How to Better Understand SoapCalc's Soap Quality Numbers

Soap Science And Info

A lot of soapmakers start formulating on their own based on SoapCalc's soap quality numbers, even
though they are surrounded by mystery. Most soapmakers aren't exactly sure where the numbers
come from or what exactly the numbers mean. So much so that students in my Formulating Soap
Recipes class were blown away to learn what contributes to the numbers listed in SoapCalc.
This article talks a lot about fatty acids. If you aren't familiar with fatty acids in soapmaking, learn
about what the major fatty acids in soapmaking  are and what they mean for your soap in this
previous article. I'll include SoapCalc's explanation for each quality below as well as diving into
where the number comes from and what it really means for a soapmaker.

SoapCalc's Soap Quality Numbers for Hardness

This refers to the hardness of the soap bar.  Higher is harder.  A range of 29 to 54 is satisfactory for
this soap quality. (SoapCalc's Definition for Hardness)
The hardness number in SoapCalc is deceptive for a number of reasons. Most soapmakers consider
the hardness number as a rating of the physical hardness of the soap. While this is a good indicator
of physical hardness, it's not super accurate! The physical hardness of a bar of soap is largely relative
to the amount of water used in the formula as well as it's curing time.

The hardness rating is calculated by adding all of the formula's saturated fatty acids (lauric,
myristic, palmitic, and stearic) together to create the rating you see. For example, in the case of
castile soap (which is 100% olive oil) the hardness number is 17:

 
SoapCalc's Soap Quality numbers for Olive Oil, which contains very little saturated fatty acids.

Looking at olive oil's fatty acid profile on the bottom left, you see that olive oil contains 0% lauric, 0%
myristic, 14% palmitic, and 3% stearic. Add those saturated fatty acids up and you get 17% saturated
fatty acids.

If you've ever made castile soap, you know that a fully cured bar of castile soap is actually very hard
physically. Saturated fatty acids do contribute physical hardness to a soap. But, almost any soap can
become extremely physically hard after a sufficient curing period and reduction of the water amount
in the soap formula.

I prefer to look at SoapCalc's soap quality number for hardness as an indicator of how durable or
long lasting the soap will be after it's cured. A soap formula with a lot of saturated fatty acids will last
longer (under normal conditions) than a soap with lower saturated fatty acids. Of course, the type of
water the soap is used in and how it's used or stored will affect the soap's durability.

SoapCalc's Soap Quality Numbers for Cleansing

This refers to the soap's ability to grab onto oils. [...] Some soap molecules can have a very hungry oil
grabbing end.  Soap made with too much Lauric and/or Myristic Acid can irritate the skin by washing
away not only the top dirty layer of oils, but also the protective layer of surface oils on the skin. 
Generally speaking, keeping the total of coconut and palm kernel in your recipe to no more than 30-
35% is considered the norm.  However, when using large or very large percentages of coconut and
palm kernel the strong cleansing can be compensated for by superfatting with an oil or butter that
has a high conditioning value.  A typical range for Cleansing would be 12 to 22. (SoapCalc's Definition
for Cleansing)

SoapCalc's description for the cleansing number is pretty accurate. The description should tip you off
that the rating is calculated by adding together the formula's lauric and myristic percentages
together. 

Again, in the case of castile soap, you'll notice that the cleansing rating is 0 because olive oil doesn't
contain lauric or myristic acid. Does this mean castile soap doesn't  clean? Goodness no! It simply
means that castile soap is less stripping than another soap formula. Castile soap still cleans by
binding to dirt and oils and rinsing away.

Another important factor to consider (which is mentioned in SoapCalc's definition) is that the
cleansing rating does not take into account your superfat. The higher your superfat, the more free
fatty acids there will be in the soap. The best way I can explain this in non-chemistry terms is to think
of your superfat as a buffer, reducing the cleansing ability of the soap.

For instance, in 100% coconut oil soap, SoapCalc gives a cleansing rating of 67, which is far above the
range of recommended cleansing. However, the recipe uses a 20% superfat to counteract the high
lauric and myristic content of coconut oil. Coconut oil has an extremely long shelf life, so the high
superfat isn't going to cause issues with rancidity.

For most formulas, a superfat typically lies in the range of 3% to 7%, but it's important to keep this in
mind in relation to the rating of cleansing in a formula. You want to consider the stability of your oils
when changing up your superfat. If your formula is high in unsaturated fatty acids, you likely don't
want to go over 7% superfat.

SoapCalc's Soap Quality Numbers for Conditioning

Conditioning refers to the soap’s emollient content.  A soap’s emollients are left on the skin. They
help the skin  retain moisture.  They sooth the skin and keep it soft.  A range of 44 to 69 is
satisfactory for this soap quality. (SoapCalc's Definition for Conditioning)

Like other rating numbers, the conditioning rating is calculated by simply adding up fatty acids from
the formula! SoapCalc adds together the formula's unsaturated fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, linolenic,
ricinoleic) to reach the conditioning value.

And while this is usually a good indication, as the unsaturated fatty acids are all responsible for
conditioning in a soap formula, it's not a great method to analyze the formula's overall conditioning.
Not all fatty acids are equal in their contributions to soap formulas. For instance, linoleic acid also
contributes a silky lather feel and more conditioning in a small amount in comparison to oleic acid.

If a formula contains 30% oleic acid, 5% linoleic acid, 1% linolenic acid, 4% ricinoleic acid, it will feel
more conditioning than a soap that contains 40% oleic acid and 0% of other other unsaturated fatty
acids. But in SoapCalc's eyes, the soap formulas will have the same conditioning rating of 40.
  
SoapCalc's Soap Quality Numbers for Tallow, which includes a nice spread of unsaturated fatty acids.

Again, it's important to keep in mind that because the ratings are determined by adding together
fatty acids present. SoapCalc isn't including your superfat in the numbers. No matter the soap
formula, a soap with a 0% superfat will feel less conditioning than a soap formula with 10% superfat.

SoapCalc's Soap Quality Numbers for Bubbly Lather

This refers to the soap’s ability to lather up and get bubbly.  A typical range of values would be 14 to
46. The higher Bubbly numbers will tend to produce a foamy, fluffy lather rather than a creamy
lather with little or no bubbles. (SoapCalc's Definition for Bubbly Lather)

And this is where SoapCalc's Soap Quality numbers really starts to get pretty squirrelly. The rating
for bubbly lather is calculated by adding together the lauric, myristic, and ricinoleic fatty
acids. While lauric and myristic acid are largely responsible for big fluffy lather, ricinoleic acid does
not actually contribute to the lather in the same way.
  
SoapCalc's Soap Quality numbers for Castor Oil show how the lather ratings can be deceptive.

Ricinoleic acid is better viewed as a lather stabilizer, where it helps the lather longevity provided by
the saturated fatty acids. Ricinoleic acid in soap does not have a lot of lather on its own. I like to
think of it as a great supporting actor rather than the star of the show. If a formula contains very
little lauric and myristic acid but a lot of ricinoleic acid, the bubbly rating will be really high. The
formula won't have the bubbly lather you expect from the rating given because the lauric and
myristic are low on their own.

Personally, I simply subtract the ricinoleic content from the bubbly rating to reach a better idea of
the size of the lather's bubbles (big fluffy empty bubbles). In doing so, I'm basically adding the lauric
and myristic acid content together, which is great because that's the two fatty acids that contribute
to that soap quality.

SoapCalc's Soap Quality Numbers for Creamy Lather

This value indicates the stability and creaminess of the lather.  Usually, increasing Bubbly will
decrease Creamy and vice versa.  A range of 16 to 48 is common here. The higher Creamy numbers
will tend to produce a creamy lather with lesser amounts of bubbles or foam. Soap made with oils
that do not contain Lauric, Myristic or Ricinoleic acids will produce a soap with just creamy lather. An
example would be 100% olive oil soap. (SoapCalc's Definition for Creamy Lather)

Just like with SoapCalc's number for bubbly lather, the creamy lather number is deceptive for the
same reason. The creamy lather rating is calculated by adding together the palmitic, stearic, and
ricinoleic acid content of the formula.
While the palmitic and stearic acid content is what is responsible for creamy lather, ricinoleic acid
doesn't actually contribute to the lather. As mentioned above, ricinoleic acid is a lather stabilizer.
Without palmitic or stearic acid, the creamy lather rating can be extremely high on account of
ricinoleic acid but not actually produce a lot of creamy lather you would expect.

Like with the bubbly lather number, I simply subtract the ricinoleic content from the creamy rating
to reach a better idea of the size of the lather's bubbles (small tight creamy  bubbles). In doing so, I'm
basically adding the palmitic and stearic acid content together, the two fatty acids that contribute to
creamy lather.

Putting It All Together

Hopefully, you now have a better understanding of what SoapCalc's Soap Quality numbers actually
mean! SoapCalc recommends a range of ratings for each quality for a general purpose soap. These
values are summed up below in this table:

Soap Quality Range

Hardness 29 to 54

Cleansing 12 to 22

Condition 44 to 69

Bubbly lather 14 to 46

Creamy lather 16 to 48

These ranges are great starting points for a soapmaker learning how to formulate. By taking it a step
further and understanding where the ranges are coming from and what contributes to them, you'll
have a better understanding of your formula.
  
SoapCalc's Soap Quality numbers of a standard beginner soap recipe

The above formula is a tweaked version of the holy trinity formula that I like to use when teaching
new soapmakers. As you can see, it fits into SoapCalc's recommended ranges for soap qualities. I
wouldn't argue that it's the best soap recipe ever, but what each soapmaker likes and doesn't like
varies!

Personally, I prefer instead to formulate based on the fatty acid profile of the formula itself. For a
general purpose body soap, I tend to follow these fatty acid ranges:

Fatty Acid Range

Lauric + Myristic 20 to 30

Palmitic + Stearic 20 to 30

Oleic 32 to 41

Linoleic 7 to 14

Linolenic 0 to 1

Ricinoleic 4 to 7

Most formulas that fall in these guidelines for fatty acids will also check out with SoapCalc's Soap
Quality numbers and their recommended ranges. The above beginner soap formula comes pretty
close to most of my fatty acid ranges as well.
Now, it's important to note that what the soap will be used for will largely influence the fatty acid
ranges you aim for.

For instance, a soap for oily skin might have higher saturated fatty acids while a soap for dry skin
might have more unsaturated fatty acids. In terms of SoapCalc's Soap Quality numbers, this means
that the soap for oily skin will have a higher cleansing number and a lower conditioning number. The
dry skin formula will be opposite.

Shampoo bars might have higher ricinoleic acid content, so the SoapCalc numbers for lather will be
hugely inflated. For shaving soaps that contain higher palmitic and stearic acid, the hardness and
creamy numbers will look out of this world.

Keep in mind that variables outside of your fatty acids affect how your soap will perform, including
the type of water it's used in, how much of a superfat or water discount you use, how the soap is
stored, how long the soap is cured, and so much more. SoapCalc's Soap Quality numbers (and my
own fatty acid ranges) don't account for all those extra variables! You, as a formulator, should
understand and account for all those extra factors when formulating.

(Want to up your game when it comes to formulating? Snag our  Formulating Soap Recipes  class
and create your perfect soap formula.)

SoapCalc's Soap Quality numbers are great guidelines for a beginner soapmaker, and they will serve
you well when formulating. But it's even better to understand how they are calculated and what to
consider when using them as a formulating tool!