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Igcse Computer Science (0478) Chapter 1.1: Data Representation 1.1.3 Data Storage

The document discusses different file formats for storing various types of data like pictures, text, sound, and video. It also describes several error detection methods used when transmitting data, such as checksums, ARQ, parity checks, echo checks, and check digits. Additionally, it provides details about specific file formats and compression techniques including MIDI files, JPG/JPEG, MP3, MP4, lossy compression, and lossless compression.

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134 views

Igcse Computer Science (0478) Chapter 1.1: Data Representation 1.1.3 Data Storage

The document discusses different file formats for storing various types of data like pictures, text, sound, and video. It also describes several error detection methods used when transmitting data, such as checksums, ARQ, parity checks, echo checks, and check digits. Additionally, it provides details about specific file formats and compression techniques including MIDI files, JPG/JPEG, MP3, MP4, lossy compression, and lossless compression.

Uploaded by

SohailGT
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IGCSE COMPUTER SCIENCE (0478) BY AWAB AQIB

CHAPTER 1.1: DATA REPRESENTATION


1.1.3 Data Storage

STORAGE OF DIFFERENT FORMATS

File type Format


Pictures JPG/JPEG
Text .doc .txt .rtf .docx .odt .pdf
Sound .MP3 .wav .aif .flac, .mid
Video .MP4 .flv .wmv

[email protected] https://www.youtube.com/c/awabaqib/
IGCSE COMPUTER SCIENCE (0478) BY AWAB AQIB
CHAPTER 1.1: DATA REPRESENTATION
1.1.3 Data Storage

ERROR DETECTION METHODS

1- Checksum
-the sum for the bytes is calculated
-this value is then transmitted with the block of data
-at the receiving end, the checksum is re-calculated from the block of data received
-the calculated value is then compared to the checksum transmitted
-if they are the same value, then the data was transmitted without any error
-if the values are different, then an error has been found
-if the values are different, then a request is sent for the data to be re-transmitted

2- ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest)


-uses acknowledgment and timeout
-a request is sent with data to acknowledge all data is received
-acknowledgement sent back to say all data is received
-if no acknowledgement is received in a time frame an error in transmission detected
and the data automatically resent

3- Parity check
-checks a byte of data
-check is performed when data is received
-a parity bit is added to the parity byte
-checks number of 1’s to see if 1’s are even or checks to see if 1’s are odd
-can be even or odd
-if parity is incorrect, error is detected

4- Echo (check)
-copy of data is sent back to sender
-data is compared to see if it matches
-if it does not match then error detected
-it can’t tell if the data got corrupted at receiving or sending end

5- Check digit
-a digit that is calculated from the data, uses modulo to calculate digit
-modulo 11 method / dividing by 11 / finding the remainder / subtracting from 11
-it is appended / added to the data
-digit is recalculated when data is entered
-digits are compared to check for error

(continued)

[email protected] https://www.youtube.com/c/awabaqib/
IGCSE COMPUTER SCIENCE (0478) BY AWAB AQIB
CHAPTER 1.1: DATA REPRESENTATION
1.1.3 Data Storage

MUSICAL INSTRUMENT DIGITAL INTERFACE (MIDI)

-it's a way to connect devices that make and control sound


-such as synthesizers, samplers, and computers
-so that they can communicate with each other, using midi messages
- .midi file format is a non-audio recording
-produced by synthesizer
-used when composing music so individual notes can be changed

JPG/JPEG

-JPG is a file extension for a lossy graphics file


-JPEG file extension is used interchangeably with JPG
-JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group
-most common image format used by digital cameras
-transmitting and storing photographic images on the World Wide Web
-PNG is a lossless image format

[email protected] https://www.youtube.com/c/awabaqib/
IGCSE COMPUTER SCIENCE (0478) BY AWAB AQIB
CHAPTER 1.1: DATA REPRESENTATION
1.1.3 Data Storage

MP3

-a file extension and compression method that utilizes the mpeg standard (lossy)
-to reduce the size, often by a factor of 12, while still maintaining audio quality
-MP3 files are commonly used to store a or the whole cd and require less drive space
-MP3 files are, on average, 90% smaller than the music files stored on a cd
-flac is a lossless audio format

MP4

-it's a compressed video format (lossy) that also can store audio and images
-MP4 file extension is a mpeg-4 video file format
-MP4s are one of the more common video file formats used for downloading and streaming

COMPRESSION ALGORITHMS

Lossy compression

-lossy would reduce the file size more (than lossless)


-the redundant data can be removed from the files
-images can still be a similar quality
-there is no requirement for the files to be exactly the same as original file
-photos can be sent quicker / faster to upload / faster to download
-used to send large HD videos over the internet without lowering much quality

Lossless compression

-a compression algorithm is used


-none of the data contents are removed
-text files and documents are compressed using this algorithm
-so that the original and the decompressed text will be exactly the same

How can a text file size be reduced


-the file can be compressed using a compression algorithm
-the compression that is used is lossless, not lossy
-use of a compression algorithm
-repeated words can be indexed
-repeated word sections (e.g. “ou”) can be replaced by a numerical value
-it can be zipped using a software like winrar (.zip is loseless)
-save file as a pdf/convert to pdf

Advantages of compressing a file


-smaller file size to transmit
-file is transmitted faster
-requires lesser bandwidth

[email protected] https://www.youtube.com/c/awabaqib/

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