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Geo Graphy Document HDFGHDFKJGH Vbiobjig B

This certificate certifies that Bikram Pramod Gauda with seat number 07 has completed the experiments for the subject of Principles of Geographic Information System at S. K. Somaiya College of Arts, Science and Commerce as a partial fulfilment of the B.Sc. IT degree for the academic year 2020-2021. The experiments were conducted under the guidance of Professor Sunita Yadav and were evaluated by an internal examiner.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
252 views141 pages

Geo Graphy Document HDFGHDFKJGH Vbiobjig B

This certificate certifies that Bikram Pramod Gauda with seat number 07 has completed the experiments for the subject of Principles of Geographic Information System at S. K. Somaiya College of Arts, Science and Commerce as a partial fulfilment of the B.Sc. IT degree for the academic year 2020-2021. The experiments were conducted under the guidance of Professor Sunita Yadav and were evaluated by an internal examiner.

Uploaded by

tango charlie
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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You are on page 1/ 141

S K SOMAIYA COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE &

COMMERCE
Vidyavihar (East), Mumbai 400 077

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the experiments done in the subject of


Principles of Geographic Information System At S. K. Somaiya
College Of Arts, Science And Commerce by Bikram Pramod
Gauda Seat no. 07 is partial fulfilment of B.Sc. IT degree
(Semester- VI) Examination for the academic year 2020-2021_.

Teacher Incharge: Prof. Sunita Yadav

Name of Internal Examiner:

Name of Co-ordinator: Prof. Marielia Assumption

Practical Details
no.
1
A. Creating and Managing Vector Data:
a) Adding vector layer
b) Setting properties
c) Vector Layer Formatting

2
2. Exploring and Managing raster data:
Adding raster layer, raster styling and analysing,
raster mosaicking and statistics.

3
A)Making a Map

B)Importing Spreadsheets or csv files

C)CSV Files Using Plugins, Searching and


Downloading OpenStreetMap Data

4
A)Working with attributes

B) Terrain Data and Hill shade analysis


5 A) RASTER MOSAICING

B) RASTER CLIPPING

C) Raster styling and Raster calculator


6 6(A)

6(B)
7
Managing Data Tables and Saptial data Sets:
Table joins, spatial joins.

8(A)

8(B)

Practical 9

10

Validating Map data

PRACTICAL 1

A. Creating and Managing Vector Data:


a) Adding vector layer
b) Setting properties
c) Vector Layer Formatting

a. Adding vector layers (Polygon, Line, Points)


➢ Polygon layers (We have taken 2 layers Matunga, Garden)
➢ Line layers (We have taken 3 layers Small_Roads, Road, Flyover)
➢ Point layers (We have taken 4 layers bank, college, Restaurants,
ATM)

b. Setting properties (Labelling, Symbolism)


Aim: To create map representing a location and it’s surrounding as
follows :

a) Creating Polygon vector layer


➢ Select Project→New
➢ Select Layer→Create Layer→New Shapefile Layer

➢ Following dialog box will appear on the screen. Select Polygon option
from Geometry type.
➢ Fill the appropriate information in each text box.
• File name :
▪ By default the file will be saved in bin folder.
▪ To avoid it click on following button to change the location of file.
➢ Field Panel
➢ Add the Attribute you want to show. (Column Name for Table)
b. Specify Type (DataType:Text Data/Decimal Data/Whole
Number/Date) of Attribute
c. Specify the Length of the Attribute. Specify Precision (If Data Type is
Decimal)

➢ Click on Add to Field List Button.

➢ You can add as many fields (Column Name) as you want for the layer.
➢ Select Geometry Type as follows
• Click on the following button

➢ The CRS dialog box will appear on screen. Click on the WGS84
option and it will be selected
as follows. click on OK
a) Follow the steps to plot Polygon features.
➢ Select the Polygon Feature (In our case it is Matunga for background)
from layer panel
➢ Click Toggle Editing Button → Click on Add Polygon →Now place the
cursor
at the location where you want to place the polygon. for polygon layer
minimum 3 points
should be selected
➢ Save the newly added polygon as follows.
➢ Set style for polygon by using property window(Right click on Matunga
Layer)

➢ Following screen will appear on the screen. Select pattern as you


want and click on OK.

➢ Same way we can add one more polygon layer for Gardens.
b) Creating Line vector layer
➢ Repeat the same steps as we have done for polygon layer.
➢ Select geometry type Line.

➢ Road layer :
➢ To plot road click on Add Line Feature.

➢ Click on the map where you want to draw line.

➢ Once you are done then right click on map (Dotted line turn into
solid line)
➢ save your data

➢ set style for Roads in the same way as we have done for polygon
➢ To label your roads Right click on Road layer .Go to properties
window then select label and
set single label property

➢ Following window will appear on the screen


➢ Roads will look like these

➢ To merge roads
• Go to properties of road then select symbology. Click on Advanced
button select
Symbol levels.
➢ Check Enable symbol levels option

➢ Click ok & Road will appear as follows


C. Create Point vector layer
➢ Repeat same steps to add point layers as we have done in previous
layers.(For
ATM, Restaurants, Banks, Bus Stops etc)

Final Output :
d) Calculating line lengths and statistics
➢ Go to Layer → Add Layer → Add Vector Layer

➢ Add the following file to project


Press “ADD”
➢ Also add India Administrative Map
➢ Double Click on IND_adm0
Select → Select any outline style from below given options.

Press OK
➢ The display window will appear like
➢ In Layer Pane, Right click on IND_rails → Open Attribute Table
PRACTICAL 2

2. Exploring and Managing raster data:


Adding raster layer, raster styling and analysing, raster mosaicking
and statistics.

STEPS:
Start a new project.
Go to Layer → Add Layer → Add Raster Layer

Add
the
data

MAP
Click the file name and Go to the properties

Here you can select the colour.


Render type -> Singleband pseudocolor
Min->0 Max->240
Add another map
Calculate population so select the raster calculator.
Select output layer -> browse file -> create file output layer.
Add raster calculate expression.
After calculating of raster data.

Change the colour properties.


Select interpolation ->Discrete Min-> -20000 Max->6000

Here is the output


Again go to raster -> raster calculator -> create output file ->output201
Raster calculator Expression
Change the color of output2010layer. Select min-> -8000 Max->45000

Here is the output:


Create new->project.
Layer->add raster layer ->add 4 tif file (practical2->c)
After adding 4 tif file. Go to raster-> miscellaneous -> merge.
Select all file then select run.

Merged-> browse -> save to file


Add name and save file (*tif)

Click Run

Here Output layer is created


Add vector layer
Add boundry shape file(.shp)

Add
Change the colour go to properties->symbology->select any colour
boundry

Output
Clipping
Clipped(mask)-> select file->finalclipfile(.tif) then run

Output
Practical 3

A) Making a Map
Create a new thematic map or open and existing one
Consider the following map as an example map
Go to Project -> New Print Layout
Insert a suitable title and press “OK”
A new Print Layout will open

Select Add Item ->Add Map


After adding map go to Item Properties -> Map1 -> Layers
Check on Lock Layers And Lock Style for Layers

Go to Add Item -> Add Picture ->Place a picture Box at appropriate


location
Add Item -> Add Label
Change the Label text To “India Map”, Set appropriate font size and
color using Item
Properties→ Main Properties

Add Item → Add Legend→ Place the legend indicator at appropriate


location.
Uncheck auto update and use suitable legend indicator label.

Add Item -> Add Label -> Add a Label using HTML rendering
Add Items -> Add Scale Bar
Add Items -> Add North Arrow
A map can be saved in Image or pdf using -> Export as Image/Export as
PDF
Save the map to appropriate location as PDF or Image
Open the PDF or Image from location

B. Importing Spreadsheets or csv files


Many times the GIS data comes in a table or an Excel spreadsheet or a
list lat/long coordinates,
therefore it has to be imported in a GIS project.
Go to Layer → Add Layer → Add Delimited text Layer

then select folder (.csv) In custom delimiters check


In Custom delimiters check Tab ,Colon and Space boxes
In Geometry Definition specify the X field and Y field
And set Geometry CRS as EPSG:4326 – WGS84
Press Add and close the window .
OUTPUT :
C. CSV Files Using Plugins, Searching and Downloading
OpenStreetMap Data

Download Open layers Plugin from


https://plugins.qgis.org/plugins/openlayers_plugin/
Create a New project
Install OSM Place Search from Plugins-> Manage and Install Plugins

Go to Installed - >Tick OSM place search


If OSM Place Search is not installed Then go to All, Search OSM Place
Search and Install Plugin

Now OSM place search is installed. Now we have to install Open Layers
Plugin
For that, go to Plugins-> Manage and install plugins-> Install from ZIP
Select the ZIP file downloaded from
https://plugins.qgis.org/plugins/openlayers_plugin/
Install plugin and upgrade Experimental plugin

Now OSM place search and Open Layers plugin has been installed
succesfully.
Go to Web-> Open layers plugin-> OpenStreetMap and open
OpenStreetMap

In OSM place search, we can search any place, select a region and it
will be shown in the map.
In this way, we can search any place using plugins and OpenStreetMap
Data

PRACTICAL 4
A. Working with attributes

STEPS:
Start a new project.
Go to Layer → Add Layer → Add Vector Layer
Select
“\GIS_Workshop\Practicals\Practical_04\A\Data\ne_10m_populated_pla
ces_simple.zip”
Right click on Layer in Layer Panel → Open Attribute Table.

Explore various attributes and their values in the Attribute table.


To find the Place with maximum population click on “pop_max”

On clicking the Select feature using expression button the following


window will appear.
Enter pop_max>200000 and pop_max<500000 and click

button to get all the places with population between


200000 and 500000.

The places matching the criteria will appear in different color


B) Terrain Data and Hill shade analysis

A terrain dataset is a multiresolution, TIN-based surface built from


measurements stored as features in a geodatabase. Terrain or elevation
data is useful for many GIS Analysis like, to generate various products
from elevation data such as contours, hillshade etc.

STEPS:

Go to Layer → Add Raster Layer → select


“10n060e_20101117_gmted_mea300.tif”, from Data folder
The Lower altitude regions are shown using dark color and higher using
light shade as seen on the top region containing Himalaya and Mt
Everest.

Mt. Everest - is located at the coordinates 27.9881° N, 86.9253° E.

Enter 86.92, 27.98 in the coordinate field, Scale 900000 and Magnifier
100% at the bottom of QGIS.

Press enter the view port will be centered on Himalaya Region


Crop the raster layer only for the region under study.

Go to Raster → Extraction→ Clip Raster by Extent

Select the raster layer (if the project contains multiple layers).
Select the clipping area by selecting the option Use Canvas Extends if
the visible part of map is to be selected or manually select an area on
canvas by using Select Extent on Canvas

Select the location and file name for storing clipped raster layer.

Deselect the original layer and keep the clipped one.

The Clipped raster layer is representing altitude are from 103 Meters.
Contour lines are the lines on a map joining points of equal height above
or below sea level. A contour interval in surveying is the vertical distance
or the difference in the elevation between the two contour lines in a
topographical map.

To derive counter lines from given raster.

Go to Raster → Extraction→ Contour

Select the input raster layer name. Set contour interval 100.00 meters,
select the output file
name & location and check the option to add output file to project after
processing.
Press “RUN”.

The contour layer will appear like this


In the Layer panel right click on Contour Raster Layer and select “Open
Attribute table”,
Arrange the table in descending order based on the value of the “ELEV”
column.
To verify the above contour files using Google Map

Make a copy of Contour Layer, Go to Layer →Save As

Select file format as “Keyhole Markup Language”, set file name, location
and Layer Name.

Also set CRS to WGS 84 EPSG:4326


------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------
A Hillshade is a grayscale 3D representation of the surface, showing the
topographical shape of hills and mountains using shading (levels of gray)
on a map, just to indicate relative slopes, mountain ridges, not absolute
height.

For Hill Shade surface analysis

Go to Plugin → Install Georeferencer GADL.

After successful installation of plugin Go to Raster → Analysis → Hill


Shade
Press Run
After Raster styling the Output will appear like this.

PRACTICAL 5
A. RASTER MOSAICING

STEPS:

1. Go to Layer → Add Layer → Raster Layer

2. Select the .tif raster images for India from the Raster Merge
Practical folder.

3. Click Open and Add those images in Layers Panel

4. Go to Raster menu → Miscellaneous → Merge

5. In Merge browse and select all those four layers, select a file name
and location to save merged image.

6. Click OK to run the merge operation.

7. You can now deselect individual layers from layer pane and only
keep the merged layers.

8. Go to Layer menu → Add Layer→ Add Vector layer. Select Indian


Admin boundary and style the boundary line with thickness.

OUTPUT :
B. RASTER CLIPPING

STEPS:

1. Add Raster image from the Raster clipping folder.

2. Add the ward shape file from Raster Clipping folder.

3. Go to Raster menu→ Extraction → Clipping

4. Select the raster image as input.

5. Select No data Value as zero

6. Provide filename and location for saving the output.

7. Select option Mask Layer and select the ward shapefile.

8. Check “Load into QGIS GIS when done” checkbox

OUTPUT :
C. Raster styling and Raster calculator

STEPS:
1. Select both the raster images from the Raster Calculator practical
folder.

2. Right click the images → Properties → Symbology→ Render type as


SingleBand
Pseudocolor. Click Classify and then OK.

3. Go to the Raster menu → Raster Calculator. Subtract 2000-year


raster from 1990
raster.

4. Provide filename and location for saving output. Press OK

OUTPUT :

Snapshot of output layer as the difference of two images.


PRACTICAL 6A

 Open layer then select add vector layer


 Add the .shp file

 Go to plugins -> Manage and install

 Check whether georeferencer gdl plugin is installed r not


 If installed go to raster ->georeferencer

 Then go to file-> open raster ->select jpg file

 Then go to settings ->Transformation settings


 Set transformation type and set resampling method as nearest
neighbour
 Set target SRS as ESPG : 4044
 Check the load in QGIS box.
 Go to edit ->Add points ->enter map coordinates from map canvas.
 Add 4 to 5 points

 Now go to settings -> transformation settings and change target


SRS to EPSG:4326.
 Then click on run
PRACTICAL 6B
 Check open layer plugin.
 Click on Web->Open Layer plugin ->Open street map

 Go to project -> properties and set CRS to 3857

 Now go to view-> panels->OSM place search and then search for


any place eg GATEWAY OF INDIA
 Go to raster ->georeferencer
 Then go to file-> open raster ->select png/jpg file
 Go to edit ->Add points ->enter map coordinates from map canvas
 Add 4 to 5 points

 Now go to settings -> transformation settings and change target


SRS to EPSG:4326.
 Then click on run
Practical 7
Managing Data Tables and Saptial data Sets:
a) Table joins
➢ Start a new project ➢ Go to Layer → Add Layer → Add new Vector
Layer
“I:\GIS_Workshop\Practicals\Practical_07\A\Data\tl_2013_06_tract.zip”

➢ This file will have only 1 row specifying data types for each column.
Save this file as ca_tracts_pop.csvt in the same directory as the
original .csv file.
➢ Go to Layer → Add Layer → Add Delimited Text Layer And add
I:\GIS_Workshop\Practicals\Practical_07\A\Data\ca_tacts_pop.csv”
➢ In the layer panel, Right click on “tl_2013_06_tract”, layer and select
Properties
➢ Select the option in Properties, and click on button to add new table
join.
➢ In the Add Vector Join window set the following properties and click
OK.

➢ After performing join


➢ For more clear output, select “tl_2013_06_tact” from Layer Panel,
right click and select properties. Go to Symbology and set the following
properties
➢ A Detailed and accurate population map of California can be seen as
the result . Same technique can be used to create maps based on
variety of census data
b) spatial joins
➢ Go to Layer → Add Layer → Add Vector Layer → Select
“I:\GIS_Workshop\Practicals\Practical_07\B\Data\nybb_12c\nybb_13c_a
v\nybb.shp” and
“I:\GIS_Workshop\Practicals\Practical_07\B\Data\OEM_NursingHomes_
001\OEM_NursingHo mes_001.shp”, from data folder.

➢ Go to attribute table and observe the data.


➢ Table before performing Join

➢ Go to Vector → Data Management Tools → Join Attributes by


Location
➢ Attribute table after join
➢ Use the Identify Feature i Button to select a region to view join data
on map Layer. ➢ Output
Practical 8
First Add Delimited text layer and Select EarthQuake Database from the
Practical folder

After adding the database, Select the properties given below


After clicking Add, EarthQuakeDatabase Layer will get added.

After that, Add a new vector layer and select


ne_10m_populated_places_simple.zip file and click add
Both the layers will get added.
Now go to Vector-> Analysis Tool and select distance matrix

After clicking Run, an output file will get created. Right click on output
file and open attribute table in order to see the output.
Now we can join this output layer with our original EarthQuake Layer. In
order to do that right click on the EarthQuake layer and select
Properties. Go to joins and add the output layer.

After adding open Attribute Table of EarthQuake Layer, you will find the
data of the output layer
If you want to search any country or any feature, open Query builder by
right clicking the layer, go to properties. In source section, open query
builder

Enter query and after opening the attribute table, the value will be
displayed
Now if we want to create our visualization, we have to add one plugin
mmqgis.

We can create hub lines using MMQGIS


Practical 8b
In practical 8 Go to folder B

Add a raster layer and select below shown file.

A layer will get opened and select i from the menu bar. Afterwards if you
click anywhere on the layer , temperature will be shown.
Now add Delimited layer and select the file shown below
Select the properties and click add

Now we can extract the temperature value from the raster layer. For that
install plugin Point sampling tool. Open point sampling tool
Select below fields and give an output .shp file for the output

Output will be shown and if we want to see the temperature of any point.
Click on any point and temperature will be displayed in the identify
results tab
Now in order to do the sampling according to polygon, add a vector layer
and select the below shown zip file
Now change layer CRS by right clicking and select featured as

A layer will get added and then download raster or zonal statistics plugin
from QGIS Python Plugins Repository
Then go to RasterStats-> Computer raster statistics
And then output will be shown.
PRACTICAL 9

Layer->add layer-> add vector layer.


File path->countries.shp file
Go to vector->geoprocessing tools->dissolve
Select CONTENT and click run

Select feature by area or single click


Click particular area
output
PRACTICAL – 10
A. Validating map data
The practical will be performed in the following stages
1. Developing a data cleaning plan
2. Performing Structural data checks
3. Verifying the plausibility of data
4. Performing Logical data checks
5. Verifying coordinates of mapping data
6. Preparing data for mapping.

1. Developing a data cleaning plan


1. Open the “Kenya_epidemiological_data.xls” in Microsoft Excel.
Additionally open the corresponding dictionary
“Kenya_epidemiological_dict.xls”, which contains a description of all
variables and information about their coding.
2. You should make note of the number of entries in your database, as
you will need to keep track of any changes e.g. when you remove
duplicates at a later stage.

2. Performing Structural Data checks


A. Format of the Database
B. Removing Duplicates
C. Coding of variables
2A Format of the database
Open Kenya_epidemiological_data.xls in excel. Go to the View tab, click
Freeze Panes and choose Freeze Top Row.

select the entire “child_id‟ column(first column), Under Home Tab, click
on Conditional formatting >Highlight Cell Rules> Select Duplicate values.

Now select the first combo box and select Duplicate and select Light red
fill with Dark red text in the next combo box as shown in figure
2B Removing Duplicates
Select all the columns of existing worksheet Now go to Data Tab and
select Remove Duplicates

2C Coding of variables
In the current worksheet, select the sex column. Now type Ctrl+F and
use Replace Function and Replace as follows (M-1, F-2) Please keep
track of how many values are getting replace.
3. Verifying the plausibility of Data
A. Coding of variables
B. Using a filter to detect outliners
3A Coding of variables
Select the age column in the existing worksheet. Now go to Insert tab
and select Scatter. You will set chart as shown below
3B Using a filter to detect outliners First go to the Home Tab>Sort and
Filter>Filter. Click and apply the filter to all the columns of the worksheet

Now click on age filter and click on Number Filter> Greater Than option.
type the value 20 in greater than field.
5. Verifying the coordinates of mapping data
Create a New Project in QGIS
Add Vector Layer and add file: Kenya_admin.shp.
Add Delimited Text Layer

Here we have to add file: Kenya_school_location.csv. In the Geometry


Definition section, there is a field called Geometry CRS, in that we have
to select WGS84 as coordinate system. As you can see 2 points are not
on the map.
To examine this, we need to save these layers as a Shapefile, to do that
select both the layers Kenya_school_location and Kenya admin, then
right click on them and choose Save Features As…
In the menu that comes up, set Format as ESRI Shapefile and put File
Name as Kenya_schools.shp After this is done you can uncheck the
Kenya_school_location in the layers section.

Let’s try and get the details of these 2 points that are not on the map,
select the Kenya_schools layer, click on the Identify Features Tool
button and then click on the points outside of Kenya to get their details
Now we want to add the district information to the map. Therefore, we
will join information based on the geographical localization. In the menu
click on Vector, then Data Management Tools, then select Join attributes
by location.
Then select Kenya_schools as Input layer and Kenya_admin as Join
layer
We also need to save the output so in Joined Layer, click “…”button to
Browse location. Save as Kenyaschooldistrict.

And then click run.

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