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CAPUTOL Activity 2.1 - Physics

The document discusses Edwin Hubble's discovery of Hubble's Law, which states that the farther away galaxies are, the faster they are moving away from the Earth. Hubble measured the distances and velocities of galaxies using spectroscopic Doppler shifts and Cepheid variable stars. His discovery provided strong evidence that the universe is expanding and implied that the universe originated from a single point in a massive explosion known as the Big Bang.

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Caputol Crystal
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276 views

CAPUTOL Activity 2.1 - Physics

The document discusses Edwin Hubble's discovery of Hubble's Law, which states that the farther away galaxies are, the faster they are moving away from the Earth. Hubble measured the distances and velocities of galaxies using spectroscopic Doppler shifts and Cepheid variable stars. His discovery provided strong evidence that the universe is expanding and implied that the universe originated from a single point in a massive explosion known as the Big Bang.

Uploaded by

Caputol Crystal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Caputol, Crystal Franze R.

BS Management – 3rd Year

Instruction: Read Bachall’s article and answer the guide questions below. (Recall or do
some quick research on the definition of the terms “galaxy,” especially its distinction from
the “star” or “solar system,” and “recede.”)

1. State Hubble’s Law in your own words, paying attention to the definition of the
parameters (i.e., consider relative to what locations is distance measured).

Hubble’s Law claimed that in cosmology, every galaxy is moving away from
one another at a pace proportional to their distance. The Big Bang theory says that
the universe began from a mall point and the explosion of the phenomenon that
continuously to expand every day, that is why the galaxies are moving away from each
other. And the faster they are moving away from earth, the farther is their distance.

2. Describe how Hubble measured distance and velocity.

Hubble determined the distance and velocity, in which most of the velocities
in the reading were from the pioneering measurement of spectroscopic Doppler
shifts, through the observation of the visibility of the distance and velocities of the 24
surrounding galaxies.

3. Sketch a caricature or diagram of the situation or phenomenon showing that


Hubble’s Law strongly implies an expanding universe.

4. Describe how Hubble determined Hubble’s Constant. What interesting specific


information can be derive from it?
Hubble Constant represents the constant rate of cosmic expansion caused by
the stretching of space-time. Its value can be derived by measuring the redshift of
distant galaxies and then determining the distance to the same galaxies. Even though,
Hubble Constant is constant in all directions any time, the rate change through time
as the universe changes.

5. How does Hubble’s Constant depend on time? How about distance? (In what sense
is it constant?)

Recessional Velocity = Hubble’s constant times distance

V=H0D

Where:

V is the observed velocity of the galaxy away from us, usually in


km/sec

H is Hubble’s constant, in km/sec/Mpc

D is the distance to the galaxy in Mpc

The value of the Hubble constant is about 500km/se/Mpc, however it still


uncertain today but generally believed to be in the range of 45-90 km/sec/Mpc.
Moreover, the Hubble time is about 14 billion years and the estimated age of
the Universe is13.7 billion years, thus the rate of expansion has been nearly
constant for a long time now.

Hubble distance is the distance of an object based on the Hubble flow. It is the
speed of light, c times the Hubble time, tH, or can be c divided by the Hubble
constant. Hubble distance DH, DH= c tH = c/H0

6. Does Hubble’s Law have anything to say about the motion of stars relative to other
stars in the same galaxy? If yes, what is it?

Yes, Hubble’s Law have anything to say about the motion of the stars relative
to other stars in the galaxy. Hubble used Cepheid variable stars to measure the
distances to a sample of galaxies. In a published book of Hubble in 1929, ), the 2
portions are directly correlated when you plot the space to a galaxy (measured from
Cepheid variables) and the rate of the galaxy (measured by means of the shift in the
spectral strains.
7. What is the error in Hubble’s observation? Using the distinction between accuracy
and precision to support your argument, why is the error insignificant?

Hubble’s observation of the expanding universe wasn’t perfect, it has errors,


and one of the errors that brought uncertainties and issues was the systematic
calibration. What makes it insignificant is that because back in the times of Hubble,
the gears are not well defined to solve this error, yet the accuracy and precision of the
observed data helped in supporting the observation of Hubble.

8. If Hubble were in a different planet or galaxy, will he make the same observation
described in Hubble’s Law?

Yes, because even he's in another planet his curiosity will be the same and he
would still be able to come up with the same observation because the universe is
expanding at all directions and even if the galaxies have different expansion rate, they
still expand at some point.

9. Enumerate a few other discoveries that are consistent with Hubble’s discovery and
which support the occurrence of the Big bang.

The other discoveries that are consistent with Hubble’s discovery and which
support the occurrence of the Big bang are the following:

- Determination of Hubble distances to galaxies and quasars

- Hubble's Distance Enable the determination of the 3D location and distribution of


millions of galaxies and quasars from their observed spectroscopic Doppler shift
(redshift) velocities obtained from large redshift surveys of galaxies

- Accurate determination of the age of the universe because of the precise


measurement of Hubble Constant

10.What are the particular “twist and turns” in the story that make Hubble’s discovery a
dramatic story?

In 1929, with the help of improved telescopes, Hubble noticed that the galaxies were
moving away from us because of that the light coming from the galaxies shifted a little
towards the red end of the spectrum due to the Doppler effect. Hubble concluded that the
galaxies and clusters of galaxies were in fact flying apart from each other at great speed,
and that the universe was therefore definitively growing in size. In effect, all the galaxies
we see are slightly red in color due to redshift.

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