0 and 𝑥−2 = 0
key/critical values, set the numerator and 𝒙 = −𝟑 𝒙=𝟐
denominator of the fraction equal to zero and solve.
𝑥+3
Step 5: Since should be positive, the solution
𝑥−2
must be (−∞, −3) ∪ (2, +∞).
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What’s More
NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!
Solve the following rational equations and inequality. Show your
solutions and write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
2 5 4 8 6 𝑥−5
1. = 𝑥+2 2. = 𝑥+7 − 5 3. >0
𝑥−1 5 𝑥−2
Lesson Representations of
8 Rational Functions
What’s New
𝟐 𝟓𝒙 𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙+𝟑
Examples: a. 𝒇(𝒙) = , x ≠ -1 b. 𝒚 = ,x≠2 c. 𝒇(𝒙) = , x ≠ -1
𝒙+𝟏 𝒙−𝟐 𝒙+𝟏
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How do we represent rational functions through a table of values?
A table of values is a graphic organizer or chart that helps you determine two or
more points that can be used to create your graph. For example, we take the Example
2
1 above which is 𝑓(𝑥) = , we can start assigning values for x to get the value of
𝑥+1
f(x) in the table of values. In our example, we assigned integers from 0 to 3 for our x-
value.
x 0 1 2 3
f(x) or y 2 1 2/3 1/2
Solutions:
For x = 0 For x = 2
2 2 2 𝟐
𝑓(0) = = =𝟐 𝑓(2) = =
0+1 1 2+1 𝟑
For x = 1 For x = 3
2 2 2 2 𝟏
𝑓(1) = = =𝟏 𝑓(3) = = =
1+1 2 3+1 4 𝟐
Graphs refer to the plotting of points in the cartesian plane. We can take out the
coordinates in the previous example on the table of values.
x 0 1 2 3
f(x) or y 2 1 2/3 1/2
(x, y) (0, 2) (1, 1) (2, 2/3) (3, 1/2)
(2, 2/3)
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What’s More
NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!
Directions: Represent the following functions/equations through their table of values
and graph. Use the x-values 0, 1, 2 and 3 for the table of values.
4 2
1. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2. 𝑦 = − 𝑥+3
𝑥+2
What’s In
REVIEW
These are the terms or group of terms you need to know before going to the
discussion on the domain and range of rational functions.
1. Set of Real Numbers (ℝ) – The real numbers include natural numbers or
counting numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational numbers (fractions and
repeating or terminating decimals), and irrational numbers. The set of real
numbers consists of all the numbers that have a location on the number line.
2. Domain – the set of all x – values in a relation.
3. Range – the set of all y – values in a relation.
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4. Degree of Polynomial – the degree of a polynomial with one variable is based
on the highest exponent.
For example, in the expression x3 + 2x + 1, the degree is 3 since the highest
exponent is 3.
What’s New
The domain of the rational function 𝑓 is the set of real numbers except those values
of x that will make the denominator zero.
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Case 2: If the polynomial in the numerator is a lower degree than the
denominator, the y-value 0 is the exception.
Example:
3𝑥 + 4
𝑓(𝑥) = 2
2𝑥 − 8
→ The degree in the numerator is 1 and the degree in the numerator is
2, since the numerator has lower degree than the denominator, 0 is
the exception.
→ Stating the range:
The range is all real numbers (ℝ) except 0
What’s More
NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!
• The domain of the rational function 𝑓 is the set of real numbers except
those values of x that will make the denominator zero.
• The range of a rational function f is the set of real numbers except those
values that fall to the following conditions.
Case 1: Same degree in the numerator and denominator
Case 2: Numerator has a lower degree than the denominator
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What I Can Do
Directions: Give what is asked in the problem and put your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.
Problem: The distance in kilometers from JY Square Mall and Supermarket to Ayala
𝑥+5
Center Cebu is described in the rational function f(x) = with x being the number
2𝑥−9
of minutes you drive a car. What is the distance in kilometers from JY Square Mall
and Supermarket to Ayala Center Cebu if you arrive there in 7 minutes?
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Assessment (Post-test)
Test I. Choose the letter of the correct answer and write them on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Melvin can finish a job in 9 hours working alone. Vanessa has more experience
and can finish the same job in 6 hours working alone. How long will it take both
people to finish that job working together?
A. 2.3 hours C. 3.6 hours
B. 2.9 hours D. 3.9 hours
2. Liza can finish a job in 5 hours working alone. If Liza and Enrique work together,
they can finish the work in 3 hours. How long will it take if Enrique will choose to
work alone?
A. 10 hours C. 7 hours
B. 7.5 hours D. 6.5 hours
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8. What is the domain of the function 𝑓 (𝑥) = ?
𝑥−2
16
8𝑥 3 −5𝑥+4
9. What is the range of the function 𝑓 (𝑥) = ?
4𝑥 3 −8
Test II. Copy the table and fill out the missing values using the given rational function
below. Show your solution.
𝒙+𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) =
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
x 0 1 2 3 4
f(x)
17
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Lesson 5 Lesson 6
2.
What's More What's More x f(x)
1. Rational Equation 0 -2/3
1 -1/2
1. 24/11 or 2.18 hours 2. Rational Inequality 2 -2/5
3 -2/6
Explanation 3. Rational Function
or
1/8 + 1/3 = 1/x 4. Rational Function -1/3
Then solve for x 5. Rational Equation Coordinates:
(0, -2/3), (1, -1/2),
(2, -2/5) (3, -1/3)
2. 20/9 or 2.22 hours Lesson 7
Explanation What's More
1/5 + 1/4 =1/x 1. x = 3
Then solve for x 2. x = -3
3. (-∞,2)∪(5,+∞)
3. 10/3 or 3.33 hours Lesson 8 Lesson 9
What’s More What's More
Explanation
Test I.
1. 1. All real numbers except 5
1/5 + 1/x = 1/2
x f(x) 2. All real numbers except
Then solve for x 0 2 1/2
1 4/3 3. All real numbers except -1
2 1 Test II.
4. 40/3 or 13.33 hours 3 4/5 1. All real numbers except 4
2. All real numbers except
1/20 + 1/x = 1/8 Coordinates: 1/2
(0, 2), (1, 4/3), (2, 1), 3. All real numbers except 0
Then solve for x (3, 4/5)
What I Can Do
2.4 kilometers
Answer Key
References
Text Book
I.M. Gelfand, Alexander Shen. 2003. Algebra. Springer Science & Business
Media, ISBN 0817636773, 9780817636777.
Oronce, O. A. (2016). General Mathematics. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book
Store. pp86-106.
PDF
Verzosa, Debbie Marie B. et al. (2016). General Mathematics Learner's Material
[PDF File]. Pasig City, Philippines: Department of Education .pp 44-59.
Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/36815004/General_Mathematics_Learners
_Material_Department_of_Education_Republic_of_the_Philippines
Websites
Google. n.d. Google Maps Directions for Driving from JY Square Mall to Ayala
Center Cebu. Retrieved July 11, 2020 from
https://tinyurl.com/y7gb6b85
Google. n.d. Google Maps Directions for Driving from Krus ni Magellan to
Osmena Boulevard, Cebu City. Retrieved July 11, 2020 from
https://tinyurl.com/y8pcufv7
Pierce, Rod. 2020. Math is Fun. Accessed July 7, 2020.
http://www.mathsisfun.com/
Icons
All icons used in this module is taken from MS Office 365.
Graphs
All graphical representation in this module is a snip/ screenshot using the
graphing calculator site of www.desmos.com.
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Congratulations!
You are now ready for the next module. Always remember the following:
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