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03 Determiningdeltahusingelectricalcalibration Notes

(1) A calorimeter can be calibrated by supplying a known amount of electrical energy and measuring the resulting temperature change (ΔTc). (2) The calibration factor (CF) relates the energy supplied to the temperature change and allows energy changes from chemical reactions measured. (3) Once calibrated, the calorimeter can be used to determine the enthalpy change (ΔH) of a chemical reaction by measuring the temperature change (ΔTR) and using the calibration factor.

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41 views

03 Determiningdeltahusingelectricalcalibration Notes

(1) A calorimeter can be calibrated by supplying a known amount of electrical energy and measuring the resulting temperature change (ΔTc). (2) The calibration factor (CF) relates the energy supplied to the temperature change and allows energy changes from chemical reactions measured. (3) Once calibrated, the calorimeter can be used to determine the enthalpy change (ΔH) of a chemical reaction by measuring the temperature change (ΔTR) and using the calibration factor.

Uploaded by

ELLENA SANTOS
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Determining ∆H using Electrical Calibration of a Calorimeter (9.3 , 9.11, 9.

12)

(1) The heat capacity of the water is the link between “temperature and energy”

(2) Another way of getting this link is to carry out the reaction in a calorimeter and to calibrate the
calorimeter by supplying a known amount of energy and noting the temperature change (ΔTc ).

(3) A known amount of energy can be supplied from electricity (or from another reaction) into the
calorimeter.
Energy in Joule (J)
Electrical energy = Voltage × current × time = …………………..

Units:
CF = Energy
Calibration Factor V = Volt (Joule per coulomb)
Tc
I = Coulomb per second
CF = VIt
Tc t = second
ΔTc = Celsius (or Kelvin)
Unit for Calibration Factor is J oC-1 (or J K-1)

NOTE: Calibration Factor is ALWAYS A POSITIVE VALUE


Example of a calorimeter
Setup of a calorimeter

power supply

ammeter
A
thermometer
V voltmeter

stirrer
water

heating coil
Efficiency of a Calorimeter – not mentioned in the Work Booklet

Measuring the Temperature change during calibration (Tc) is not always as simple as measuring the maximum
temperature reached.

For a well-insulated calorimeter, ∆Tc will equal Tfinal – Tinital as shown in the temperature-time graph (i).
However, for a poorly insulated container, the Tfinal will need to be determined from extrapolation of the slope in the
temperature-time graph.

The Tfinal can be determined from an extrapolation of the graph back to the time where the heater (current) was
turned on as shown in graph (ii).
(4) Knowing the calibration factor, the reaction is carried out in the calorimeter and the temperature
change of reaction (ΔTR ) is noted. The ΔH can then be calculated:

H= CF x TR
n(limiting reactant)

H= Energy
n(limiting reactant)
Example
A calorimeter contains 0.100 L of water at 18.00 0C. After a current of 2.00 A at a
potential difference of 4.25V was passed through the heater for 30.0 seconds, the temperature
was measured at 18.62 0C.
After a while, when the temperature of the water was steady at 17.60oC, 1.00 g of NaOH was
added to the water and the temperature rose to 20.30 0C.
(a) Calculate the calibration factor of the calorimeter
CF = VIt
Tc
CF = (4.25 x 2.00 x 30.0) / (18.62 – 18.00)

CF = 411 J oC-1
(b) Calculate the heat of solution (H) for the reaction:
NaOH(s) + aq → Na+(aq) + OH−(aq)

H= CF x TR n(limiting reactant) = m(NaOH) / M(NaOH)


n(limiting reactant) = 1.00 / 40.0
= 0.0250 mol
H= 411 x (20.30-17.60)
0.0250
H= - 44388 J mol-1 = -44.4 kJ mol-1
(Exothermic process as temperature rose)
Bomb Calorimeter (Not in the Work Booklet)

A Bomb Calorimeter is usually used to


ignite samples normally to find the energy
content of food or the Enthalpy Change for
Combustion Reactions.
Bomb Calorimeter – Two methods to Calibrate a Bomb Calorimeter (Not in the Work Booklet)

Electrical Calibration of a Bomb Calorimeter Chemical Calibration of a Bomb Calorimeter

A bomb calorimeter is calibrated by using a current 2.50 g of pure solid benzoic acid, C6H5COOH is placed in a
of 2.50 A and a potential difference of 6.80 V for calorimeter and completely reacted with oxygen. The
2.00 minutes. The temperature increased from temperature rise of the calorimeter is observed to be
20.50 to 21.20oC. 8.90 oC.
Calculate the calibration factor of the calorimeter Given the heat of combustion of benzoic acid is 3227 kJ
mol-1, calculate the calibration factor of the bomb
CF = VIt calorimeter.
Tc CF = Energy
Tc

CF = 6.80 x 2.50 x (2.00 x 60) Energy = H x n (Benzoic Acid)


(21.20 – 20.50)
Energy = 3227 x 103 x (2.50 / 122.0)
= 66127 J
CF = 2914 J oC-1 = 2.91 x 103 J oC-1
CF = Energy = 66127/8.90 = 7430 J oC-1
Tc

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