Foundation - Gaseous state

1
 INTRODUCTION :
Matter as we know broadly exists in three states.
There are always two opposite tendencies between particles of matter which determine the
state of matter
 Inter molecular attractive forces.
 The molecular motion / random motion.

In this chapter the properties and behaviour of the gases will be analysed and discussed in
detail. These properties are measured with the help of the gas laws as proposed
Boyle,Charles,Gay lussac etc
 BOYLE’S LAW AND MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE :
Statement :
For a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature, the volume occupied by the gas is inversely
proportional to the pressure applied on the gas or pressure of the gas.
1
V
P
hence PV = constant
this constant will be dependent on the amount of the gas and temperature of the gas.
PV
1 1  PV
2 2

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Application of Boyles Law : For the two parts ‘A’ and ‘B’ P1V1 = K & P2V2 = K
hence it follows that P1V1 = P2V2 .
Units

 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE :
The pressure exerted by atmosphere on earth’s surface at sea level is called 1 atm.
1 atm = 1.013 bar
1 atm = 1.013 × 105 N/m2 = 1.013 bar = 760 torr
SOLVED EXAMPLE
Example-1
A rubber balloon contains some solid marbles each of volume 10 ml. A gas is filled in the
balloon at a pressure of 2 atm and the total volume of the balloon is 1 litre in this condition.
If the external pressure is increased to 4atm the volume of Balloon becomes 625 ml. Find
the number of marbles present in the balloon.
Solution :
Let the no. of marbles be = n .
volume of marble = 10 n ml. volume of balloon earlier = 1000 ml.
later = 625 ml.
Now for the gas inside the balloon temperature and amount of the gas is constant, hence
boyles law can be applied

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P1V1  PV
2 2

4  (625-10n) = 2  (1000-10n)
625  4=2000-20n+40n
625  4-2000=20n
625  4-2000 125
 n.  n; n  25.
20 5
 CHARLES LAW :
For a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure volume occupied by the gas is directly
proportional to temperature of the gas on absolute scale of temperature.
VT or V  KT

V
 constant Where ‘k’ is a proportionality constant and is
T

V1 V2
 Temperature on absolute scale, kelvin scale or ideal gas scale.
T1 T2

V = a + bt Temperature on centigrade scale.

Relation : T = t + 273
 Since volume is proportional to absolute temperature. The volume of a gas should be
theoretically zero at absolute zero temperature.
 Infact no substance exists as gas at a temperature near absolute zero, though the straight line
plots can be extra plotted to zero volume. Absolute zero can never be attained practically
though it can be approached only.
 By considering 273.150 C as the lowest approachable limit, Kelvin developed temperature
scale which is known as absolute scale.
SOLVED EXAMPLE
Example-6
If the temp. of a particular amount of gas is increased from 270 C to 57 0 C find final volume

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of the gas, if initial volume = 1 lt and assume pressure is constant.

1V 2V
Solution : T  V
1 2

1 V2
 So V2  1.1 It.
(273  27) (273  57)
 GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW :
For a fixed amount of gas at constant volume, pressure of the gas is directly proportional to
temperature of the gas on absolute scale of temperature.
P T

P
 constant  dependent on amount and volume of gas
T
P1 P2
  temperature on absolute scale
T1 T2

originally, the law was developed on the centigrade scale, where it was found that pressure is
a linear function of temperature P = P0 + bt where ‘b’ is a constant and P0 is pressure at zero
degree centigrade.

Example :

PV  K  V  K1 / p
V
 K 2  V  K 2T
T
K1
 K 2T
P
K 1
PT  1  constant.  P    ?
K2 T
  where are we wrong ?

This is wrong because we are varying temperature & K1  f (1) thus K1 will change according
to temperature
K1
So K will be a function of temp & not constant.
2

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SOLVED EXAMPLE
Example : 8
The temperature of a certain mass of a gas is doubled. If the initially the gas is at 1 atm
pressure. Find the % increase in pressure ?
Solution :
P1 P2 1 P2
 ; 
T1 T2 T 2T
2 1
% increase   100  100%
1
 AVOGADRO’S HYPOTHESIS :
For similar values of pressure & temperature equal number of molecules of different gases
will occupy equal volume.
N1  V (volume of N1 molecules at P & T of one gas)

N1  V (volume of N1 molecules at P & T of second gas)

 Molar volume & volume occupied by one mole of each and every gas under similar
conditions will be equal.
One mole of any gas or a combination of gases occupies 22.413996 L of volume at STP.
The previous standard is still often used, and applies to all chemistry data more than decade
old, in this definition Standard Temperature and Pressure STP denotes the same
temperature of 0¢XC (273.15K), but a slightly higher pressure of 1 atm (101.325 kPa).
Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure (SATP), conditions are also used in
some scientific works.
SATP conditions means 298.15 K and 1 bar (i.e. exactly 105 Pa) At SATP (1 bar and
298.15 K), the molar volume of an ideal gas is 24.789 L mol¡V1 (Ref. NCERT )
 EQUATION OF STATE :
Combining all the gas relations in a single expression which discribes relationship between
pressure, volume and temperature, of a given mass of gas we get an expression known as
equation of state.

PV
 constant (dependent on amount of the gas (n)).
T
P1V1 PV
 2 2
T1 T2

Ideal gas Equation :

PV
 constant [universal constant].
T
R (ideal gas constant or universal gas constant)

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SOLVED EXAMPLE
Example : 9
Some spherical balloons each of volume 2 litre are to be filled with hydrogen gas at one atm
& 27°C from a cylinder of volume 4 litres. The pressure of the H2 gas inside the cylinder is
20 atm at 127°C. Find number of balloons which can be filled using this cylinder. Assume
that temperature of the cylinder is 27°C.
Solution :

0  4
No. of moles of gas taken initially   4.43L
R  400

1 4
No. of moles of gas left in cylinder   0.162 L
R  300
No. of moles of gas to be filled in balloons = 2.43 – 0.162 = 2.268
Let we have 'n' balloons that we can fill

1 2
No. of moles of gas that can be filled in 1 balloon   0.081
0.082  300

 0.081 n  2.268
n  28 baloons.

 DALTONS LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE :

Partial pressure :

In a mixture of non reacting gases partial pressure of any

component of gas is defined as pressure exerted by this
component if whole of volume of mixture had been occupied
by this component only.

Partial pressure of first component gas

n1 RT n RT n RT
P1  ; P2 2 ; P3  3
V V v
Total pressure = P1  P2  P3.

 Daltons law :
For a non reacting gaseous mixture total pressure of the mixture is the summation of partial
pressure of the different component gases.

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P1 n1
  X 1 (mole fraction of first component of gas)
PT nT
P2 n2
  X 2 (mole fraction of second component of gas)
PT nT
P3 n3
  X 3 (mole fraction of third component of gas)
PT nT

SOLVED EXAMPLE
Example-10
The stop cock connecting the two bulbs of volume 5 litre and 10 litre containing as ideal gas
at 9 atm and 6 atm respectively, is opened. What is the final pressure if the temperature
remains same.
Solution :
After the opening of the stop cock the pressure of the each bulb will remain same.
10  6
At the beginning, the no. of moles of gas in A 
RT

5 9
At the beginning, the no. of moles of gas in B 
RT

105
total no. of moles at the beginning 
RT
Total no. of moles of gas before opening the stop cock

105
 total no. of moles of gas after opening stop cock =
RT
 pressure after the opening of the stop cock

105 RT 105
P    7 atm
RT VTotal 10  5

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 ANALYSIS OF GASEOUS MIXTURE :
Vapour density :
Vapour density of any gas is defined as the density of any gas with respect to density of the
H2 gas under identical conditions of temperature T and pressure P.

 Average molecular mass of gaseous mixture :

total mass of the mixture divided by total no. of moles in the mixture
Total mass of mixture
M mix 
Total no. of moles in mixture
If we have
‘n1’ , ‘n2’and ‘n3’ are moles of three different gases having of molar mass ‘M1’, ‘M2’ and ‘M3’
respectively.
n1M 1  n2 M 2  n3 M 3
M min 
n1  n2  n3

SOLVED EXAMPLE
Example 11 :
Calculate the mean molar mass of a mixture of gases having 7 g of Nitrogen, 22 g of CO2
and 5.6 litres of CO at STP.
Soution :
Moles of N 2 = 7/28 = 1/4
Moles of CO 2 = 22/44 = 1/2
Moles of CO = 5.6 / 22.4 = 1/4
nM n M n M
mean molar mass = M min  1 1 2 2 3 3  (7  7  22) /1  36
n1  n2  n3
SOLVED EXAMPLE
Example 12 :
In a tube of length 5 m having 2 identical holes at the opposite ends. H2 & O2 are made to
effuse into the tube from opposite ends under identical conditions. Find the point where
gases will meet for the first time.

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Soution :

 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES :

Postulates / assumptions of KTG :
 A gas consists of tiny spherical particles called molecules of the gas which are identical in
shape & size (mass)
 The volume occupied by the molecules is negligible in comparision to the total volume of
the gas.
For an ideal gas, volume of the ideal gas molecule  0 .
 Gaseous molecules are always in random motion and collide with other gaseous molecules
& with the walls of the container.
 Pressure of the gas is due to these molecular collisions among themselves and with walls of
the container
 These collisions are elastic in nature
 Molecular attraction forces are negligible. Infact, for an ideal gas attractive or repulsive forces
are equal to zero.
 Newton’s laws of motion are applicable on the motion of the gaseous molecules.
 Effect of gravity is negligible on molecular motion.
 The average K.E. of gaseous molecules is proportional to the absolute temperature of the
gas.
1
M (u 2 )  T (bar is for average)
2
Kinetic equation of gaseous state (expression for pressure of gas).

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 Root mean square speed :

3kT 3RT
U = = Where m-mass of one molecule
rms= U 2 m mN A

 Dependent on nature of gas i.e mass of the gas

3RT
U rms  M  molar mass
M
 Average speed :
Uav = U1 + U2 + U3 + ............ UN
Uav =

8 RT 8KT
U av   K is Boltzmman constant
M m
 Most probable speed :
The speed possessed by maximum number of molecules at the given temperature.



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2
 INTRODUCTION :
Gaseous state is that state of matter where repulsive forces are dominating than attractive
forces. For study of gases we require gas parameters like p, v, n and temperature. Gases
having no interaction between gas molecules are known as ideal gases. They follow kinetic
gas assumptions, kinetic gas equation, gas laws and ideal gas equation but certain gases which
do not follow above conditions are known as real gases.
 SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS :
 DIFFUSION :
 The tendency of inter mixing of non-reacting gases spontaneously without external pressure.
or
 The property of the spontaneous flow of gaseous molecules from high concentration to
low concentration without external pressure.
In diffusion, Pext = constant.
 Effusion :
The property of the flow of gaseous molecules from high concentration to low concentration
from a pin hole with external pressure.
or
 It is diffusion through pin hole which arises due to pressure difference.
In effusion, Pext = variable
 Rate of diffusion (r) :
At constant temperature and pressure, the distance travelled by diffused gas or volume of
diffused gas or moles of diffused gas per unit time is called as rate of diffusion.

d diffused gas Vdiffused gas ndiffused gas

r  
t(taken ) t(taken ) t(taken )

 Graham's law of diffusion (Applicable for non-reacting gases) :

At constant temperature and pressure, the rate of diffusion is inversly proportional to the
square root of the density.

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P
 At constant temperature, rate of diffusion is proportional to .
d

 REAL GASES
Those gases which do not follow ideal gas equation (PV = nRT) at all temperature and
pressure.
 For real gases two assumptions of the kinetic theory do not hold good. These are
i) There is no force of attraction between the molecules of a gas.
ii) Volume of the molecules of a gas is negligibly small in comparison to the space occupied
by the gas.
 REAL GAS EQUATION OR VAN DER WAAL GAS EQUATION
PV = nRT ...(1) ideal gas equation
Two major corrections are required for real gases
i) The intermolecular force of attraction between molecules is not negligible.

 n2a 
Fatt  0so Pact .   Preal  2 
 V 

ii) The volume of a molecule is not negligible in comparision of total volume of gas.
V1  0so Pact .  (V  nb)

4 r 3
b  covolume = excluded volume =4   NA
3
From equation (i)

 A and b are van der Waal's gas constant which depends on nature of gas but do not depend
on the temperature and pressure.
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 Van der Waal's gas constant (a) :
Where a is van der Waal gas constant which indicates the inter molecular forces of attraction.

an 2
Pressure 
V2
unit of a = atm L2 mol-2
an 2
Pi  PR 
V2

Pi  PR

 a  Fatt  liquefaction  .

 Order of a is 10-1 to 10-2 atm L2 mol-2

 van der Waal gas constant (b)
It tells about molecular volume of gas molecules.
Unit of b = L mol -1
b = incompressible volume
Vi > VR
 If b  effective size of molecule 
 Incompressible volume 

 compressible volume 
 Order of b is 10- 2 to 10-4 L mol -1
 DEVIATION OF REAL GASES FROM IDEAL GAS BEHAVIOUR :
"At very low pressure and high temperature real gases behave as ideal gas." Deviation of real
gases from ideal gas behaviour is mathematically denoted by "Z" named as compressibility
factor.

Case I If Z = 1; ideal gas; it signifies there is no interaction between gas molecules

P (Vm ) obs
 1  P (Vm ) obs  RT
RT
Case II If Z > 1; positive deviation from ideal gas behaviour; signifies repulsive forces are greater
than attractive forces so such gases can't be liquefied easily.
P (Vm ) obs
 1  P (Vm ) obs  RT
RT

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The gas shows the positive deviation generally at high pressure from ideal gas behaviour.
Case III If Z < 1; Negative deviation from ideal gases behaviour; it signifies attractive forces are
higher than repulsive forces so gas can be liquefied easily.
P (Vm ) obs
 1  P (Vm ) obs  RT
RT
The gas show the negative deviation generally at low pressure from ideal gas behaviour.

 Effect of pressure on van der Waal gas equation

Case I

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Case II

Case III

 At high temperature and low pressure, it acts as ideal gas equation.

 Critical temperature (TC) : The temperature below which gas can be liquefied by

application of pressure alone; is called critical temperature

 Critical pressure (PC) : The pressure required to liquefy a gas at critical temperature; is

called critical pressure

 Critical volume (VC) : Volume occupied by 1 mol gas at critical temperature & pressure; is
called critical volume

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 Van Der waal gas constants :

 Higher value of "a" is more significant for liquefaction of a gas.

 Boyle's Temperature (Tb) : Temperature at which a real gas obeys ideal gas law over an

appreciable range of pressure is called Boyle's temperature

ILLUSTRATION
Illustration 1
The rate of effusion of a gas is proportional to -
P P P P
1) 2) 3) 4)
d d d d
Solution Ans. (1)
1 P
Rate of effusion   P  Rate of effusion 
d d
Illustration 2
If 4g of oxygen diffuse through a very narrow hole, how much hydrogen would have diffused
under identical conditions ?
1) 16 g 2) 1 g 3) 1/4 g 4) 64 g
Solution Ans. (2)

rO2 VO2 nO2 M WH 4 / 32 2 1 1

 ;  2
     w 1
rH 2 VH 2 nH 2 M wO w/2 32 4w 4
2

Illustration 3
van der Waal's equation of state is obeyed by real gases. For n moles of a real gas, the
expression will be -
P na   V   1 
1)   2     RT 2)  P  2  (V  b)  nRT
 n V  n b   V 

 na   n2a 
3)  P  2  (nV  b)  nRT 4)  P  V 2  (V  nb)  nRT
 V   

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Solution Ans. (4)

 an 2 
van der Waal's equation is  P  V 2  (V  nb)  nRT
 
Illustration 4
van der Waal's constant 'a' and 'b' are related with .....respectively .
1) Attractive force and bond energy of molecules
2) Volume and repulsive force of molecules
3) Shape and repulsive forces of molecules
4) Attractive force and volume of the molecules
Solution Ans. (4)
'a' is related to attractive forces and 'b' to the volume of the molecules.



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RACTICE
(GASEOUS STATE)
1. If the pressure of a gas contained in a closed vessel is increased by 0.4 % when heated by
10C its initial temperature must be :
A) 250 K B) 2500C C) 250C D) 25 K
2. A thin balloon filled with air at 47ºC has a volume of 3 litre. If on placing it in a cooled room
its volume becomes 2.7 litre , the temperature of room is :
A) 420C B) 1000C C) 150C D) 2000C
3. If a mixture containing 3 moles of hydrogen and 1 mole of nitrogen is converted completely
into ammonia, the ratio of initial and final volume under the same temperature and pressure
would be :
A) 3 : 1 B) 1 : 3 C) 2 : 1 D) 1 : 2
4. SO2 at STP contained in a flask was replaced by O2 under identical conditions of pressure,
temperature and volume. Then the weight of O2 will be _______ of SO2.
A) half B) one fourth C) twice D) four times.
6. Two flasks of equal volume are connected by a narrow tube (of negligible volume) all at
270C and contain 0.70 mole of H2 at 0.5 atm. One of the flask is then immersed into a bath
kept at 1270C, while the other remains at 270C. The final pressure in each flask is :
A) Final pressure = 0.5714 atm B) Final pressure = 1.5714 atm
C) Final pressure = 0.5824 atm D) None of these
7. A gas is heated from 00C to 1000C at 1.0 atm pressure. If the initial volume of the gas is
10.0  , its final volume would be :
A) 7.32  B) 10.00  C) 13.66  D) 20.00 
8. Under what conditions will a pure sample of an ideal gas not only exhibit a pressure of 1
atm but also a concentration of 1 mol litre-1. [ R = 0.082 litre atm mol-1 K-1 ]
A) at S.T.P. B) when V = 22.42 L
C) when T = 12 K D) impossible under any condition
9. A and B are two identical vessels. A contains 15 g ethane at 1atm and 298 K. The vessel B
contains 75 g of a gas X2 at same temperature and pressure. The vapour density of X2 is :
A) 75 B) 150 C) 37.5 D) 45
10. The density of neon will be highest at :
A) STP B) 00C, 2 atm C) 2730C. 1 atm D) 2730C. 2 atm

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11. A 0.5 dm3 flask contains gas A and 1 dm3 flask contains gas B at the same temperature. If
density of A = 3 g/dm3 and that of B = 1.5 g/dm3 and the molar mass of A = 1/2 of B, the ratio
of pressure exerted by gases is :
P
A P
A P
A AP
A) P  2 B) P  1 C) P  4 D) P  3
B B B B

12. I, II, III are three isotherms respectively at T1, T2 and T3 as shown in graph. Temperature
will be in order

A) T1 = T2 = T3 B) T1 < T2 < T3 C) T1 > T2 > T3 D) T1 > T2 = T3

13. Equal weights of ethane & hydrogen are mixed in an empty container at 250C, the fraction
of the total pressure exerted by hydrogen is:
A) 1: 2 B) 1: 1 C) 1: 16 D) 15: 16
14. The partial pressure of hydrogen in a flask containing two grams of hydrogen and 32 gm of
sulphur dioxide is :
A) 1/16th of the total pressure B) 1/9th of the total pressure
C) 2/3 of the total pressure D) 1/8th of the total pressure
15. The rates of diffusion of SO3, CO2, PCl3 and SO2 are in the following order -
A) PCl3 > SO3 > SO2 > CO2 B) CO2 > SO2 > PCl3 > SO3
C) SO2 > SO3 > PCl3 > CO2 D) CO2 > SO2 > SO3 > PCl3
16. 20  of SO2 diffuses through a porous partition in 60 seconds. Volume of O2 diffuse under
similar conditions in 30 seconds will be :
A) 12.14  B) 14.14  C) 18.14  D) 28.14 
17. See the figure-1 :

The valves of X and Y are opened simultaneously. The white fumes of NH4Cl will first
form at:
A) A B) B C) C D) A,B and C simultaneously
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18. The rate of diffusion of 2 gases ‘A’ and ‘B’ are in the ratio 16: 3. If the ratio of their masses
present in the mixture is 2 : 3. Then
A) The ratio of their molar masses is 16 : 1
B) The ratio of their molar masses is 4 : 1
C) The ratio of their moles present inside the container is 1 : 24
D) The ratio of their moles present inside the container is 8 : 3
19. The partial pressure of hydrogen in a flask containing two grams of hydrogen and 32 gm of
sulphur dioxide is :
A) 1/16th of the total pressure B) 1/9th of the total pressure
C) 2/3 of the total pressure D) 1/8th of the total pressure
20. Temperature at which r.m.s. speed of O2 is equal to that of neon at 300 K is :
A) 280 K B) 80 K C) 680 K D) 180 K
21. The mass of molecule A is twice that of molecule B. The root mean square velocity of
molecule A is twice that of molecule B. If two containers of equal volume have same number
of molecules, the ratio of pressure PA/PB will be :
A) 8 : 1 B) 1 : 8 C) 4 : 1 D) 1 : 4
22. Which pair of the gaseous species diffuse through a small jet with the same rate of diffusion
at same P and T :
a) NO, CO b) NO, CO2 c) NH3,PH3 d) NO, C2H6
23. The rate of diffusion of methane at a given temperature is twice that of a gas X. The molecular
weight of X is :
a) 64 b) 32 c) 4.0 d) 8.0
23. The increasing order of effusion among the gases, H2, O2, NH3 and CO2 is .
a) H2, CO2, NH3, O2 b) H2, NH3, O2, CO2
c) H2, O2, NH3, CO2 d) CO2, O2, NH3, H2
24. Gas A having molecular weight 4 diffuses thrice as fast as the gas B at a given T. The molecular
weight of gas B is :
a) 36 b) 12 c) 18 d) 24
25. Four rubber tubes are respectively filled with H2, O2, N2 and CO2. The tube which will be
reinflated first is :
a) H2 filled tube b) O2 filled tube c) N2 filled tube d) CO2 filled tube
26. A balloon filled with methane CH4 is pricked with a sharp point and quickly plunged into a
tank of hydrogen at the same pressure. After sometime the balloon will have :
a) Enlarged b) Collapsed
c) Remained unchanged in size d) Ethylene (C2H4) inside it
27. Rate of diffusion of hydrogen is :

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a) Half of He b) 1.4 times of He c) Double than He d) four times of He
28. A football bladder contains equimolar proportions of H2 and O2. The composition by
mass of the mixture effusing out of punctured football is in the ratio (H2 : O2)
a) 1 : 4 b) 2 2 : 1 c) 1 : 2 2 d) 4 : 1
29. If the vapour densities of methane & oxygen are in the ratio 1 : 2, the ratio of rate of diffusion
of O2 & CH4 is respectively
a) 1 : 2 b) 1 : 1.414 c) 2 : 1 d) 1.414 : 1
30. A gas X diffuses three times faster than another gas Y the ratio of their densities i.e., Dx : Dy
is
a) 1/3 b) 1/9 c) 1/6 d) 1/12
31. The relative rate of diffusion of a gas (Mol wt. = 98) as compared to hydrogen will be :
a) 1/7 b) 1/5 c) 1/4 d) 1
32. The relative rate of diffusion of a gas (molecular weight = 128) as compared to oxygen is
a) 2 times b) 1/4 times c) 1/8 times d) 1/2 times
33. Since the atomic weights of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen are 12, 14 and 16 respectively,
among the following pairs of gases, the pair that will diffuse at the same rate is :
a) Carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide b) Carbon dioxide and nitrogen peroxide
c) Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide d) Carbon dioxide and nitric oxide
34. A bottle of dry ammonia and a bottle of dry hydrogen chloride connected through a long
tube are opened simultaneously at both ends, the white ammonium chloride ring first formed
will be :
a) at the centre of the tube b) near the hydrogen chlrodie bottle
c) near the ammonia bottle d) throughout the length of the tube
35. 50 ml of a gas A diffuse through a membrane in the same time as for the diffusion of 40 ml
of a gas B under identical pressure temperature conditions. If the Molecular weight of A =
64, that of B would be :
a) 100 b) 250 c) 200 d) 80
36. If rate of diffusion of A is 5 times that of B, what will be the density ratio of A and B :
a) 1/25 b) 1/5 c) 25 d) 5
37. 50 ml of hydrogen diffuses through a small hole from vessel in 20 minutes time. Time
taken for 40 ml of oxygen to diffuse out under similar conditions will be :
a) 12 min b) 64 min c) 8 min d) 32 min
38. The densities of two gases are in the ratio of 1 : 16. The ratio of their rates of diffusion is :
a) 16 : 1 b) 4 : 1 c) 1 : 4 d) 1 : 16
39. The rate of diffusion of a gas having molecular weight just double of nitrogen gas is 56 ml
per sec the rate of diffusion of nitrogen gas will be :

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 Foundation - Gaseous state
a) 79.19 ml/sec. b) 112 ml/sec c) 56 ml/sec d) 90 ml/sec
40. If the four tubes of a car are filled to the same pressure with N2, O2, H2 and CO2 separately
then which one will be filled first :
a) N2 b) O2 c) H2 d) CO2
41. Under identical conditions of temperature and pressure the ratio of the rates of effision of
O2 and CO2 gases is given by :
rate of effusion of oxygen rate of effusion of oxygen
a)  0.87 b)  1.17
rate of effusion of CO 2 rate of effusion of CO 2

rate of effusion of oxygen rate of effusion of oxygen

b)  8.7 d)  0.117
rate of effusion of CO 2 rate of effusion of CO 2

42. When does a real gas show behaviour same as ideal gas:
a) At low temperature and low pressure b) At high temperature and high pressure
c) At low temperature and high pressure d) At high temperature and low pressure
43. In van der Waal's equation of state of the gas law, the constant 'b' is a measure of :
a) intermolecular repulsions b) intermolecular attraction
c) volume occupied by the molecules d) intermolecular collisions per unit volume
44. The term that accounts for intermolecular force in van der Waals' equation for non ideal
gas is :
 a 
a) RT b) V  b c)  P  2  d) [ RT ]1
 V 
45. Pressure of real gas is less than the pressure of ideal gas because :
a) No. of collisions increases b) Difinite shape of molecule
c) K.E. of molecule increases d) Inter molecular forces
46. Which gas can be easily liquefied ? given 'a' for NH3 = 4.17, CO2 = 3.59, SO2= 6.71, Cl2 =
6.49
a) NH3 b) Cl2 c) SO2 d) CO2
47. At relatively high pressure, van der waals' equation reduces to :
a a
a) PV  RT b) PV  RT  c) PV  RT  Pb d) PV  RT 
V V2
48. A real gas most closely approaches the behaviour of an ideal gas at :
a) 15 atm and 200 K b) 1 atm and 273 K
c) 0.5 atm and 500 K d) 15 atm and 500 K
49. The compressibility factor of an ideal gas is :
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 4

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 Foundation - Gaseous state
50. The compressibility of a gas is less than unity at STP therefore :
a) Vm > 22.4 L b) Vm < 22.4 L c) Vm = 22.4 L d) Vm = 44.8 L
51. The values of van der Waal's constant 'a' for the gases O2, N2, NH3 and CH4 are 1.360,
1.390, 4.170 and 2.253 L2 atm mol - 2 respectively. The gas which can most easily be liquefied
is :
a) O2 b) N2 c) NH3 d) CH4
JEE - MAINS - ADVANCE
1. For one mole of gas the average kinetic energy is given as E. The Urms of gas is :
[JEE-2004(S)]

2E 3E 2E 3E
A) B) C) D)
M M 3M 2M
2. Ratio of rates of diffusion of He and CH4 (under identical conditions). [JEE-2005(S)]
1 1
A) B) 3 C) D) 2
2 3
3. At 400 K, the root mean square (rms) speed of a gas X (molecular weight = 40) is equal to
the most probable speed of gas Y at 60 K. The molecular weight of the gas Y is.
[JEE-2009]
238
4. A closed vessel with rigid walls contains 1 mol of 92 U and 1 mol of air at 298 K. Considering
238 206
complete decay of 92 U to 82 Pb , the ratio of the final pressure to the initial

pressure of the system at 298 K is [JEE(Advanced)-2015]

5. A closed tank has two compartments A & B, both filled with oxygen (assumed to be ideal
gas). [JEE(Advanced)-2018]
The partition separating the two compartments is fixed and is a perfect heat insulator (Figure
1). If the old partition is replaced by a new partition which can slide and conduct heat but
does NOT allow the gas to leak across (Figure 2), the volume (in m3) of the compartment A
after the system attains equilibrium is ____.

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 Foundation - Gaseous state
6. The temperature at which oxygen molecules have the same root mean square speed as
helium atoms have at 300 K is : (Atomic masses : He = 4 u, O = 16 u)
[JEE(Main) 2014 Online]
a) 300 K b) 600 K c) 1200 K d) 2400 K
7. The initial volume of a gas cylinder is 750.0 mL. If the pressure of gas inside the cylinder
changes from 840.0 mm Hg to 360.0 mm Hg, the final volume the gas will be :
[JEE(Main) 2014 Online]
a) 1.750 L b) 3.60 L c) 4.032 L d) 7.50 L
8. Sulphur dioxide and oxygen were allowed to diffuse through a porpus partition. 20 dm3 of
SO2 diffuses through the porous partition is 60 seconds. The volume of O2 in dm3 which
diffuses under the similar condition in 30 seconds will be (atomic mass of sulphur = 32 u) :
[JEE(Main) 2014 Online]
a) 7.09 b) 14.1 c) 10.0 d) 28.2
9. Initially, the root mean square (rms) velocity of N2 molecules at certain temperature is u. If
this temperature is doubled and all the nitrogen molecules dissociate into nitrogen atoms,
then the new rms velocity will be : [JEE(Main) 2016 Online]
1) 2 u 2) 14 u 3) u / 2 4) 4 u
10. At 300 K, the density of a certain gaseous molecule at 2 bar is double to that of dinitrogen
(N2) at 4 bar. The molar mass of gaseous molecule is : [JEE(Main) 2017 Online]
1) 56 g mol–1 2) 112 g mol–1 3) 224 g mol–1 4) 28 g mol–1
11. Assuming ideal gas behaviour, the ratio of density of ammonia to that of hydrogen chlroide
at same temperature and pressure is : (Atomic wt. of Cl 35.5 u) [JEE(Main)2018 Online]
1) 1.46 2) 1.64 3) 0.46 4) 0.64
12. 0.5 moles of gas A and x moles of gas B exert a pressure of 200 Pa in a container of volume
10 m3 at 1000 K. Given R is the gas constant in JK-1 mol -1 x is :
[JEE(Main) 2019 Online]
4 R 2R 2R 4 R
1) 2) 3) 4)
2R 4 R 4 R 2R
13. An open vessel at 270XC is heated until two fifth of the air (assumed as an ideal gas) in it has
escaped from the vessel. Assuming that the volume of the vessel remains constant, the
temperature at which the vessel has been heated is: [JEE(Main) 2019 Online]
1) 750 K 2) 7500C 3) 500oC 4) 500K
14. Figure displays the plot of the compression factor Z verses p for a few gases [JEE-2006]
Which of the following statements is/are correct for a van-der waals gas :

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 Foundation - Gaseous state

A) The plot I is applicable provided the vander waals constant a is negligible.

B) The plot II is applicable provided the vander waals constant b is negligible.
C) The plot III is applicable provided the vander waals constants a and b are negligible.
D) The plot IV is applicable provided the temperature of the gas is much higher than its
critical temperature.
15. A gas described by van der Waals equation [JEE-2008]
A) behaves similar to an ideal gas in the limit of large molar volumes
B) behaves similar to an ideal gas is in limit of large pressures
C) is characterised by van der Waals coefficients that are dependent on the identity of the
gas but are independent of the temperature.
D) has the pressure that is lower than the pressure exerted by the same gas behaving ideally
16. The term that corrects for the attractive forces present in a real gas in the vander Waals
equation is : [JEE-2009]
an 2 an 2
A) nb B) C)  D) nb
V2 V2
17. For one mole of a van der Waals gas when b = 0 and T = 300 K, the PV vs.1/V plot is shown
below. The value of the vanderWaals constant a (atm.liter2 mol–2) : [JEE-2012]

A) 1.0 B) 4.5 C) 1.5 D) 3.0

18. In vander Waal’s equation of state of the gas law, the constant ‘b’ is a measure of:
[AIEEE-2004]
a) Intermolecular collisions per unit volume
b) Intermolecular attractions
CHEMISTRY X (FOUNDATION) M 25 Study Material
 Foundation - Gaseous state
c) Volume occupied by the molecules
d) Intermolecular repulsions
19. The compressibility factor for a real gas at high pressure is : [AIEEE-2012]
a) 1 + RT/pb b) 1 c) 1 + pb/RT d) 1 – pb/RT
20. If Z is a compressibility factor, vander Waals equation at low pressure can be written as :
[JEE(Main) 2014]
RT a Pb Pb
a) Z  1  b) Z  1  c) Z  1  d) Z  1 
Pb VRT RT RT
5
nRT n
21. Vander Waal¡¦s equation for a gas is stated as, P  a 
V  nb V 

nRT
This equation reduces to the perfect gas equation, P  when,
V
[JEE(Main) 2014 Online]
a) temperature is sufficiently high and pressure is low.
b) temperature is sufficiently low and pressure is high.
c) both temperature and pressure are very high.
d) both temperature and pressure are very low.
22. When does a gas deviate the most from its ideal behaviour ? [JEE(Main)2015 Online]
a) At low pressure and low temperature b) At low pressure and high temperature
c) At high pressure and low temperature d) At high pressure and high temperature
23. At very high pressures, the compressibility factor of one mole of a gas is given by :
[JEE(Main) 2016 Online]
pb pb b pb
1) 1  2) 3)  4) 1 
RT RT (VRT ) RT
24. The volume of gas A is twice than that of gas B. The compressibility factor of gas A is
thrice than that of gas B at same temperature. The pressures of the gases for equal
number of moles are : [JEE(Main) 2018 Online]
a) 2PA = 3PB b) PA = 2PB c) 3PA = 2PB d) PA = 3PB
NEET - PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
1. Two gases A and B having the same volume diffuse through a porous partition in 20 and 10
seconds respectively. The molecular mass of A is 49u. Molecular mass of B will be :-
[AIPMT Pre.-2011]
a) 50.00 u b) 12.25 u c) 6.50 u d) 25.00 u
2. 50 mL of each gas A and of gas B takes 150 and 200 seconds respectively for effusing
through a pin hole under the similar condition. If molecular mass of gas B is 36, the molecular
mass of gas A will be: [AIPMT Pre. - 2012]
a) 20.25 b) 64 c) 96 d) 128
CHEMISTRY X (FOUNDATION) M 26 Study Material
 Foundation - Gaseous state
3. A certain gas takes three times as long to effuse out as helium. Its molecular mass will be :
[AIPMT Main - 2012]
a) 64 u b) 9 u c) 27 u d) 36 u
4. Maximum deviation from ideal gas is expected from : [NEET-UG 2013]
a) NH3(g) b) H2(g) c) N2(g) d) CH4(g)
5. The temperature at which intermolecular attraction force balance the intermolecular
repulsion force is known as : [AIIMS-2014]
a) Boyle temperature b) Critical temperature
c) Boiling temperature d) Equilibrium temperature
6. Which is correct for gases showing attraction behaviour? [AIIMS-2016]

 dV   d   d 
a)  dP   0 b)  dP ( PV )   0 c)  dP PV   0 d) All of these
 T  T  T
7. In following compressibility factor v/s pressure graph which is true : [AIIMS-2017]

a) At high pressure, gas B behaves as non ideal

b) At moderate pressure, gas B behaves as ideal gas.
c) At moderate pressure, gas A behaves as ideal gas.
d) At moderate pressure, gas C behaves as ideal gas.

8. Given van der Waal's constant for NH3, H2, O2 and CO2 are 4.17, 0.244, 1.36 and 3.59, L2
atm mol -1 respectively which one of the following gases is most easily liquefied?
[NEET(UG) 2018]
a) NH3 b) H2 c) O2 d) CO2
9. The correction factor 'a' to the ideal gas equation corresponds to [NEET(UG) 2018]
a) density of the gas molecules
b) volume of the gas molecules
c) electric field present between the gas molecules
d) forces of attraction between the gas molecules
10. 1 mole of real gas (a = 1.4) oocupies a volume of 0.1 L at 300K then the pressure of gas will
be :- [AIIMS-2018]
a) 2460 atm b) 2320 atm c) 106 atm d) 212 atm
11. A closed rigid container at 300 K contains N2 gas at 10 atm pressure and this container can
bear maximum 15 atm pressure; at what temprature the container will burst ?
[AIIMS-2018]
a) 350 K b) 400 K c) 450 K d) 425 K
CHEMISTRY X (FOUNDATION) M 27 Study Material
 Foundation - Gaseous state
KVPY PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)
1. The plot that is not valid for an ideal gas where P is the pressure and V is the volume
of the gas, is - [KVPY_2007]

2. One mole each of the two gases X and Y are stored separately in two cylinders at 25ºC at
pressures 1 atm. and 2 atm, respectively. The difference in the compressibilities of the
two gases. (kx – ky) is [KVPY_2008]
A) 0.1 atm–1 B) 0.5 atm–1 C) 1.0 atm–1 D) 2.0 atm–1
3. For an ideal gas, Boyle’s law is best described by - [KVPY_2009]

4. The gas that has the slowest rate of diffusion among O2, H2, CO2 and CH4 is
[KVPY_2009]
A) O2 B) H2 C) CO2 D) CH4
5. Assuming ideal behaviour the ratio of kinetic energies of 3 g of H2 and 4g of O2 at any
temperature is [KVPY_2009]
A) 3 : 4 B) 1 : 16 C) 4 : 3 D) 12 : 1
6. Two balloons A and B containing 0.2 mole and 0.1 mole of helium at room temperature
and 2.0 atm. respectively, are connected. When equilibrium is established, the final
pressure of He in the system is [KVPY_2011]
A) 0.1 atm B) 1.5 atm C) 0.5 atm D) 2.0 atm
7. At 298 K, assuming ideal behaviour, the average kinetic energy of a deuterium molecule
is : [KVPY_2011]
A) two times that of a hydrogen molecule B) four times that of a hydrogen molecule
C) half of that of a hydrogen molecule D) same as that of a hydrogen molecule
8. The graph that does not represent the behaviour of an ideal gas is : [KVPY_2012]

A) B) C) D)

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 Foundation - Gaseous state
9. A specific volume of H2 requires 24 s to diffuse out of a container. The time required by
an equal volume of O2 to diffuse out under identical conditions, is : [KVPY_2013]
A) 24 s B) 96 S C) 384 S D) 192 s
10. At room temperature the average seed of Helium is higher than that of Oxygen by a
factor of [KVPY_2014]
A) 2 2 B) 6 / 2 C) 8 D) 6
11. The volume vs. temperature graph of I mole of an ideal gas is given below.
[KVPY 2015]
The pressure of the gas (in atm) at X,Y and Z, respectively, are

A) 0.328,0.820,0.820 B) 3.28,8.20,3.28 C) 0.238, 0.280, 0.280 D)32.8, 0.280, 82.0

12. The ratio of root mean square velocity of hydrogen at 50 K to that of nitrogen at 500 K is
closest to [KVPY 2016]
A) 1.18 B) 0.85 C) 0.59 D) 1.40
13. In the following compressibility factor (Z) vs. pressure graph at 300 K, the compressibility
of CH4 at pressures <200 bar deviates from ideal behaviour because [KVPY 2016]
A) the molar volume of CH4 is less than its
molar volume in the ideal state
B) the molar volume of CH4 is same as that in
its ideal state
C) intermolecular interactions between CH4
molecules decreases
D) the molar volume of CH4 is more than its
molar volume in the ideal state

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 Foundation - Gaseous state
14. According to Graham’s Law, the rate of diffusion of CO, O2, N2 and CO2 follows the
order. [KVPY 2016]
A) CO = N2 > O2 > CO B) CO = N2 > CO2 > O2
C) O2 > CO = N2 > CO2 D) CO2 > O2 > CO = N2
15. In a closed vessel, an ideal gas at 1 atm is heated from 27ºC to 327ºC. The final pressure
of the gas will approximately be [KVPY 2016 SX]
A) 3 atm B) 0.5 atm C) 2 atm D) 12 atm
16. A reaction has an activation energy of 209 kJ mol–1. The rate increases 10-fold when the
temperature is increased from 27°C to X°C. The temperature X is closest to
[KVPY 2017]
[Gas constant, R = 8.314 J mol–1K–1]
A) 35 B) 40 C) 30 D) 45
17. A mixture of toluene and benzene boils at 100°C. Assuming ideal behaviour, the mole
fraction of toluence in the mixture is closest to [KVPY 2017]
[Vapour pressures of pure toluene and pure benzene at 100°C are 0.742 and 1.800 bar,
respectively. 1atm = 1.013 bar]
A) 0.824 B) 0.744 C) 0.544 D) 0.624



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 Foundation - Gaseous state
ANSWER KEY - PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1) A 2) C 3) C 4) A 5) A 6) C 7) C 8) A 9) B 10) C
11) C 12) D 13) C 14) D 15) B 16) C 17) D 18) C 19) B 20) B
SOLUTIONS
PRACTICE PROBLEMS (GASEOUS STATE)

100 T 1V 1 T
1)  2) V  T
100.4 T  1 2 2

3) Initial N 2  3H 2  2 NH 3 4) n1  n2
final 1 3 2
4 2
ratio   .
2 1

6) Two flask initally at 27º and 0.5 atm, have same volume and 0.7 mole thus each flask
has 0.35 mole. Let n mole of gas are diffuse from II to I on heating the flask at 1270C
Mole in I flask = 0.35 + n, Mole in II flask = 0.35 – n
If new pressure of flask is P then
for I flask P × V = (0.35 + n) × R × 300 ; for II flask P × V = (0.35 – n) × R × 400
n = 0.5
mole in I flask = 0.40 mole in II flask = 0.30
0.5 × 2V = 0.7 × 0.0821 × 300 (initially) V = 17.24 Lt.
P × 17.24 = 0.30 × 0.0821 × 400 (finally) P = 0.57 atm.
10 273 P 1 12
8) V  373 9) P  CRT ; T    12 K
2 RC 1 1
P
10) 15  75 11) P 
T
30 MB
150
M B  150. (V .D.)   75.
2
3RT 1.5 RT
PA  ; PB 
MA MB
12) PA 2 M B 2  2 M A 14) PV  T
   4.
PB MA MA
n
PH 2 H2 30 15
15)    .
PC2 H 6 nC2 H 6 2 1

CHEMISTRY X (FOUNDATION) M 31 Study Material

 Foundation - Gaseous state

18)

CHEMISTRY X (FOUNDATION) M 32 Study Material

 Foundation - Gaseous state

ANSWER KEY - PRACTICE PROBLEMS

21) D 22) A 23) D 24) A 25) A 26) A 27) B 28) A 29) B 30) B
31) A 32) D 33) A 34) B 35) A 36) A 37) B 38) B 39) A 40) C
41) B 42) D 43) C 44) C 45) D 46) C 47) C 48) C 49) B 50) B
51) C
JEE - MAINS - ADVANCED
1) A 2) D 3) MY = 4. 4) 9 5) 2.22 6) D 7) A 8) B
9) A 10) B 11) C 12) A 13) D 14) (ABC) 15) (AC) OR (ACD)
16) B 17) C 18) C 19) C 20) B 21) A 22) C 23) A 24) A
SOLUTIONS

2)

3)

4)

13)

CHEMISTRY X (FOUNDATION) M 33 Study Material

 Foundation - Gaseous state

15)

5)

6)

7)

8)

9)

CHEMISTRY X (FOUNDATION) M 34 Study Material

 Foundation - Gaseous state
NEET - PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
1) B 2) A 3) D 4) A 5) A 6) C 7) A 8) A 9) D 10) C
11) C
KVPY PROBLEMS - (PREVIOUS YEARS)
1) D 2) B 3) C 4) C 5) D 6) D 7) D 8) B,C 9) B 10) A
11) A 12) A 13) A 14) A 15) C 16) A 17) B



CHEMISTRY X (FOUNDATION) M 35 Study Material