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Distillation-Multicomponent-final Updated

The document discusses multicomponent distillation. It explains that for mixtures with more than two components, the relationship between vapor and liquid compositions depends on all components, not just two. It introduces key concepts like light and heavy key components and minimum reflux ratio. Minimum reflux ratio is more complex for multicomponent mixtures as there can be two pinch regions rather than one. The document reviews methods like Colburn's and Underwood's for calculating minimum reflux ratio and relating reflux ratio to number of plates.

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waleed ch
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105 views

Distillation-Multicomponent-final Updated

The document discusses multicomponent distillation. It explains that for mixtures with more than two components, the relationship between vapor and liquid compositions depends on all components, not just two. It introduces key concepts like light and heavy key components and minimum reflux ratio. Minimum reflux ratio is more complex for multicomponent mixtures as there can be two pinch regions rather than one. The document reviews methods like Colburn's and Underwood's for calculating minimum reflux ratio and relating reflux ratio to number of plates.

Uploaded by

waleed ch
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Distillation

Binary Distillation
Problems # 11.3, 11.5, 11.7, 11.10, 11.11, 11.12, 11.13, 11.21, 11.24,

Example# 11.7, 11.9


Multicomponent Distillation
Equilibrium Data:

• The equilibrium data can no longer be represented by a simple X-Y


Diagram

• The relation between the conc. of component A in the liquid ‘x’ and into

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the vapor now depends on the composition with regard to all other
components also.

• For such systems, relative volatility “∞” is very useful to calculate the
equilibrium data
Multicomponent Distillation
Equilibrium Data:

An alternate method, particularly


useful for the separation of
multicomponent mixtures of
hydrocarbons is to use simple
relation:

Fig: Vapor-liquid equilibrium data for hydrocarbons

K values have been measured for a wide range of hydrocarbons at various


pressures, and some values are shown in fig
Multicomponent Distillation
Light and Heavy Key components:

• In the distillation of multicomponent mixtures, the essential


requirement is often the separation of two components, called key
components

• Consider a four component mixture A-B-C-D, in which ‘A’ is the

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most volatile and ‘D’ is the least volatile.

• Separation of these components in


distillation column occurs as
given in the table:
Multicomponent Distillation
Light and Heavy Key components:

• ‘B’ is the lightest component


appearing in the bottoms and is
termed as “Light Key Component”

• ‘C’ is the heaviest component


appearing in the distillate and is
known as “Heavy Key
Component”

• The main purpose of fractionation is the separation of ‘B’ from ‘C’


(light key component from heavy key component)
Multicomponent Distillation

Calculation of No. of Plates:

• Lewis-Matheson method is the most successful one, based on the

previously discussed Lewis-Sorel method.

• If the liquid composition on any plate is known, then the vapor


composition in eq. is calculated from a knowledge of the vap. pressures
or relative volatilities of the individual components

• The composition of the liquid on the plate above is found by using an


operating line equation, as for binary mixtures, although in this case
there will be separate equation for each component
Multicomponent Distillation

Calculation of No. of Plates:

• If a mixture of components A-B-C-D and so on has mole fr xA, xB, xC,


xD and so on in the liquid and yA, yB, yC, yD, and so on in the vapor
then:
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Multicomponent Distillation
Minimum Reflux ratio:

• For a binary mixture, the change in composition on adjacent plates


becomes less and less along a column until it becomes negligible at the

feed plate. At feed point, the compositions are said to be ‘pinched’

• In a multicomponent mixture, the pinch does not necessarily occur at


the position corresponding to the feed plate.

• In general, there are relatively few plates in which the concentration of


components heavier than the heavy key components are reduced to
negligible proportions, and then a true pinched condition occurs with
only the heavy key and more volatile components present.
Multicomponent Distillation
Minimum Reflux ratio:
Multicomponent Distillation
Minimum Reflux ratio:

• Similarly, there is a region in which the concentration of materials


lighter than the light key are reduced to very low values and thus there
is a 2nd pinch below the feed plate.

• In multicomponent distillation, there are thus two pinched regions.

• It may be noted that:


• If there are no components lighter than the light key, then all of the components
appear in the bottom and the pinch in the stripping section will be near the feed plate
Multicomponent Distillation
Minimum Reflux ratio:
• If there are no components heavier than the heavy key, then all of the components
will appear in the top and the upper pinch is also at the feed plate.

• If both conditions are true, then the two pinches coincide at the feed

plate same like binary mixture.


Multicomponent Distillation
Colburn’s Method for Minimum Reflux:

• If A and B are the light and heavy key components of a multicomponent mixture,
then minimum reflux ratio Rm is obtained from:

• The difficulty in using this equation is that the values of xnA and xnB are known
only in the special case where the pinch coincides the feed composition
Multicomponent Distillation
Colburn’s Method for Minimum Reflux:

• Colburn has suggested that an approximate value for xnA is given by:
Multicomponent Distillation
Underwood’s Method for Minimum Reflux:

• For conditions where the relative volatilities remain constant, Underwood


developed the following two equations from which Rm may be calculated:
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Multicomponent Distillation
Number of Plates at total reflux:
• The number of plates required for a desired separation under conditions of total
reflux can be found by applying Fenske’s equation to the two key components:
Multicomponent Distillation
Number of Plates at total reflux:
Multicomponent Distillation
Relation b/w reflux ratio and number of plates:

• Gilliland has given an empirical relation b/w the reflux ratio (R) and the number of
plates (n), in which only the minimum reflux ratio Rm and the number of plates at
total reflux nm are required:

Fig: Relation b/w reflux ratio and number of plates


Distillation

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Multicomponent Distillation
Problems # 11.4, 11.23, 11.26, 11.30, 11.31,

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