TERM PAPER

REFRIGERTAOR VS. HEAT PUMP

Course:Engineering Thermodyanmics.

DOS :2 /4/11

SUBMITTED TO : TUKESH SONI SIR.

NAME :HONEY BHATIA

SECTION:RB4912

ROLL NO. :A12

REG NO. :10905099

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

THE FOLLOWING TERM PAPER OF

ENGINEERING THERMODYANMICS IS
REFRIGERATOR VS. HEAT PUMP HAS BEEN
MADE WITH THE HELP OF BOOKS LIKE H. C.
Van Ness, Y.A. Cengel, M.A. Boles, Van Wylen,
Sonntag.

Several web site :

(refrences)

a. home.howstuffworks.com

b. www.brighthub.com › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering

c. www.ohio.edu/people/piccard/phys202/carnot/carnot.html

d. amitime.com

e. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pump

f. www.amazon.com

g. www.googleimages.com
Contents:

a.History.

b.Introduction.

c.Working principle.

d. COMPARISON BETWEEN CARNOT ENGINE, HEAT

PUMP AND REFRIGERATOR.

e. Efficency of Heat pumps and refrigerator.

f.Ratings or unit .

h.Application.

i.\Refrigerants.
INTRODUCTION

A.HISTORY :
1.REFRIGERATOR:

a.Before the invention of the refrigerator, icehouses were used to provide cool storage for most of the year. Placed
near freshwater lakes or packed with snow and ice during the winter, they were once very common. Natural means
are still used to cool foods today. On mountainsides, runoff from melting snow is a convenient way to cool drinks,
and during the winter one can keep milk fresh much longer just by keeping it outdoors.

b. In the 11th century, the Persian physicist and chemist Ibn Sina (Avicenna) invented the refrigerated coil,
which condenses aromatic vapours. This was a breakthrough in distillation technology and he made use of it
in his steam distillation process, which requires refrigerated tubing, to produce essential oils.

The first known artificial refrigeration was demonstrated by William Cullen at the University of Glasgow in
1748. Between 1805, when Oliver Evans designed the first refrigeration machine that used vapour instead of
liquid, and 1902 when Willis Haviland Carrier demonstrated the first air conditioner, scores of inventors
contributed many small advances in cooling machinery. In-home refrigeration became a reality in 1834 with
the invention of the cooling compression system by the American inventor Jacob Perkins.[7] In 1850 or 1851,
Dr. John Gorrie demonstrated an ice maker.[citation needed]

In 1857, Australian James Harrison developed the world first practical ice making machine and refrigeration
system, and it was used in the brewing and meat packing industries of Geelong, Victoria. Ferdinand Carré of
France developed a somewhat more complex system in 1859. Unlike earlier compression-compression
machines, which used air as a coolant, Carré's equipment contained rapidly expanding ammonia. The
absorption refrigerator was invented by Baltzar von Platen and Carl Munters from Sweden in 1922, while
they were still students at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm.

2.Heat pump:

Milestones:

 1748: William Cullen demonstrates artificial refrigeration.

 1834: Jacob Perkins builds a practical refrigerator with diethyl ether.
 1852: Lord Kelvin describes the theory underlying heat pump.
 1855–1857: Peter Ritter von Rittinger develops and builds the first heat pump

.
*The Beginning
 Robert C. Webber, an American inventor, is credited with building the first heat pump during the late
1940s. Webber got the idea for the heat pump by accident when he was experimenting with his deep
freezer, and burned his hand after unintentionally touching the outlet pipes of the cooling system.
The burning of his hands gave him ideas for the basic mechanics of how he would build the heat
pump.

*Heat Pump Invented

 Webber followed multiple steps to create the first heat pump. According to MasterTherm, "He
connected the outlet piping from a freezer to a hot water heater and, since the freezer was producing
constant excess heat, he hooked up the heated water to a piping loop." Then Webber used a small fan
to propel the warm air in the building. After he saw that his invention was successful, he built a full
size heat pump to provide heat for his entire home.

*Underground heat
 In addition to pumping heat from his freezer, Webber decided to pump heat from underground
because the temperature hardly fluctuated through out the year. According to Oklahoma State
University, "Copper tubing was placed in the ground and freon gas ran through the tubing to gather
the ground heat. The gas was condensed in the cellar, gave off its heat and forced the expanded gas
to go through the ground coil to pick up another load." Webber used a fan to generate the air into his
home. A year later, Webber was satisfied with his invention and sold his old coal furnace.

William Thomson
 By 1852, William Thomson (also known as Lord Kelvin) developed the concept of the heat pump.
Thomson desired to make his key theoretical prove that heat could flow downhill (from hot to cold).
As Thomson developed the device, he did foresee its initial application in buildings for cooling, air
conditioners, chillers and refrigerators.

b.Introduction.
1.REFRIGERATOR:

A refrigerator (commonly called a "fridge") is a cooling apparatus. The common household appliance
comprises a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump—chemical or mechanical means—to transfer
heat from it to the external environment (i.e., the room in which it is located), cooling the contents to a
temperature below ambient. Cooling is a popular food storage technique in developed countries and works
by decreasing the reproduction rate of bacteria. The device is thus used to reduce the rate of spoilage of
foodstuffs.
A refrigerator maintains a temperature a few degrees above the freezing point of water. Optimum
temperature range for perishable food storage is 3 to 5 °C (37 to 41 °F).[1] A similar device which maintains
a temperature below the freezing point of water is called a "freezer".

The refrigerator is a relatively modern invention among kitchen appliances. It replaced the icebox, which
had been a common household appliance for almost a century and a half prior. For this reason, a refrigerator
is sometimes referred to as an "icebox".

*FREEZER:

Freezer units are used in households and in industry and commerce. Most freezers operate around 0 °F
(−18 °C). Domestic freezers can be included as a separate compartment in a refrigerator, or can be a separate
appliance. Domestic freezers are generally upright units resembling refrigerators, or chests (resembling
upright units laid on their backs). Many upright modern freezers come with an ice dispenser built into their
door.

2.HEAT PUMP:
A heat pump is a machine or device that moves heat from one location (the 'source') at a lower temperature
to another location (the 'sink' or 'heat sink') at a higher temperature using mechanical work or a high-
temperature heat source. A heat pump can be used to provide heating or cooling. Even though the heat
pump can heat, it still uses the same basic refrigeration cycle to do this. In other words a heat pump can
change which coil is the condenser and which the evaporator. This is normally achieved by a reversing
valve. In cooler climates it is common to have heat pumps that are designed only to provide heating.

Common examples are food refrigerators and freezers, air conditioners, and reversible-cycle heat pumps for
providing building space heating. In heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) applications, a heat
pump normally refers to a vapor-compression refrigeration device that includes a reversing valve and
optimized heat exchangers so that the direction of heat flow may be reversed. Most commonly, heat pumps
draw heat from the air or from the ground.
 Outdoor components of a residential air-source heat pump.

C.WORKING PRINCIPLE:
A.REFRIGERATOR:
1.The basic idea behind a refrigerator is very simple: It uses the evaporation of a liquid to absorb heat. In
this article, you'll find out how your refrigerator performs its magic based on this simple principle. We'll also
look at cold packs, electronic coolers and the propane refrigerators found in RVs.

1.Parts of a Refrigerator

As we learned in the introduction, the basic idea behind a refrigerator is to use the evaporation of a liquid to
absorb heat. You probably know that when you put water on your skin it makes you feel cool. As the water
evaporates, it absorbs heat, creating that cool feeling. Rubbing alcohol feels even cooler because it
evaporates at a lower temperature. The liquid, or refrigerant, used in a refrigerator evaporates at an
extremely low temperature, so it can create freezing temperatures inside the refrigerator. If you place your
refrigerator's refrigerant on your skin (definitely NOT a good idea), it will freeze your skin as it evaporates.

There are five basic parts to any refrigerator (or air-conditioning system):

 Compressor
 Heat-exchanging pipes - serpentine or coiled set of pipes outside the unit
 Expansion valve
 Heat-exchanging pipes - serpentine or coiled set of pipes inside the unit
 Refrigerant - liquid that evaporates inside the refrigerator to create the cold temperatures

Many industrial installations use pure ammonia as the refrigerant. Pure ammonia evaporates at -27
degrees Fahrenheit (-32 degrees Celsius).
.

2.The Refrigeration Cycle

The refrigerator in your kitchen uses a cycle that is similar to the one described in the previous section. But
in your refrigerator, the cycle is continuous. In the following example, we will assume that the refrigerant
being used is pure ammonia, which boils at -27 degrees F. This is what happens to keep the refrigerator
cool:

 The compressor compresses the ammonia gas. The compressed gas heats up as it is pressurized
(orange).
 The coils on the back of the refrigerator let the hot ammonia gas dissipate its heat. The ammonia gas
condenses into ammonia liquid (dark blue) at high pressure.
 The high-pressure ammonia liquid flows through the expansion valve.

You can think of the expansion valve as a small hole. On one side of the hole is high-pressure ammonia
liquid. On the other side of the hole is a low-pressure area (because the compressor is sucking gas out of that
side).

 The liquid ammonia immediately boils and vaporizes (light blue), its temperature dropping to -27 F. This
makes the inside of the refrigerator cold.
 The cold ammonia gas is sucked up by the compressor, and the cycle repeats.

A.REFRIGERATOR.

B.COMPRESSOR.

C.EXPANSION VALVE.

EXAMPLE:

*Gas and Propane Refrigerators:

If you own an RV or use a refrigerator where electricity is not available, chances are you have a gas- or
propane-powered refrigerator. These refrigerators are interesting because they have no moving parts and use
gas or propane as their primary source of energy. Also, they use heat, in the form of burning propane, to
produce the cold inside the refrigerator.

A gas refrigerator uses ammonia as the coolant, and it uses water, ammonia and hydrogen gas to create a
continuous cycle for the ammonia. The refrigerator has five main parts:

 Generator - generates ammonia gas

 Separator - separates ammonia gas from water
 Condenser - where hot ammonia gas is cooled and condensed to create liquid ammonia
 Evaporator - where liquid ammonia evaporates to create cold temperatures inside the refrigerator
 Absorber - absorbs the ammonia gas in water .

C.HEAT PUMP :
A heat pump is a device that uses a small amount of energy to move heat from one location to another. Heat
pumps are usually used to pull heat out of the air or ground to heat a home or office building, or they can be
switched into reverse to cool a building. If you know how an air conditioner works, you already know a lot
about how a heat pump works, because heat pumps and air conditioners operate in very similar ways.

Heat pumps are a unique kind of heating system, because they can do the work of both a furnace and an air
conditioner. Thus, there's no need to install separate systems to heat and cool your home. Heat pumps can
also work extremely efficiently, because they simply transfer heat, rather than burn fuel to create it.
1.Some additional facts about heat pump
**Latent heat

a.The energy needed to overcome the molecular interactions that tend to organize matter, such that it can
undergo a phase change into a more disorganized state. Solids are more organized than liquids, which in turn
are more organized than gases. Consider a block of ice being warmed by an external heat source (Figure 2).
Although the ice molecules contain some heat energy, their vibrations are not sufficiently energetic to
overcome their interactions that hold them together in a solid structure.

b.As heat energy is absorbed by the ice, its molecules vibrate faster within the solid structure, and its
temperature rises. When its temperature reaches 0°C, however, the ice begins to melt, and its temperature
stops rising. This is because the molecules now have enough vibrational energy that any additional heat will
break down the solid structure into a more loosely connected liquid state. Instead of causing increased
molecular vibration within the solid state, all heat energy absorbed by the ice at its 0°C melting point goes
into changing its state from solid to liquid until all molecules are in the liquid phase.
**Spray nozzle
When the spray nozzle is up, the can's internal pressure equals the saturated vapor pressure of the propellant
liquid. When the spray nozzle is depressed, the can's interior becomes open to the atmosphere, and its
internal pressure drops as propellant vapor is expelled. This reduces the pressure over the liquid propellant,
causing it to boil. The propellant vapor absorbs its latent heat of vaporization from the liquid phase, which in
turn absorbs heat from the surrounding can metal, and the can begins to feel quite cold. In fact, if the nozzle
is held down too long, the hand holding the can will be in danger of frostbite.

When the nozzle is depressed, the drop in pressure causes the propellant liquid to boil, absorbing latent heat
and cooling the surrounding can.
2.Heat Transfer and Air-Source Heat Pumps
There are many different kinds of heat pumps, but they all operate on the same basic principle of heat
transfer. Heat transfer means that rather than burning fuel to create heat, a device moves heat from one
place to another. Heat naturally flows downhill, which means that it tends to move from a location with a
high temperature to a location with a lower temperature. One of the most common types of heat pumps is the
air-source heat pump, which takes heat from the air outside your home and pumps it inside through
refrigerant-filled coils. Inside this basic heat pump, you'll find two fans, refrigerator coils, a reversing valve
and a compressor.

This system is more commonly known as an air-air heat pump, because it takes heat from outdoor air and
transfers it to indoor air ducts.

**A heat pump’s refrigeration system consists of a compressor and two coils that are made of copper
tubing, surrounded by aluminum fins to assist with heat transfer. The coils look similar to the radiator in
your vehicle. Much like a refrigerator or air-conditioner, refrigerant is flowing continuously through pipes,
back and forth from the outdoor coils. In the heating mode, the liquid refrigerant extracts heat from the
outside coils and air, and then moves it inside as it evaporates into a gas. The indoor coils will then transfer
heat from the refrigerant as it condenses back into a liquid. A reversing valve, located near the compressor,
can change the direction of the refrigerant flow for cooling as well as for defrosting the outdoor coils
during the winter.

3.Air-Source, Ground-Source, and Absorption Heat Pumps

As we discussed in the previous section, air-source heat pumps use a fan in an outdoor unit to bring air
over refrigerant-filled coils. Two sets of these coils transfer heat indoors, where the heat is blown away from
the coils by another fan and distributed through a home. Some air-source heat pump systems consist of a
single "packaged" unit containing both sets of coils in one box.

a.Air source Heat Pumps

 
An air source heat pump uses the outside air to heat or cool a building. When used to heat a building
this is achieved  by transferring heat inside from the outside air, and when used to cool a building this
is achieved by transferring heat from inside to the outside air. To achieve heat transfer in either
direction, air source heat pumps use a system that includes a heat exchanger, a compressor and a
means to transfer heat from one area to the other, e.g., pipes filled with a refrigerant.
 
The heating process starts with a cold refrigerant that is moved outside where it becomes heated by a
combination of outside air being blown by a fan onto refrigerant coils, and a compressor that further
increases the temperature through compressing the refrigerant.

 
The efficiency of air source heat pumps is generally higher than traditional boilers and electric heating,
which means that over the long term they will cover their investment.

\
b.Absorption Heat Pumps
 
Absorption heat pumps work similar to air source heat pumps but instead of using electricity to
compress a refrigerant, they use heated water generated from solar boilers, geothermal resources or
natural gas in combination with an absorption pump and a pressure pump. The absorption pump
absorbs ammonia or lithium bromide into water. This mix is then pressurized by the pressure pump.
The ammonia or lithium bromide is then boiled out of the water by the heat from the heated water
creating heat that can be used inside.
c.Ground Source Heat Pumps
 
Ground source heat pumps use the constant, well insulated temperature that exists just below the
ground or in a body of water, e.g. a pond, to transfer heating or cooling to a building. This is
accomplished by transferring heat or cold from below the ground via underground piping that contains
a refrigerant. There are several variations to this, including:

 Direct exchange
 Closed loop
o Vertical
o Horizontal
o Pond
 Open loop
o Standing column well

Example:
 A mini-split heat pump connects an outdoor air-source unit to multiple indoor units that in
turn connect to water heat or space heaters. Ductless mini-split systems are useful for
retrofitting a home with a heat pump system, as their locations outside and inside the home
are flexible, and installation only requires a three-inch (7.6 cm) conduit to come through the
wall. The indoor air handlers for a mini-split system may be installed in the wall, ceiling, or
on the floor, and are relatively small.

d.COMPARISON BETWEEN CARNOT ENGINE,

HEAT PUMP AND REFRIGERATOR.
If a Carnot machine cycles around the path clockwise, a high-temperature isothermal expansion from
A to B, an adiabatic expansion cooling down from B to C, a low-temperature isothermal compression from
C to D, and finally an adiabatic compression warming up from D to A, it functions as a heat engine,
removing energy from the high-temperature reservoir as heat, transforming a portion of that energy to useful
mechanical work (the enclosed area) done on the external world, and ejecting the remainder of the energy as
waste heat to the low-temperature reservoir.

If a Carnot machine is driven (by an external agency, such as a motor) around the cycle counter clockwise,
an adiabatic expansion cooling down from A to D, a low-temperature isothermal expansion from D to C, an
adiabatic compression warming up from C to B, and finally a high temperature isothermal compression from
B to A, then it functions as either a refrigerator or a heat pump, depending on whether removing heat from
the low-temperature reservoir or adding heat to the high-temperature reservoir is of primary interest. The
mechanical energy required to force the machine around the cycle is the work done on the machine, the area
enclosed.

1.Efficiency
In general, the "efficiency" or "effectiveness" of a process is the ratio calculated by dividing what you want
to accomplish by what you have to pay to get it done. Hence, a larger value is better.
a.Heat Engines

For a heat engine, the efficiency is the ratio of useful work performed to the heat energy consumed
from the high-temperature reservoir:

This ratio is the interesting one because you pay for the fuel to obtain Qh, in order to get the benefit
of the work done, W. For a Carnot engine, this is entirely determined by the temperatures of the hot
and cold reservoirs:

The efficiency depends on the ratio of the temperature difference between the two reservoirs to the
absolute temperature of the hot reservoir; alternatively, the efficiency depends on the ratio of the
absolute temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs.

The temperature dependence is a direct consequence of the second law of thermodynamics and the fact
that all heat transfers occur during isothermal expansion and contraction, with no temperature difference
between the heat reservoir and the working fluid, so that the entropy gained by one exactly matches the
entropy lost by the other, with no net change in entropy for the system as a whole.

b.Refrigerators

For a Carnot machine functioning as a refrigerator, the "effectiveness" is the ratio of the energy
removed from the low-temperature reservoir to the work required to force the machine around its
cycle (the energy consumed and paid for):

The effectiveness of a refrigerator is sometimes called the coefficient of performance ("COP"). The
effectiveness will be greater than 1 only if the absolute temperature of the cold reservoir is warmer
than half that of the hot reservoir. We can see that refrigeration to extremely cold temperatures is
very difficult.

c.Heat Pumps

For a Carnot machine functioning as a heat pump, the "effectiveness" is the ratio of the energy
delivered to the high-temperature reservoir to the work required to force the machine around its
cycle (the energy consumed and paid for):
 The effectiveness of a heat pump is sometimes called the performance factor ("PF"). For
heat pumps, the effectiveness is always greater than 1. Electrically powered heat pumps can make
economic sense only if the effectiveness of the heat pump times the efficiency of the electrical
generation and transmission process exceeds 1. Otherwise, only part of the fuel burned to produce
the electricity would have to be burned to provide the heat needed. (Modern natural gas furnaces can
easily transfer more than 95% of the combustion heat to the heated space.

e.Efficency of Heat pumps and refrigerator:

They are use work to move heat from a colder to a warmer place, so their function is the opposite of a heat engine.
The work energy (Win) that is applied to them is converted into heat, and the sum of this energy and the heat energy
that is moved from the cold reservoir (QC) is equal to the total heat energy added to the hot reservoir (Q H).

Their efficiency is measured by a coefficient of performance (COP). Heat pumps are measured by the efficiency with
which they add heat to the hot reservoir, COP heating; refrigerators and air conditioners by the efficiency with which
they remove heat from the cold interior, COP cooling.

The reason for not using the term 'efficiency' is that the coefficient of performance can often be greater than 100%.
Since these devices are moving heat, not creating it, the amount of heat they move can be greater than the input
work. Therefore, heat pumps can be a more efficient way of heating than simply converting the input work into heat,
as in an electric heater or furnace.

 Since they are heat engines, these devices are also limited by Carnot's theorem. The limiting value of the Carnot
'efficiency' for these processes, with the equality theoretically achievable only with an ideal 'reversible' cycle, is:
The same device used between the same temperatures is more efficient when considered as a heat pump than
when considered as a refrigerator:

.
This is because when heating, the work used to run the device is converted to heat and adds to the desired
effect, whereas if the desired effect is cooling the heat resulting from the input work is just an unwanted
byproduct.

f.Heatpump rating
1.Seasonal energy efficiency ratio:
The efficiency of air conditioners is often rated by the Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) which is
defined by the Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute in its standard ARI 210/240,
Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment

The SEER rating of a unit is the cooling output in Btu (British thermal unit) during a typical cooling-season
divided by the total electric energy input in watt-hours during the same period. The higher the unit's SEER
rating the more energy efficient it is.

For example, consider a 5,000-British-thermal-unit-per-hour (1,500 W) air-conditioning unit, with a SEER

of 10 BTU/W·h, operating for a total of 1000 hours during an annual cooling season (e.g., 8 hours per day
for 125 days).

The annual total cooling output would be:

5000 BTU/h × 8 h/day × 125 days/year = 5,000,000 BTU/year

With a SEER of 10, the annual electrical energy usage would be about:

5,000,000 BTU/year / 10 BTU/W·h = 500,000 W·h/year

The average power usage may also be calculated more simply by:

Average power = (BTU/h) / (SEER) = 5000 / 10 = 500 W

If your electricity cost is 20¢/kW·h, then your cost per operating hour is:

0.5 kW * 20¢/kW·h = 10¢/h

g.Refrigerator rating
The units of refrigeration are always a unit of power. Domestic and commercial refrigerators may be rated in kJ/s, or
Btu/h of cooling. For commercial and industrial refrigeration systems most of the world uses the kilowatt (kW) as the
basic unit refrigeration. Typically, commercial and industrial refrigeration systems North America are rated in Tons of

one Ton
Refrigeration (TR). Historically, of Refrigeration was defined as the energy removal rate that will
freeze one short ton of water at 0 °C (32 °F) in one day. This was very important because many early refrigeration
systems were in ice houses. The simple unit allowed owners of these refrigeration systems measure a days output of
ice against energy consumption and compare their plant to one down the street.

h.Applications:

1.refrigerator:

a.refrigeration:
Refrigeration is a process in which work is done to remove heat from one location to another. Refrigeration
has many applications including but not limited to; household refrigerators, industrial freezers, cryogenics,
air conditioning, and heat pumps. In order to satisfy the Second Law of Thermodynamics, some form of
work must be performed to accomplish this. The work is traditionally done by mechanical work but can also
be done by magnetism, laser or other mean.

**Ice harvesting

he use of ice to refrigerate and thus preserve food goes back to prehistoric times. [1][2] Through the ages, the seasonal
harvesting of snow and ice was a regular practice of most of the ancient cultures: Chinese, Hebrews, Greeks,
Romans, Persians. Ice and snow were stored in caves or dugouts lined with straw or other insulating materials. The
Persians stored ice in pits called yakhchals. Rationing of the ice allowed the preservation of foods over the warm
periods. This practice worked well down through the centuries, with icehouses remaining in use into the twentieth
century.

**Home and consumer use

With the invention of synthetic refrigerants based mostly on a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) chemical, safer refrigerators
were possible for home and consumer use. Freon is a trademark of the Dupont Corporation and refers to these CFC,
and later hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) and hydrofluorocarbon (HFC), refrigerants developed in the late 1920s.
These refrigerants were considered at the time to be less harmful than the commonly used refrigerants of the time,
including methyl formate, ammonia, methyl chloride, and sulfur dioxide.

Probably the most widely used current applications of refrigeration are for the air-conditioning of private homes and
public buildings, and the refrigeration of foodstuffs in homes, restaurants and large storage warehouses. The use of
refrigerators in kitchens for the storage of fruits and vegetables has permitted the addition of fresh salads to the
modern diet year round, and to store fish and meats safely for long periods.

One of the most influential uses of refrigeration was in the development of the sushi/sashimi industry in Japan. Prior
to the discovery of refrigeration, many sushi connoisseurs suffered great morbidity and mortality from diseases such
as hepatitis A. However the dangers of unrefrigerated sashimi was not brought to light for decades due to the lack of
research and healthcare distribution across rural Japan. Around mid-century, the Zojirushi corporation based in
Kyoto made breakthroughs in refrigerator designs making refrigerators cheaper and more accessible for restaurant
proprietors and the general public.

b.heat pump

1. Domestic Applications
Many homes can now benefit from a variety of installations, including ground source, most suitable
for certain new-build properties and small split or multi systems applied to existing premises.

Air to Air systems use a small room unit to heat or cool the living space by recirculating room air.
Alternatively a number of rooms can be conditioned with a multi-system.

Water to Water or Ground to Water systems provide hot water that can be circulated through Fan
Coil units, radiators or, preferably, underfloor heating pipes to provide space heating. Domestic hot
water is also supplied at temperatures up to 55ºC – some Heat Pumps can provide 65ºC.
2.commercial application .
A geothermal heat pump, ground source heat pump (GSHP), or ground heat pumpis a central
heating and/or cooling system that pumps heat to or from the ground. It uses the earth as a heat source (in the
winter) or a heat sink (in the summer). This design takes advantage of the moderate temperatures in the ground to
boost efficiency and reduce the operational costs of heating and cooling systems, and may be combined with solar
heating to form a geosolar system with even greater efficiency. Geothermal heat pumps are also known by a variety
of other names, including geoexchange, earth-coupled, earth energy or water-source heat pumps. The engineering
and scientific communities prefer the terms "geoexchange" or "ground source heat pumps" to avoid confusion with
traditional geothermal power, which uses a high temperature heat source to generate electricity . Ground source
heat pumps harvest a combination of geothermal energy (from the Earth's core) and solar energy (heat absorbed at
the Earth's surface) when heating, but work against these heat sources when used for air conditioning.

Ground source heating and cooling .

4.In HVAC applications, a heat pump is typically a vapor-compression refrigeration device

that includes a reversing valve and optimized heat exchangers so that the direction of heat flow may be reversed.
The reversing valve switches the direction of refrigerant through the cycle and therefore the heat pump may deliver
either heating or cooling to a building. In the cooler climates the default setting of the reversing valve is heating.

The default setting in warmer climates is cooling. Because the two heat exchangers, the condenser and evaporator,
must swap functions, they are optimized to perform adequately in both modes. As such, the efficiency of a reversible
heat pump is typically slightly less than two separately optimized machines.

.In somewhat rare applications, both the heat extraction and addition capabilities of a single heat pump can
be useful, and typically results in very effective use of the input energy. For example, when an air cooling
need can be matched to a water heating load, a single heat pump can serve two useful purposes.

i.various refrigerants:
1.Until the 1990s, the refrigerants were often chlorofluorocarbons such as R-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane),
one in a class of several refrigerants using the brand name Freon, a trademark of DuPont.

2.R-134a is not as efficient as the R-12 it replaced (in automotive applications) and therefore, more energy is
required to operate systems utilizing R-134a than those using R-12. Other substances such as liquid R-717
ammonia are widely used in large-scale systems, or occasionally the less corrosive but more flammable
propane or butane, can also be used.

3.More recent refrigerators are now exploiting the R600A which is isobutane, and does not deplete the
ozone and is friendly to the environment.

Dimethyl ether (DME) is also gaining popularity as a refrigerant.