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Unit 1-Topic 2: Analysis of Different Waveforms: Let's Learn: A. Period and Frequency

1. The document discusses different types of AC waveforms, including their period, frequency, and harmonics. It defines period and frequency, giving the relationship between the two. 2. A distorted or non-sinusoidal waveform can be composed of several sinusoidal waves added together, where each wave has a frequency that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency. 3. Harmonics refer to the additional sinusoidal waves that are added to the fundamental frequency in a distorted waveform, with each harmonic having a frequency that is an integer multiple of the fundamental.

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55 views

Unit 1-Topic 2: Analysis of Different Waveforms: Let's Learn: A. Period and Frequency

1. The document discusses different types of AC waveforms, including their period, frequency, and harmonics. It defines period and frequency, giving the relationship between the two. 2. A distorted or non-sinusoidal waveform can be composed of several sinusoidal waves added together, where each wave has a frequency that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency. 3. Harmonics refer to the additional sinusoidal waves that are added to the fundamental frequency in a distorted waveform, with each harmonic having a frequency that is an integer multiple of the fundamental.

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Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 1-Topic 2: Analysis of Different Waveforms

Introduction:
As stated from the previous topic, ideally AC system follows sinusoidal waveforms.
Since the Ac system follows a sinusoidal waveform, there comes a time that the magnitude of
voltage reduced to zero. It happens at half cycle and after a complete cycle. However, though the
voltage reduced to zero twice in one cycle, this could not be noticed by our naked eye because the
number of cycles of an AC system is usually 60 cycles per second in our country and 50 cycles
per seconds from other countries. With this number of cycles in a second, as if the voltage is not
having a zero magnitude at all. So AC system could be described as a type of system that
periodically reverses its polarity.
AC generators ideally produce a sinusoidal waveform. However, due to the many conversion
processes and also electronic loads connected, this sinusoidal waveform became distorted. This
distortion in the waveform is also called noise or Harmonics in the electrical system.

Learning Objectives:
At the end of this topic, the student will be able to:
1. Determine the frequency and period of a given waveform
2. Determine the mathematical equation of a given sinusoidal waveform and vice
versa
3. Solve the harmonics of a given distorted AC waveform

Activating Prior Knowledge:


1. Plot the given expression y(t)=100sin25t
2. From the given Plot of item #1, how many cycles happened in 1 second?
3. What is the frequency of the waveform?

Let’s Learn:
A. Period and Frequency
In order to understand more about AC waveforms the terms Period and Frequency
should be defined:
Period (T)
 A Period (T) of an AC waveform is one whose values are repeated at regular
intervals. It is the time required for the values to rise and fall through complete
cycle. Period is express in seconds
Frequency (f)
 The frequency on an AC waveform is the number of cycles that occur in 1
seconds. Frequency is express in cycles per second or Hertz.

The following formula give the relationship between the Period (T) and Frequency
(f).

Instructional Materials: Circuit 2


2

1 1
f  ;_T 
T f
Examples
To understand more about period and frequency, let us consider the following examples:
1. An AC waveform has a period of 2ms. What is the frequency? (Ans: 500Hz)
Solution:
1 1
f  ;_ f   500 Hz
T 0.002
Note: the period is given in miliseconds, that is why it should be converted into seconds to get the
unit Hertz.

2. What is the frequency & period of the AC waveform which incurred 12 cycles after 0.48
seconds (ANS: 25Hz & 0.04s)
Solution:
From the example we could not directly use the formula, however we know that the
frequency is defined as the number of cycles per second, so we could therefore
immediately get the frequency. The period can be determined next by just getting the
reciprocal of the frequency.
12cycles
f  ;25cycles / sec;25Hertz
0.48 sec
T  1 / f ;  1 / 25;  0.04 sec onds

B. Angular Velocity
Before discussing the mathematical equation of sinusoidal waveform, it is essential
to understand first about angular velocity.
From a given sine wave below, y(t) can be written in terms of theta or wt.

Figure 1.Sinusoidal Waveform


From the illustration above, angular velocity (w) can be represented in terms of theta
and time (t) as:

w
t
  wt

Exercise: Solve for the following sample problems:


 Given the equation of a waveform as: y(t)=sin3141.6t, find the the following:

Instructional Materials: Circuit 2


3

 A. Angular velocity
 B. The Frequency
 C. Period of the waveform
 D. Sketch y(t) vs time
 What is the period of the sine wave y(t)=1sin(2pix10^6t) and sketch the waveform.
 From the figure shown find the angular frequency the given intervals are in micro
seconds

C. Harmonics of AC Waveforms
 An alternating voltage or current may not always take the form of a
systematical or smooth sinusoidal wave. While it is scarcely possible for the
manufacturers to produce sine-wave generators or alternators, yet sine wave
is the ideal form sought by the designers and is the accepted standard. The
waves deviating from the standard sine wave are termed as distorted waves.
 Complex waves are those which depart from the ideal sinusoidal form.
 Complex waves, which are periodic and have equal positive and negative half
cycles can be shown to be made up of a number of pure sine waves, having
different frequencies but all these frequencies are integral multiples of that of
the lowest alternating wave, called the fundamental (or first harmonic).See
figure below
 These waves of higher frequencies are called harmonics

Instructional Materials: Circuit 2

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