1.

Let T : V → V be a linear operator on V defined as T ( v1 ) ¿ v 2, T ( v 2) ¿ v3 , ⋯, T ( v n−1 ) ¿ v n,

and T ( v n) ¿ a 1 v 1 +¿ a 2 v 2 +¿ ⋯ +¿ a n v n.

(a) Determine [ T ] B.
(b) Give conditions so that T one-to-one.
(c) Give conditions so that T onto.
2. (a) Let λ 1, λ 2, ⋯, λ k be the eigenvalues of T . If W ¿ E λ +¿ E λ +¿ ⋯ +¿ E λ , show that
1 2 k

T (w) ∈ W for every w ∈ W .

(b) Let B ∈ M n ×n(F) has an inverse. Define a linear mapping Φ : 𝕄nxn(F) → 𝕄nxn through
Φ( A) ¿ B−1 A B , for all A ∈ 𝕄nxn(F). Show that A is an isomorphism.

3. Let F be a field. For every A ∈ M n ×n(F) define θ( A) ¿ tr( A), which is the sum of all the
components on the main diagonal of A.
(a) Show that θ is a linear mapping from M n ×n(F) to F.
(b) Show that null(θ) ¿ n2 −¿ 1.
4. (a) Suppose V is a vector space of dimension 4 and U is a subspace of V with dimension 2.
Create a linear operator f in V which is not zero with the properties f 2 ¿ 0 and
U ⊆ Ker(f ).
(b) Let V be a vector space over the field F, and S, T ∈ L(V ). Prove that T ∘ S ¿ 0 if and only
if Im(S) ⊆ Ker(T ).
(c) Let T : V → W be a linear mapping. Also suppose that B, B' basis for V and C, C ' basis
for
'
C
W . Prove that there are matrices P and Q such that [ T ] B ¿ P−1 [ T ] CB Q.
'

5. (a) Let V be an inner product space of finite dimension over R with dim V ≥ 3. If W 1 and W 2
are subspaces of V and 1 ≤ dim W 1 ¿ dim W 2 ¿ dim V , prove that there is a x ∈ W 2 with

x ≠ 0 such that x ∈ W ⊥
1 .

(b) Let W ¿ { A ∈ M 3 × 3 (R): x T A x=0 for every x ∈ R 3 }, then dim W ¿ ....

1. Let V be an inner product space and K is a non-trivial subspace of V .
Let P ∈ L(V ) be an orthogonal projection on K.
(a) Show that I V −¿ P is an orthogonal projection on K ⊥.
(b) Prove that (P(x), x) ≥ 0, for all x ∈ V .
(c) Prove that ‖P( x )‖ ≤ ‖x‖, for all x ∈ V .
3

2. (a) Let P4 (R) be an inner product space with ⟨ p ( x), q(x ) ⟩ =∫ p( x ) q(x) ⅆ x for every
−3

p(x ), q (x) ∈ P4 (R). Also let U ¿ { p(x )∈ P4 ( R): p (−x)= p (x) } and W ¿ { x }.

The orthogonal complement of span(U ∪ W ) is ...

1
(b) Prove that lim sin does not exist by using epsilon and delta (definition of limit).
x →0 x
3. Let V be a finite dimensional inner product space and p is a linear operator projection on V .
(a) If p is an orthogonal projection, prove that for every x ∈ V , ‖ p(x )‖ ≤ ‖x‖.

(b) If p is not an orthogonal projection, prove that there is x ∈ V such that ‖ p(x )‖ ¿ ‖x‖.
4. Let u be the unit vector of the finite dimensional inner product space V over R.
Defined:
T (x) ¿ x −¿ 2⟨ x , u ⟩ u, x ∈ V.
Show that:
(a) T is an orthogonal transformation.
(b) If A is a matrix representation of T , then | A| ¿ −¿1.
(c) The matrix representation of T over any orthonormal basis has the form I −¿ v v t, where v
is a column vector.
(d) If x ¿ k u +¿ y and ⟨ u , y ⟩ ¿ 0, then T (x) ¿ −k u +¿ y.
5. Let Im X be the column space or map of the X matrix. Suppose given Am × p, Bm ×q .
Show that the following statements are equivalent.
(a) Im A ⊆ Im B.
(b) Columns A is a linear combination of columns B.
 (c) A ¿ BC for a matrix C of size q × p.

1. Given the following system of homogeneous linear equations

kx +¿ 2lz ¿ 0
kx −¿ 2k y +¿ 12z ¿ 0
k y +¿ 4z ¿ 0
Determine the values of k and l so that the system of linear equations has a solution
a. Trivial
b. One parameter
c. Two parameter
2 3 3
2. a. Is A ¿ { a0 +a1 x+ a2 x +a3 x ∈ P | a0 +a1 +a 2+ a3=1 } a subspace of P3?

b. Let B ¿ { b 1 , b2 , b3 , b4 , b5 , b6 } be a basis for R6 which is not a standard basis.

Prove that the set S ¿ { v 1 , v 2 , v 3 , v 4 } is linearly independent in R6 if and only if the set

S ¿ { [ v 1 ]B , [ v 2 ] B , [ v 3 ]B , [ v 4 ] B } is linearly independent in R6.

3. Given a A matrix of size 5 × 7, rank( A) ¿ 4.

a. Determine the dimensions of the solution space A x ¿ 0.
b. Is A x ¿ b consistent for every b in R5? Explain.

4. Let V be an n-dimensional vector space, n ≥ 2 and T : V → V linear mapping. If T n−1 ( x ) ≠ 0

and T n ( x )=0 for some x in V , prove that T is not one-to-one.

5. Let A be a matrix of size n × n. Matrix A is said to be idempotent if A2 ¿ A.

(a) Give one example of an idempotent matrix in addition to the zero matrix and the identity
matrix.
(b) Prove that the eigenvalues of an idempotent matrix are always 0 or 1.
6. Let A be an orthogonal matrix.
(a) Does A always have eigenvalues? Explain your answer.
(b) If λ is an eigenvalue of A, show that λ ¿ 0 and λ ¿ ±1.
1. (a) Prove that if R is an orthogonal mapping in R2 and det(R) ¿ 0, then R has both +¿1 and −¿
1
eigenvalues.
(b) Show that ⌊ x ⌋=⌈ x ⌉ ⇔ x ∈ Z.
a b
(c) Show that and are relatively prime.
( a , b) ( a , b)
2. (a) Does 36x +¿ 108 y ¿ 26 have an integer solution? If 36x +¿ 108 y ¿ 26 has an integer
solution, determine one of the solutions. If it does not have an integer solution, give reasons
why the Diophantine equation has no solution.
(b) Show that the Diophantine equation a x 1 +¿ 5 x 2 +¿ 10 x 3 ¿ 11 has a solution if and only if
5 ∤ a.
3. Darts can also be played with a square dartboard as shown below.

Each box in area/circle A has the same value, as well as every box in area B, as well as the rules
for each other box in the same area. Also, the sum of the values in area A is equal to the sum of
the values in area B, the same as the sum of the values in area C and the same as the value of box
D. The value of each box is a positive integer. Budi has thrown three passes on the dartboard and
has a total score of 28. Determine the value of box D.

1 1 0
4. Let A ¿
( )
0
1
0
1 1
0 −1
0 0
and V ¿ { A x : x ∈ R3 }.

(a) Prove that V is a subspace of R4 .

(b) Find the basis for V and find the dimension V .
5. Let A be a matrix of size n × n. Matrix A is said to be involuntary if A2 ¿ I.
 (a) Give one example of an involuntary matrix in addition to the identity matrix and the minus
identity.
(b) Prove that the eigenvalues of an involuntary matrix are always 1 or −¿1.
6. Let V be an n-dimensional vector space, n ≥ 2 and T : V → V linear mapping. If T n=I for
some n ≥ 2, prove that T is onto.
1. Let A be 3 × 3 real matrix such that the vectors Au and u are orthogonal for each column
vector u ∈ R 3. Prove that:
(a) AT ¿ − A, where AT denotes the transpose of the matrix A;
(b) there exists a vector v ∈ R 3 such that Au ¿ v × u for every u ∈ R 3, where v × u denotes the
vector product in R3.
2. (a) Let V is an inner product space over a field R with finite dimension and U and W are two
subspaces of V . If dim(U ) ¿ dim(W ), prove that there is a nonzero vector w ∈ W that satisfies
w ⊥ u for all vectors u ∈ U .
(b) Let V be an inner product space, {a 1, ⋯, a n} the orthonormal set in V , and let W ¿ span{a 1, ⋯,
a n}. If a ∈ V , determine b ∈ W , and c ∈ W ⊥ such that a ¿ b +¿ c.

3. Let V represent the set of all lower triangular matrices of size n × n with real components, i.e

a11 a12 ⋯ a1 n

{(
V = a21 a22
⋮ ⋮
an 1 an 2
⋱ ⋮
⋯ ann
)
⋯ a2 n : a ∈ R∧a =0 for i< j
ij ij .
}
Consider V as a vector space over R (which has dimension n(n +¿ 1)/2).
(a) Prove that if A, B ∈ V then AB ∈ V .
(b) Given any matrix C ∈ V , prove that the mappings T C, U C : V → V defined by T C(X) ¿ CX
and U C (X) ¿ XC for every X ∈ V are both linear operators on V .
(c) If C has an inverse prove that C−1 ∈ V . If C has no inverse, prove that there are non-zero
matrix D, E ∈ V such that CD ¿ EC ¿ 0.
4. (a) Let A be a matrix over R of size n × n such that every nonzero vector x ∈ Rn is a
characteristic vector of A. Prove that there is k ∈ R such that A ¿ kI.
(b) We fix á and b́ vectors in R3 where á ⋅ b́ ≠ 0. Define a linear transformation T : R3 → R3 by:

T ( v́ )=( á × v́ ) × b́ where × is cross −¿ product

For all v́ in R3. Determine the eigenvalue of T .

(c) Let Z n× n represent the set of integer matrices of size n × n. Prove that for every A ∈ Z n× n,
there are non-singular S, T ∈ Z n× n, with S−1 , T −1 ∈ Z n× n, so that the matrix resulting from the
SA T product is a diagonal matrix.
5. Given a non-singular matrix M ∈ Rn × n that satisfies trace( X t X M ) ¿ 0 for every non-singular
matrix X . (a) Prove that x́ t M x́ ¿ 0 for all x́ ∈ Rn .
(b) Prove that n is an even natural number and Det(M ) ¿ 0.