ICT NOTES; Chapter 7; The System Life Cycle:

Overview:
System Analyst: An IT specialist responsible for the life cycle of a new/modified IT system. The
analyst then plans the implementation of the solution and then hands the plans to a software team to
produce the solution and test it. The analyst then plans how the system is going to be imported into
the organisation and arranges for continuing maintenance of the system. This process is the System
Life Cycle.
System Life Cycle: The different stages in the process of producing a new IT system. It can be
summarised as
● Analysis
● Design
● Development and Testing
● Implementation
● Documentation
● Evaluation
Waterfall Model: The process of the system life cycle where the analyst does not start at the
beginning and work straight through to the end but rather they may reach one stage and realise that
they have to go back and find out something else/plan things differently.

See figure 7.01 on page 92 in the coursebook, for the waterfall model.

Iteration: This is when it is possible to go back to any of the previous stages to refine the end
product at each level.
7.01 Analysis:
Analysis stage:
(Starts with the definition of the problem and a feasibility study); It involves looking at the
problem with the client to find out the client’s requirements and needs.
Feasibility study: This is when the analyst produces a report that states what is possible. If the
study is accepted then the collection of information begins.

Methods of researching an existing system:

● Observations; The systems analyst can learn from watching what is going on in the
organisation, by understanding how things are done and the relationships between people’s
work.
Adv; It only involves the system analyst.
Disadv; People tend not to work normally if they know that they are being watched.
● Interviews; System Analysts will want to find out how things work and what does not work
properly in the organisation.
● Questionnaires; Adv, People’s views can be obtained in a short period. Less time consuming
for the analyst than interviews and people have a chance to consider their answers before
filling in the questionnaires. The disadvantage is that some cannot take it seriously and
questions cannot be changed abruptly.
● Document Collection; Documents reveal a lot about an organisation but they can be
difficult to understand.
Requirement Specification:
● Includes what the organization wants the system to do, details about the storage requirements
and information about the desired hardware/software.
 ● It also lists the things that the organization has decided after the consultation must be
successfully done to satisfy them, and the analyst must agree to deliver the expected service. (
It's a contract agreement)

After the requirement specification is agreed upon, we move to the next stage, Design.
7.02 Design:
All computer system consists of :
Output Input Processing Storage.

Output Designs:
The purpose of the design stage is to decide what the input will look like.
It might seem odd for the analyst to start from what appears to be the end, but it is the analyst job to
produce a system that will do a particular thing.
The really important part is for the organisation to decide what happens in the end.
If the client likes the output they are more likely going to accept the whole solution.

The analyst will design what the output screens would look like and then produce a prototype.The
prototype would be realistic enough to allow the staff/client to tell whether it is suitable for the tasks
they want to do.
Prototype/Prototyping: Producing a particle solution to a problem so that area of the problem can
be tested without reference to the rest of the solution.
Input designs:
Input screens go through the same prototyping process as the output screens.
Not all input data will come from input screens, the analyst however has to decide how that data will
be collected and design a method of inputting it.
Look at examples on page 95.

When data is entered into the system it will have to be checked for accuracy, as any computer system
can only be as good as the data that is used in it, therefore input data needs to be validated and
verified. Special routines called validation routines are set up to ensure that the data is valid.

Examples on a table on page 96.

A verification check will ensure that the data was correctly transferred into the system in the first
place. The method of verification will probably be either a visual check or double-entry of the data,
then a comparison of the two sets of data. ( Examples of some verification checks include length
check for example how long the password needs to be, or type check, which checks that it is the
correct type of data).

Data Storage:
Now that the analyst knows what the input and output will be, the analysis can design the data
storage. Questions the analysts need to consider are:
● How much data needs to be stored about each item?
● What is the overall volume of data that needs to be stored and will the volume of data change
in the future?
● How often and quickly are the different data items going to be accessed.

Processing:
Finally, the analysis can design how the input data is processed to produce the outputs required. At
this point, there should be a good understanding of the system design and how different parts work
together to achieve the required results.

Data/ File structure: The format in which data is stored and organised.

7.03 Development and testing:

The system design now comprises several different sections; an input section, an output section, a
storage section and a processing section.
There are also subsections called modules and the development of most software is done in modules.
Each module can be coded by different programmers to speed up the process.
When the modules are completed they are linked together to form the complete software solution
Test Design:
Before the software, it is important to consider how the system will be tested to ensure that it meets
the required specification.
It is important to not leave the strategy for testing the software until after the software has been
produced because there is a tendency to make the testing fit the software rather than the other way
around.
To do this Test strategy is needed before the software is produced. It involves deciding which parts
of the software functions need to be tested.
Test Plan includes:
● The tests to be performed
● The data to be used in the tests
● The expected outcome
● The purpose of each particular test.
● Testing all the different parts of the solution to make sure that the results are as expected( so
testing the input/output and the storage and all of the different functions that the solution can
carry out.
● Testing file structures and validation routines to ensure inaccurate data is spotted as possible.

Testing:
Unit Testing: The functionality of the individual modules will be tested as standalone units.
Any errors found will be reported back to the programmers, and they will correct/fix the error.
Then, the particular test that failed will be returned to check that the error has been fixed.

After the completion of the testing, the modules are linked together for integration testing.
Now the full functionality and performance of the design can be tested, checking that all the modules
coordinate correctly with each other.
Test data and real data should both be used in testing. Test data is specially prepared to test that a
particular part of the processing is working. Test data should include some data that could be part of
the solution, some that would be right on the edge of being acceptable and some which should
produce error messages. These data are called,
Normal data: Data that would normally be entered into a system.
Extreme Data: Are values that are at the limits of the normal range of data. Extreme values are
used to make sure that all normal values will be accepted and processed correctly.
AND
Abnormal Data: Data that should not normally be accepted by the system being tested because the
values are invalid and should therefore be rejected.

REMEMBER: You cannot exhaustively test whether a piece of software will always work.
If the testing shows part of the solution does not work the analysis may need to go back to the
waterfall model.
The client should always be a party to the test plan, as they have to be convinced that the software
works as agreed. If the client is satisfied with the test then the next stage can be entered.

7.04 Implementation:
When the system has been produced and tested, it then has to be implemented into the client
organisation.
Most systems are designed to take over a task from an older system, so a changeover plan is necessary
to manage the change from one system to the other:

● Hardware: Buy and install new hardware that will be necessary for the new system.
● Data Files: After the hardware is installed, the files of data have to be loaded onto the new
system from a storage device. It ensures the data files are entered properly/accurately it may
be necessary to employ temporary data-entry staff.
● Training: The staff going to be using the new system need to be trained on how to use it

System Implementation:
Implementation of a new system can be carried out in four different ways:

Implementation Method: Advantages: Disadvantages:

Direct Changeover: The old ● Very quick to ● If the system fails, data
system was stopped and a new changeover can be lost.
system started. ● Little time or effort ● There is no backup.

Phased Implementation: ● Allows users to become ● If any part of the new

The new system will be familiar with the new system fails, there is no
introduced in gradual stages, system in stages. backup, so data can be
slowly replacing the old system. ● Staff training can be lost.
done at different stages.

Pilot Implementation: The ● Every feature in the new ● The department where
new system is trialed/piloted in system can be fully the pilot takes place will
one department of the trialed so if there is a not have any backup
organisation. Once the pilot problem with the new system if there is a
system, only one problem.
system is running successfully, department of the
the new system will be organisation is affected.
implemented throughout the ● Staff from the trail can
organisation. train other staff.

Parallel Running: The new ● If there is a problem ● It takes a lot of time,

system is started and the old with the new system, the effort and it is more
system runs side-by-side until old will carry on running expensive as data has to
there is confidence in the new as a backup. be input into the old and
● Outputs from both new system.
one. systems can be
compared to ensure the
new system is running
correctly.
7.05 Documentation:
To maintain an information system the organisation will need technical documentation to cover
how every part of the system works, and the user documentation for the users of the information
system so that they have a guide to how to use it.

Documentation should be produced while the system is being developed. It is especially important for
the technical documentation because there will almost certainly be more than more people producing
the solution and each person involved needs to know what everyone else is doing.

Technical documentation: This is the information about the solution that a technician needs to
understand how the system works. It is required when updating /fixing problems with the system.
It includes:
● Purpose of the system: Definition of the problem that the system solves, as agreed with the
client/measuring the scope of the solution and leads directly to the next item.
● Limitations of the system: Limitations would be put onto the system in the initial
discussions between the analyst and client.
● System Flowcharts: This shows the complete information system. AKA the system
architecture.
● Program coding: Details of any programming done need to be included, possible in the
form of program flowcharts.
● Annotations: Explain what each line is and what is contained within the code itself.
● List of variables used: Will include the name of the variable, the reason it is being used and
the data type, reason for this list is to help the technician follow the program if maintenance
needs to be done, to ensure that variables are not duplicated.
● File structure: Defines the type of data types of all the fields in the files used by the system.
It shows the linkages between the files. This information is needed in case the file structures
need to be modified in the future.
● Hardware and software requirements: The hardware needed to run the system is listed,
including estimated file sizes so that storage choices can be justified.
● Validation routines: Reasons for using validation were given in the previous pages.

User documentation: This is provided for the people who will use the system. Users do not need
the technical details of how the system works, but they do need to know its features and functionality.
It includes:
● The purpose of the system; users can simply understand /state what they can use /and how
they can use the system for.
● Limitations of the system
● Its hardware and software requirements
● Glossary of terms
User Documentation includes:
● How to use the system: Include all sorts of data that needs to be input, how to input it and
its format.
● Sample runs: The outputs from some successful rums of software should be shown so the
user has a reference of how the system should look if it is used properly.
● Error messages: Things go wrong with any system so the users should be able to look up
what caused the error and what can be done about it.
● Trouble-shooting guide: There should be some assistance for minor problems that can
arise with the system, otherwise every time things go wrong it will be necessary to call a
technician.
 ● Frequently asked questions ( FAQs): There are some things that experience has shown
some problems/questions that many users have. Problems are drawn together with answers
that go with them.

7.06 Evaluation:
At some point, after the new information system has been operating as a normal business application
it is time to review the project.

Evaluation against the requirements specification:

Before the solution is produced, the system analyst and client organisation agreed on a set of things
that the finished solution should do/requirements.
Solution success→ if all requirements are met.
The system fails to meet the requirements, the problem may not have been solved.

Limitations and improvements:

As a result of the evaluation, a list of required changes will probably be built up. Changes needed to be
addressed:
● Limitations: A shortfall between the requirements specification and what has been delivered,
this testing is also known as functional testing. Functional testing does not prove that the
solution is perfect /carried out in the best way, but it does provide evidence that the solution
satisfies the requirements it was intended to.
● Improvements identified during operation of the system in response to the clients changing
needs /accommodating changes in the external environment.
● Continual evaluations of and improvements to the system can be made. Refer to the waterfall
model.
Maintenance:
The continual process of changes to the systems is maintenance. It takes place throughout the
system’s operational life cycle.
Three Stages of maintenance:
● Error Correction( Corrective maintenance): All complex software goes wrong
sometimes. These errors are called ‘bugs’ in the software. The system support staff have to find
all these bugs and fix them.
● Added functionality( adaptive maintenance): Things change in an organisation. The
original problem that the system was built for may have altered. The system may be required
to do something else.
● Performance improvement( perfective maintenance): Organisations usually want to
speed up processes or make them more efficient/ or the system may have grown beyond its
original capacity. The system analyst has to consider how to solve these issues. Any changes
made will require careful planning and implementation.
Chapter 1; Types and Components of computer systems:

Overview:
Information Communication Technology ( ICT) is used almost everywhere.

1.01 Hardware and Software:

There are two main components of a computer system; the hardware and the software.
Computer HARDWARE consists of the physical/tangible parts of a computer system, for example,
screen, keyboard, mouse, printer, motherboard or keyboard.
Computer SOFTWARE is the opposite, you cannot touch it, as it is a set of instructions for a
computer to make it perform certain specific operations.

You need both hardware and software for a computer system to work.

Desktop and Laptop:

This will be discussed later on in the chapter in section 1.04.

Hardware Components:
Computer case; Contains hardware components that come in different shapes and sizes, but typically
a tower. It contains a Motherboard on which other components are mounted, such as the CPU,
main memory and expansion slots for the other hardware ...
Motherboard: Ad: A printed circuit board that allocates power to the CPU, RAM and other
hardware components, and allows them to communicate with each other.

A computer system also needs input devices (keyboard), so that the user can interact with the
computer via an interface. A display device is also needed.

Computer divided into several types of device:

● An input device is used to put data into the computer. Aka peripherals.
● A processor does something with the data given by the input device. Aka CPU, Central
Processing Unit.
● An output device is used to show the processor’s results. Aka peripherals.
● A Storage device keeps all the data and the software.

Internal Hardware devices:

The CPU is inside the computer case, which is a chip attached to the motherboard.
The function of a Processor:
● Makes complex calculations/ Logical decisions
● Executing computer programs
● Sends instructions to other parts of the computer.
A processor contains various components:
● The Arithmetic Logic Unit ( ALU), where calculations occur.
- Logic operations
- Bit shifting operations
- Arithmetic operations
● The control unit ( CU), manage the various components of the computer. It reads and
interprets the instructions from memory and changes them into signals which activate other
parts of the computer calculations.
● The cache acts as high-speed memory where instructions and data can be copied and retrieved.
The binary system is made up of only 0s and 1s and 0s is used in computing to represent whether a
switch is ‘on’ or ‘off’.Computers store and process data using binary numbers.

A Sound Card: Enables the computer to send audio information to an audio device.
A Video Card: This is an internal circuit board for displaying images from a computer onto a screen.
The Power Supply: Converts alternating Current (AC) electricity from the mains supply to direct
current (DC) electricity, and then supplies it to the other components.
A hard disk drive: Is for storing programs and data. The computer can read from and write to it.
‘Read from it’--> being able to open a file.
‘Write to’--> Can save on hard disk.

External Hardware devices:

Read in the Book.
Software:
Set of instructions to make a computer work→ Software.
There are two main types of software:
● Systems Software is essential to keep the computer working.It may be classified as
operating system,device drivers and utility.
Device Drivers: A program that controls devices such as printers.
- An operating system provides a platform for application programs to run. A user can interact
with the operating system through a graphical user interface ( GUI) ( e.g Windows) or
using a command line interface ( CLI).
CLI ( Command line interface): A way of interacting with a computer via keyboard input on
prompt screen.
GUL ( Graphical user interface) : An intuitive way of communicating with a computer through a
colourful screen by clicking icons using a mouse or trackpad.
An operating system also includes:
➢ The ability to load programs
➢ Device drivers to run hardware peripherals
➢ Linkers; A computer program that takes files generated by a compiler and then combines
them into a single file that can be executed.
➢ Utility software; Part of the system software that can analyse, configure,optimise and
maintain a computer.
➢ GUL
➢ A Shell; An interface to allow you to access the services contained in an operating system.
➢ BIOS ( basic input and output system); it translates the operating system commands into
action by the hardware.
➢ A hypervisor; let’s you install more than one operating system on a computer.
➢ A bootloader; a code that is the first thing to run when you switch on/ It ‘boots up’/starts the
operating system.
● Applications Software: Lets you do your day-to-day tasks on the computer/programs that
carry out operations for specific applications e.g word processing. It cannot run on its own
without the system's software.
General Purpose software:
Can be used in daily work. Read in the book for the examples.

1.02 The main components of computer system:

Input and output devices:
Look into more in chapter 2.

Processor:
Aka CPU, Central Processing Unit of a computer. A microprocessor is a single integrated
chipo that performs the functions of a CPU. They are used to control devices such as video players.

Main or internal memory:

Important part of a CPU is the main memory as it is used to store all the data and instructions
currently being used.. Main memory is volatile . It can also be called other names;look at the book.

RAM: Random Access Memory; Stores data and applications while they are being used. It only
stores them while the computer is one, but when you turn the computer off everything in RAM is lost.
It is Volatile.
ROM:Read-Only Memory; Has data pre installed onto it that cannot be removed. It keeps its
contents when the computer turns off, it is therefore non-volatile.
- Useless for doing work/running programs as you cannot edit/change things.

Backing Storage:
A storage device: Is used to store programs and data when the processor is turned off.
Backing Storage: Another word for a storage device.
Secondary Storage: Aka external memory. It is a non-volatile memory .
External Storage: Data storage that is separate from the computer, it usually plugs into a USB port
on the computer.

1.03 Operating Systems:

The OS (operating system) or system software, manages all of the software and hardware of the
computer system. There are many different types of OS, though the three most common ones are
Microsoft Windows → PCs, Apple OS X → Mac and Linux.

User Interfaces:
Read about it in the book.

1.04 Types of Computer:

Desktop and laptop computers.

Devices Advantages Disadvantages Main Uses

Tablets Quick to turn on Can be expensive. Portable

entertainment
Portable Some lack expandable
memory/cellular Web browsing
Easy to use connectivity or have
expensive contracts. Games
Lots of apps to choose
from Amount of battery life. Reading

Ability to transfer data Speed of data transfer Email

and compatibility.
Video calls

Smartphones Pocket sized Small screens make Multifunctional

reading difficult devices you can easily
Can make calls/send keep with you.
texts or emails. Web browsing can
drain the battery
3G/4G connectivity to quickly
access the web from
 most places Typing on small screen
may be slow
Lots of apps available
Amount of battery life
Ability to transfer data
Speed of data
transfer/compatibility

Laptops Excellent for work Larger/heavier than a Using applications

functions tablet/smartphone software of all types.

Full-size keyboard Slower to start than

tablets
Very large storage
capacity Amount of battery life

Personal Computers Easy to upgrade Not Portable Work and home

applications.
Usually have a larger Take up a lot of space
screen than a laptop. Watching TV and
films.

1.05 Impact of emerging technologies:

Artificial intelligence (AI):
● Refers to computer systems that are able to perform tasks that would normally be carried out
by humans or where a task is too dangerous/boring/repetitive to be done by humans.
● AI needs to be able to react like humans
Driverless cars:
● Guided by GPS,WIFI and spatial laser sensors. Read more information in the book.
Computer-assisted translation (CAT):
● Not the same as machine translation as a machine translation is text translated by a computer,
without any human involvement. However, human translators can use CAT software to
support them during translation.
● A CAT system creates and manages a translation memory (T M) which means that translators
can reuse existing strings of previously translated text. T M’s database keeps collecting
contents as it is translated and when it is large, the translating process is faster.
3D and holographic imaging:
● Holography refers to the creation of 3D images that can change as the position of the person
looking at them changes. It is used in hospitals.
Vision enhancement:
● Implant available that can be placed into the retina of a blind person. Read more in the book.
Robotics:
● Are able to copy the movements and actions of human beings when they perform certain tasks,
but it has become more useful to us, robots are now being taught to think for themselves and to
react to situations as a human would.
● Work is carried out so that robots , using AI , can think analytically.
● Robotas can be categorised into two diff types:
Fixed
- To a single point in the factory. Work that needs to be done is brought to them
Mobile
-
Robots are used in production lines because they:
★ Produce more consistent results then human workers
 ★ More precise than a human being
★ Can work continuously without a break
★ Do not require heat or light
★ Do not need to be paid ( they do cost a lot though in the first place)
★ Can work in dangerous areas that human beings cannot
Biometrics:
● In ICT, biometrics refers to technologies that analyse unique personal characteristics such as
fingerprints,eye retains and iris and facial patterns and hand measurements.
Are mainly used for:
- Verification: To make sure a person is who they say they are
- Identification: To identify a person in a crowd
- Screening: To match a person who may be on a ‘watch list’ for security purposes.
Quantum Cryptography:
● Uses physics to generate a key that relies on the properties of light , in particular , protons.
Read a book for more information. Chapter 8 goes into more detail.
3D printers:
● They create three dimensions.
● They work by printing over and over again many thousands of times,building up layers on top
of each other, eventually a 3D model.
Drones:
● Is an aerial vehicle that crosses the boundaries between robotics,aeronautics and electronics. It
is controlled by a remote control system from the ground; you can even control them from a
smartphone or tablet.
● It is made up of light materials so that it is manoeuvrable/lightweight
● Can be equipped with infrared cameras/GPS
● Can be used for military/search/rescue/weather analysis/deliveries/spotting poachers etc..
Virtual reality (VR):
● A computer-generated environment, where a person can immerse themselves and interact to
perform a wide variety of actions. Read more in the book.
ICT NOTES; Chapter 2 ; Input and Output devices:
Overview:
Input devices are used to put data into a computer. A processor does something with the data
given by the input device and output devices are used to tell someone or something the results that
the processor came up with. The backing storage keeps all the data and the software that is used.

2.01 Input devices and their uses:

There are two categories of input device:
1. Manual input devices: Are the devices used by people to enter data into a computer
themselves.
Different types of manual input devices:
● Keyboards such as numeric keypad and musical keyboard
- Keyboards are used to enter fixed values,often characters, into the computer system.
-Types of keyboards can include qwerty keyboards, concept keyboards and numeric pads.
-Qwerty Keyboards is used to type letters,numbers and punctuation into a computer
-Concept Keyboards, allows the user to decide what each of the keys should stand for.
-Numeric keypads have a section on the right with a group of keys representing the digits from 0 to
9.

● Pointing devices, such as a mouse,touchpad or a trackball

-A mouse is a device that allows you to move the pointer on the screen and to make choices by
clicking the mouse buttons.
-Advantages: They provide a fast method of input and they are intuitive.
-Disadvantages: Mice can be easily damaged/ vandalised, difficult for diabiled to use, overuse of a
mouse can lead to repetitive strain injury and a mouse needs a flat surface to be moved around.
-A touchpad is a flat area next to the keyboard of a laptop
-Trackballs are little upside down mechanical mice that have buttons like those on a mouse.
-Advantages; Trackball is stationary and does not need a surface to be moved around on and is less
likely to get damaged.
-Disadvantage: Can be difficult to use for some applications who need fine control.

● Joysticks/driving wheel
-Carry the same tasks as a mouse.Read more in book.
● Touchscreens
-Can found on personal computers,laptops,tablets and smartphones.It can be BOTH an input and
output device.They are easy to use though a disadvantage is that disablied people can find it difficult
to use. Read more information in the book.
-The two main type of touch screens are
Resistive: Is sensitive to pressure from your finger. It is inexpensive compared to capacitive.
Capacitive: The screen is sensitive to your body’s electric field. It is more responsive than a resistive
screen.
● Graphics tablet
- A Graphics tablet is like a very large touchpad that accepts input from its associated pen or
stylus.
● Sensors
- A Sensor collects data automatically by measuring some property of their environment. They
Are more reliable than a human being because a human may forget to take readings or may
take inaccurate readings and it is not possible for a human to go to some place where readings
need to be taken. A disadvantage is that sensors need a power source in order to function.
- Temperature sensors: Read the temperature of their surroundings and send the readings to
the processor.
 - Pressure Sensors: Measure pressure and send the results to the processor, where the decision
is taken as to what to do.
- Light Sensors: Measures the amount of light falling on them

Inputting Images: Scanners and cameras:

● Scanners
- A device that shines light at a drawing or a photograph and can interpret the reflected light so
that the image can be stored in a computer system.
- Most scanners have a flat glass sheet on which the hard copy is placed.
- Advantages: Material can be changed into a form that can be edited or stored on the computer
system.
It is used for three different types of input:
- Images from hard-copy material
- OCR from hard-copy text
- OMR from specially prepared hard-copy forms
OMR: Optical Mark Recognition /Reader enables data marked by a human, such as surveys
and tests, to be captured during a scanning process.
OCR: Optical Character Recognition scans a typewritten document and translates the images
into an electronic format that the computer can understand.

● Digital cameras
- Take pictures using a series of sensors that are arranged in grid; when all of the individual
pin-pricks of colour are put together to make a picture. These little areas of colour are called
Pixels.
- Advantages are that the picture can be seen immediately , can be manipulated than those on
film and the image can be used in other electronic documents.

● Video cameras and webcams

- Video cameras are used to make electronic motion pictures. Can be linked to a computer in
order to feed the video directly into the computer. They are used for leisure and also security
purposes.
- Webcams are a special category of video cameras that have no storage capacity but are
connected directly to a computer. Can be used for security reasons or monitoring elderly
people, though the disadvantage is that they have no storage so they need to be connected to
the computer.
Inputting sound and music:
● Microphones
-Can be used to allow a computer to convert sound into data that it can handle.
● MIDI keyboards ( Musical Instrument Digital Interface)
-Read in a book.

● Remote control
-A small, handheld device that can be used to operate equipment such as a TV or stereo.

2.02 Direct data entry ( DDE) devices:

2. Direct data entry ( DDE) devices: Such as OMR or a bar code reader, which enables data to be
entered directly, without a human having to input it manually.

Device Definition/ Purpose Advantages Disadvantages

OMR Optical Mark Fast and accurate. Forms have to be
Recognition accurately designed and
/Reader/reading accurately filled in.
The OMR reader can
enables data marked by a
only read shaded areas.
human, such as surveys
and tests, to be captured
during a scanning
process.

OCR Optical Character Fast and accurate as it Possible difficulty when

Recognition scans a avoids typing eros and is reading handwriting.
typewritten document less expensive on labour.
Has to be checked for
and translates the images
errors.
into an electronic format
that the computer can
understand.

MICR Magnetic Ink Fast processing and The amount of

Character greater security because characters that can be
Recognition, is a the special ink characters read is limited.
technology used by cannot be changed.
banks to add data to the The device and the link
bottom of bank cheques are expensive.
so that it can be read into
a computer quickly and
accurately.

Barcode reader A bar code is a set of Saves time when product The technology is
short parallel lines in prices change as only the expensive.
contrasting colours , price data in the
often black and white. database will need Barcode must be
Dark lines are updating once for each undamaged.
thick,medium or thin product.
and if taken in pairs of
dark and pairs of light Quick and easy to get
lines they can stand for data into the system.
the digits 0 to 9.
Updates stock-control
Bar codes are read by automatically so saves
devices called a barcode time.
reader, which shines a
laser at them and then Very accurate.
reads the reflection to
tell how thick the lines
are.

Chip and pin reader A chip-and-pin , is a Secure Security: You may forget
microchip built into your PIN or people may
debit/credit cards to Hard to clone see what your PIN is as
provide security when you enter it.
purchasing. Chips hold more data
A chip is a small thin then magnetic stripes
sliver circuit that stores a
number of computer Portability
devices. It can be seen on
the surface of a card.

PIN, personal
Identification
number, is a digit code
 that the user should
know to be able to access
their card.
A chip and PIN reader is
an input device that
when you place a card a
payment can be done.

Magnetic stripe A black magnetic stripe Very fast data entry. The magnetic stripe can
reader is usually found on cards. only hold a small amount
It cannot store much No data entry errors as of data.
information but many nothing to type in.
tasks do not require very Cards need to be in
much. Robust. physical contact with the
reader to work.
Cannot be read by a
human. Data will be lost if the
stripe becomes damaged

Easy to duplicate.

RFID readers Radio Frequency Chips do not need to be Sometimes the chips can
Identification . An RFID positioned precisely on clash
reader will take data the scanner like a
from an RFID tag barcode does because
attached to an item when RFID devices work
it is within range. within a few metres of
the scanner.
RFID has three
elements: a scanning
antenna, a decoder to
interpret the data and
the RFID tag itself which
will have been
programmed with
information.

2.03 Output devices and their uses:

Display screens (Monitors) :

A monitor is a device that displays information from the computer on a screen. The main types:
● CRT; Cathode Ray Tube
- Cheapest and oldest type of monitor
- Extremely Bulky that is why most have been replaced by TFT.
- Work by firing a beam of electrons at a fluorescent screen.
● TFT; Thin Film transistor
- Don’t need to use a beam of electrons, instead they have a white light behind the screen that is blocked
by tiny windows.
- Smaller and lighter than a CRT monitor so they can be safely mounted on the wall.
- Takes little space on a desk
● IPS/LCD; In Plane Switching/Liquid crystal display.
- LCD is the type of technology and ISP is the type of panel being used in the LCD screen.
- IPS displays have good viewing angles, colour reproduction, good contrast and black levels.
- A disadvantage is that the response times may be slower than other types of display.
● Touch screen

Multimedia Projectors:
- Are devices that can project an image from a computer onto a large surface area.
Printers and Plotters:

Devices: Purpose/Definition Advantages: Disadvantages:

How they function.

Laser Printers Work by using a laser to High Quality Toner is toxic

‘draw’ the required
outputs onto a drum. Speed Cartridges that it comes
Read the rest in the in must be disposed of
book. May become cheaper in carefully
the long run
Reproduction of colour is
not always precise as it is
with an inkjet printer

More expensive to buy

than inkjet printers

Inkjet Printers Works by squirting ink High quality They often use
at the page out of water-soluble ink, so if
different nozzles for Inexpensive to buy printouts get wet, the ink
different colour ink. will run.

Dot Matrix Printers Works by using a set of Can print on multi-part Slower than other types
pins to press an inked forms or carbon copies. of printers
ribbon against the paper.
Where the pin hits Very noisy
Low printing cost per
against the paper a
page.
coloured dot is left. Limited print quality.
Can be used on
continuous form paper, Low printing speed.
useful for data logging.
Limited color printing.
Reliable, durable.

Wide Format Printer Used to print a huge It Creates Less Waste It Can Be Tricky to Get
spreadsheet. Right

It’s Relatively Fast

It’s Built to Last .It’s

Great for Advertising

3D Printers Go back to section 1.05 of

chapter 1.

Plotters An output device for Able to work on large If you are working with
printing vector graphics. sheets limited space, you may
A vector graphic,unlike have a difficult time
normal image formats High quality finding the right location
(gif etc) is not made up for your plotter.
of pixels, instead they A plotter may print on a
follow a path with a start wide variety of materials They take up more space
and end point that may than regular printers.
create a shape. Plotters can save all Furthermore, the price of
 patterns and templates a plotter is much higher
There are two types of on disk and eliminate the than the price of a
plotters ; hassle of having to load printer.
Flatbed plotters: Have the same patterns or
the paper lying flat under templates over and over
the pens.The pen itself is again. Additionally, the
attached to a motor in a same pattern can be
very similar way to the drawn thousands of
print head of an inkjet times without any
printer. degradation.
A drum plotter: Lies
the paper on a drum that
spins to drive the paper
under the pen while the
pen itself moves across
the drum.

Speakers: Enables you to hear sound or music from your system.

Headphones: are personal speakers, and are often used in environments where other people should not hear
sounds produced.
Control devices:
Actuator: Are used in control applications and match up with sensors as input devices because both sensors
and actuators are automatic devices which do not need any human involvement.
Control devices: Are used to change some physical value in response to a command from a computer.
Control application: Sensors and control devices work together with the controlling computer to make up a
control application.
Heaters: Can be controlled by actuators.
Motors: Can be used by a computer system to control elements of many household devices.
Buzzers: aka beepers make a single sound and are often used to inform the user that a particular thing has
happened.
Chapter 3; Storage devices and media:

Overview:
Storage devices are peripheral devices to the main system and are used to hold data whether the
computer is on or off.
The Storage medium: Is the part that holds the data
The Storage device: Is the machine that lets you store data on the medium and then read data
from it.

There are three types of storage devices storing data in different ways:
● Magnetic storage media: Store data magnetically
● Optical Storage media: Store data on their surface
● Solid-state storage: Storage media with no moving parts, based on electronic circuits and
using flash memory.

Type of Storage Data Portabili Robustness/ Advantages: Cost Purpose

Device: capacity: access ty Disadvantage Definition
speed s How does it
work?

Fixed Very Fast Low Fragile if -Can store Expe It is the main
hard large moved large amounts nsive storage on
disks of data. most
personal
Magnetic -access to computers.
storage data is faster. Each disk has
media.
a device
-No limit to called a
the number of read/write
times the head.This
medium can can write
be reused. data onto the
disk so it can
be stored,
and can read
data from the
disk when it
needs to be
used.

Fixed hard
disks are
used to store
three types of
data:
-The
operating
system of the
computer
-User’s
applications
-User’s data

Direct
access to
 data: File
where the
data is
indexed
making
access to a
specific piece
of data very
fast.

Portable Very Fast Medium Robust -Can be easily Expe Similar to

hard large connected to nsive hard disks,
disks -Not the computer the only
recommende to either have difference is
Magnetic d that you data read or that they are
storage switch written onto not
media.
between them. connected
Macs and -Does not inside the
PCs once a require an computer
disk has been external case and will
formatted. power source. usually have
a different
-Portable type of
interface to
-Easily used the
by multiple computer, for
PCs for power example a
sharing USB.

-Allows
scheduled
automatic
backup file.

-Allows for
quick
archiving of
data

Magnetic Very Slow Medium Robust but -Used to store Expe -Magnetic
tapes large needs care large amounts nsive tapes store
of dat and data in a
Magnetic where the similar way
storage
media. speed of to how data
access is not is stored on
important magnetic
-Tape storage disks, the
is cheaper only
than disk difference is
storage and is that data is
less likely to stored in a
be corrupted. long line on
the tape
rather than
being
scattered
over the
surface of a
disk.
-Magnetic
tape drive:
The device
that drives
the tape
around the
read/write
heads.
-Serial
Storage:
Data is
stored one
piece after
the other.
-Sequential
storage:Wh
en data is
arranged in
some sort of
order that
will therefore
speed up the
finding of
particular
data, because
the device
can then
fast-forward
the unwanted
bits.
Memory Large Very High Very robust Small, Medi
sticks/pe Fast um
n drives More Portable
expensive
Solid-Sta than other Can store
te forms of large volumes
storage
secondary of data.
storage
Straightforwa
Can break rd to use
very easily
Designed to
Can be fit straight
lost/misplace into a
d/smashed computer port

Can be non -volatile

affected by memory
electronic
corruption Solid state
storage

Need very
little power
Available in
many sizes

Can be used
in different
devices
 which makes
the entire
card
unreadable.

Flash Large Very High Very robust Medi

memory Fast um
cards

Solid-st
ate
storage

Blu-ray Large Fast High Robust Medi

um
Optical
storage
media

CD Large Fast High Robust A CD can hold Low A CD is

large files, but short for
Optical Has limited a DVD can compact
storage data storage hold larger disk.
media
size files and more
 data. DVD is short
DVD for Digital
Versatile
Disk.

Both a CD
and DVD
drives use a
laser to read
and to write
data, but a
DVD uses a
more precise
laser,
therefore
more data
can be
squeezed on
the surface,
because data
on DVD
media can be
closer.

HD DVV Limited Fast High Robust but Low

DVD needs care to
ROM medi
DVD R um
DVD RW
DVD
RAM

Optical
storage
media

The letters after ‘CD’ and ‘DVD’ say what type of CD or DVD they are:
-ROM-Read Only Memory; these can not be written from only read.
-R stands for ‘recordable’;these can only be written to just once and then can only be read from.
-RW stands for ‘re-writable; these can be written multiple times.

CD ROMs and DVD ROMs:

-Cannot be written to , only read from, meaning the contents can never be changed.
Advantage:
-Contents can be protected from being corrupted in some way as they cannot be changed.
Properties:
-Robust
-Store large amounts of data
Fairly inexpensive
Disadvantages:
-Not being able to change the contents.

CD Rs and DVD Rs:

-Can be written just once, but after that the contents can no longer be changed.
Advantages:
You can write what you want on them and then the material on them is protected.
Disadvantages:
-They can only be written once and not all DVD/CD players can play them.

CD RWs and DVD RWs:

-Ideal for moving files from one computer to another.
Advantages
-Not easy to damage
-Cab store large amounts of data and can be rewritten each evening
They are rewritable so they can be used over and over again.
-Quality also makes them ideal for taking backups of the files on a system
-Robust
-Portable
-DVD RWs are ideal for format.

DVD RAM:
-Similar to a DVD RW but the data is stored in a different way on the surface of the disk.
- this storing method means that the surface can be written on far more often than the surface of a
DVD RW. It also means data can be accessed faster.
-Reading and writing can take place simultaneously.

Blu-ray Disks:
-Have a much larger storing capacity than other optical storage media and at the same time can
perform high-speed transfers.
Advantages:
-Possible to record and playback hours of high-definition video.
Disadvantages:
-Cost is much higher than standard DVDs.
Chapter 5; The effects of using IT

5.01 The effects of IT on employment:

Changes in work patterns:

-Reduction of employment in offices, as workers' jobs have been replaced by computers in a number
of fields.
-Reskilling: When people change their job, they learn the new skills necessary for another job.

Typing
-IT has helped to change the old-fashioned notion of a typing pool so that now, instead of using a
typewriter to type documents, a much more professional-looking document is produced using
specialised software on a computer.

Car Production workers

-The concept of an assembly was evident before the industrial revolution, where individual workers
would take responsibility for an area of expertise in making one part of the whole product by hand
using simple tools.
-Deskilling: When people who have been doing a skilled type of job are replaced by technology
requiring operators with less skill, thereby saving the company money.

IT specialism in the workplace

-Nowadays IT systems demand ever more specialised computer skills and capabilities in the
workplace.
-The range of jobs is increasing exponentially

Smart working styles

Online collaboration using technologies such as VOIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol) and
video-conferencing have changed some of the working styles of the past.

Increase in employment due to IT:

While there has been a reduction of jobs due to IT, there has also been an increase in employment in
other fields such as:

Website designers
-The job of web designer only began when the internet began and so is a relatively new type of job on
the job market.
-Initially, only people with advanced computer technology skills were able to design websites.
-Nowadays, a much larger proportion of computer users are able to design and create their own
websites because the software is much more user-friendly and intuitive, furthermore, there are many
free resources and software packages for making websites than a few years ago

Computer Programmers
-A computer programmer's job involves using a specialised coded language that helps humans to
communicate with machines. They can create computer systems for education etc… or companies can
hire them to develop computer systems specifically for their needs.
-There are many different computer programming languages in use today, and many computer
programmers use more than one language to develop specific computer systems.
-Computer programming is a relatively new job on the market as before computers did not exist.
Delivery Drivers
-There are an increasing number of online shopping facilities that offer delivery services, and as
online shopping and e-commerce become more popular, more delivery drivers are needed by many
courier companies operating now.

5.02 The effects of IT on working patterns within organisations:

-IT has become a huge driver for change in the ability to work remotely and to be in communication
with the office.
-Job Sharing : When one job is shared between two or more workers. It can be flexible enough for
the job sharers to arrange their own working hours between themselves.
-Flexible working : Doing a job at times that suit the worker and not necessarily during the
traditional 9 a.m to 5p.m hours
-Compressed Hours: Extending the number of working hours in a day in order to decrease the
number of days spent at work during a working week or two.
-All these flexible working patterns have enabled more people from different walks of life to enjoy the
benefits of working and free time to themselves.
-Part-time work : When a person is employed for or occupying only part of the usual working day
or week. Most students do this type of working pattern outside their study time to help support
themselves while studying.

Self-employment has become easier for most people as they can work at home and advertise
throughout the country/worldwide through websites.

5.03 Microprocessor-controlled devices in the home:

-Microprocessor-controlled devices are found in many household appliances, such as washing
machines, TV remotes ,dishwashers etc…

The Positive effects microprocessors have on lifestyle:

-Increased free time: Laptops, PDA's, IPads, mobile phones, etc, allow us to work on the move, so
you can finish your work quicker, which means you can enjoy more free time.

-Increased Leisure time: Microprocessors in household appliances can make sure the task is
complete, even when you are not there. More leisure increases more social interactions

-Increased relaxation: Extra leisure time can be spent on watching TV, Listening to music, gaming
etc…

-Increased productivity: Microprocessors-controlled device can take care of household chores,people

are freed up to tackle more work related tasks.

-Health: Smart fridges for example can determine if the food is stored properly for health reasons or
if the food is good or going bad( it can determine the use by data) by scanning the food;s barcode.

-Increased Fitness: Microprocessor - controlled devices can reduce the amount of time it takes us to
complete our everyday tasks, so people have more free time and can use this free time to go to
gym/exercise.

-Safety: Microprocessors are inside sensors/alarm systems . The alarm goes off when intruders are
detected to warn the owner of the property.

-Microprocessors are low in cost

The negative effects microprocessors have on lifestyle:
-Gives people false sense of security as they become too dependent on alamers.
-people become too depend on them and forget how to do /learn the basic/traditional skills
-Microprocessors are not always healthy, such as cooking food in the microwave.
-You don't actually meet people face to face as much. This may be known as 'social isolation'.
-Interacting through a computer does not require much physical activity and can lead to health problems like
obesity.
-Playing games online could mean that children don't take up actual sports. This could lead to a decrease in the
quality of health.
-Social-isolation can develop for those who don’t go out and meet people.
-
Laziness/Decrease in fitness: microprocessors-controlled devices do most of the work for us; meaning people
are not doing as much hard manual work as we used to. This means it is now easy to become lazy and to not
exercise, and this can lead to health problems.E.G Obesity

5.04 Potential health problem related to the prolonged use of IT

equipment:

RSI- Repetitive Strain Injury:

-Can be caused by the exertion of your wrist muscles particularly when using a keyboard or mouse to
carry out repetitive actions that strain the wrist muscles
-It can be painful
-Legislation encourages companies to employ strategies to reduce incidents of RSI. The strategies
companies come up with incluse Job rotation strategies.

Other Health Problems:

-Back problems can be caused when you sit for too long in a ;hunched up position while using the
computer that is positioned too high or too low.

-Eyesight problems can occur, due to the direction of lighting and problems with the glare

-overuse of thumbs can cause numbness or pain

-Neck pains are also common

-‘Phantom calls’ do occur to some people when they have been on the laptop/electronic device for too
long.

-Artificial light from the screen affects their sleeping pattern because it causes a decrease in the
amount of melatonin in the blood which helps you to sleep better

Strategies to avoid health problems while on the laptop:

-Use adjustable chairs to avoid back problems or take regular short breaks to give your thumbs,
wrist,neck and back some time to recover from working in one position.

-you can also change the position of your screen, so that the lighting is at the right angle, therefore
limiting the possibility of damage to your eyesight/vision.

-Anti-glare screens or personalise your screen to enlarge the size of the text/images according to your
own personal needs.

-Take short breaks, exercise and eat sensibly.

Chapter 6; ICT applications:

6.01 The range of communication applications:

-ICT has brought major changes in the way we communicate with each other on a personal level, and
also on the way that organisations communicate.

Examples of the number of applications/hardware and software and the effects on the people
concerned and how organisations have been affected:
I. Newsletters:
- The use of word processing software enables easy editing to correct errors. Spell checker and
grammar checker also help to improve the quality of the document.
-With the use of a Word processor/ or a (DTP) Desktop Publishing application , it is very easy
to click a button to format a document in very clever ways, such as the use of columns, altering
margins and the spacing, changing the character SIZE, fonts like Arial, different effects like italic etc…
-DTP applications allow for many different publishing formats with very little effort and many people
can contribute to the production of a school newsletter.
-Always remember when producing a newsletter, to make sure the document looks impressive while
remaining readable without too many distracting effects.
-Duplex: A feature of printers that enables automatic printing on both sides of a sheet of paper.

II. Flyers and Posters:

-Flyers and posters look very different to newsletters, though the same sorts of considerations would
apply.
-The only difference between the two is the design of the finished product.

III. Applications used for publicity and corporate image publications:

-Examples can include business cards, flyers etc...

IV. Websites:
-A website is a collection of web pages, text,graphics, video and sound, and it is hosted on a web
server on the internet.
-A web browser;is where information on the website can be viewed by internet users.
-Websites are used to raise a profile either of a person or an organisation and to communicate with
others.
-In order to produce a website you either have to write code or use a web authoring application.
-The applications feature is similar to those found in a DTP software: the designer just needs to
design the layout for the web pages on the website.
-Hyperlinks can be provided to jump to other web pages on the website or to other websites.

V. Multimedia presentations:
-Use a mixture of different media to present information effectively and to maintain the interest of
the viewer. It can be in the form of a slide show to be shown to an audience using a data projector.
-The normal screen image containing text and graphics is supplemented by animations,video and
sound.
-Transitions;changes from one screen to another. It can be used to catch attention
-Hyperlinks can be included as part of a single-user presentation to give the user a choice of path
through it, for example CAL package. Computer Assisted Learning. Read more about it in the book.

VI. Cartoons:
CGI: Computer-generated imagery software for creating cartoons.
VII. Music Scores:
-Music is written by a composer who then writes it on a 'Staff' or ‘Stave’, which is a series of parallel
horizontal lines.

VIII. The use of mobile phones for communication:

-Mobile phones have the ability to allow humans to communicate through phone calls, SMS
etc...They also have features like GPS. Most are able to connect to the internet by using third/fourth
generation (3G/4G) networking technology.
-3G and 4G : Communication protocols used by smartphones to connect to the internet, 4G being
much faster than 3G.

Text messaging:
-SMS- Short messaging System is the least expensive way of communicating using mobile phones.
The use if internet telephony
-Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP), allows the use of the internet to carry voice data when
making phone calls. VOIP telephony can be between a computer and a landline telephone , and not
only just between two computers.
-Packet switching is when using VOIP technology, the voice data is broken down into packets of data
that are sent along different routes to arrive at the same destination.
-VOIP is generally free except for the initial cost of the internet.

6.02 Data handling applications:

-Data tracking, data mining and data analysis are some of the most important tasks that most
organisations are required to do.
-DA(Data Analytics) is a relatively new science that analyses large amounts of raw data so that
conclusions can be made which can influence decision-making more accurately.
-Data can be collected using more sophisticated methods like:
I. Surveys
II. Address Lists
III. Club and society records
IV. School reports
V. School libraries
Read more information about the above methods on page 69-71

6.03 Measurement applications:

-A measurement application has something to do with measuring a value or a set of values.
-A computer can be used to display the values to the user by displaying a representation of the
magnitude of the thing being measured.
-The computer needs to be given some data to describe the measurement that needs to be taken.
-These measurements will be taken by devices that can automatically take measurements and return
the values to the computer.
-These devices are called sensors.
-Most of the data measured will be analogue data, though it will need to be changed into digital data
so that it can be used by a computer system.

Advantages of using ICT Measurement:

-Precision
-Reliability
-Accuracy
-Non-interference
-Computer-recorded data can be analysed more easily and quickly than human-recorded data.
-Automated systems can operate where humans cannot, and free up humans from other tasks.
Scientific experiments:
-Many different scientific experiments need to be controlled by processors, which can take
measurements and then make decisions based on the measurements that have been taken.
The use of sensors during a scientific experiment is important due to
-Sensors can be used in dangerous areas where humans cannot be.
-‘ ’ are more accurate than human measurements
-‘ ’ do not miss any readings
- no interference.
Analogue and digital data
Analogue data; refers to audio or video signals etc… All natural signals are analogue data. In order
for analogue to be recorded and processed by a computer , they need to be converted into digital
signals, (bits-1s and 0s). When the data has been collected it needs to be sent to the computer via
analogue to digital converter, so that the signals that arrive would be understood by the computer.
Digital Data; Is based on binary form

The use of microprocessors and computers in pollution monitoring

-Microprocessors in sensors are used to measure the number of pollution in the environment, for
example by determining how much levels of gases like carbon monoxide are being produced in the
atmosphere.
-The sensors will report back to the computer via analogue to digital converter. The computer can
then be used to draw graphs of the data, store the data/results or produce information in a
table/graph form.

The use of microprocessors and computers in hospital intensive care units

ICT can enhance a patients care by
-Improving access to clinic data about the patient
-Reducing errors
-Ensure that compliance with quality standards is observed
-Monitor patients vital signs
-Provide support for decision-making.

6.04 Microprocessors in control applications:

- 'Computer control’ is about applications where the computer is not only taking measurements from
the world around it, but has been given command over some devices which will allow decisions to be
made and actions to be taken that will have a direct bearing on the results that are taken the next
time.
-Control applications use present values to determine when something should happen.

Turtle graphics:
-Are an example of computer control.
-Turtle graphics have many built- in commands that allow you to perform actions by giving the
computer a set of clear instructions to follow.
Control of automatic cookers
Central heating and air conditioning controllers ← Read information in the textbook page 76 to 77
Computer-controlled glasshouses
Burglar alarms

6.05 Modelling Applications:

-Computer modelling uses mathematical formulae to describe something . The formulae are used to
analyse or predict how something will behave in different conditions.
Two obvious reasons for modelling include:
-To test situations without endangering anybody
-To test feasibility without spending large sums of money

Spreadsheets:
-Are very valuable for simple computer modeling because they allow ‘What if …?’ questions to be asked.

6.06 Applications in manufacturing industries:

Robotics:
-A major role within the manufacturing industry. REFER BACK TO CHAPTER 1 FOR MORE
INFORMATION.
Advantages and Disadvantages of using computer controlled systems rather than humans:
-They can reduce costs in manufacturing industries through
- Increased speed
- Being able to work continuously without breaks
-Reduced labour costs
-Higher product quality
- Ability to carry out work in areas that may be too dangerous, too repetitive or too physically
demanding for humans.

-Initial cost of the robot is high

-Cannot make independent decisions
-They create unemployment for humans
-They sometimes break down and then there is no one to carry on their work while being repaired.

6.07 School Management System:

School registration systems
Recording learner performance
6.08 Booking systems:
Theatre booking systems
Cinema booking
Travel applications

6.09 Banking applications: ← All of these are important but have too much
information to type, so go to the textbook form page 78-83 and highlight.
Electronic funds transfers
ATMs
Telephone banking
Credit/debit cards

6.10 Computers in medicine:

Diagnostic systems
Pharmacy records
Patient records
Monitoring patients
Security of patient records and systems
3D printers for medical aids

6.11 Computers in libraries:

6.12 Expert systems:

Mineral prospecting
Car engine fault diagnosis
Chess computers

6.13 Computer in the retail industry:

POS/EFTPOS
Internet shopping

6.14 Recognition systems:

Passports
Processing of cheques
Automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) system

6.15 Monitoring and tracking systems:

Cookies
Key-logging
Employee call monitoring
Electronic tagging device

6.16 Satellite systems:

Geographic information systems (GIS)
Media communication systems