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Topic 1. Introduction To Chemistry

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292 views

Topic 1. Introduction To Chemistry

Uploaded by

Kisaki
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1 Lecture

Chapter 1
Introduction to
Chemistry

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.


Evolution of Chemistry
• The Greeks believed in
four basic elements:
1. Air
2. Fire
3. Water
4. Earth
• All substances were
combinations of these
four basic elements.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1


The Scientific Method
• Science is the methodical exploration of nature
followed by a logical explanation of the
observations.
• An experiment involves scientists who explore
nature according to a planned strategy and make
observations under controlled conditions.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1


The Scientific Method, Continued
• The scientific method is a systematic investigation
of nature and requires proposing an explanation
for the results of an experiment in the form of a
general principle.
• The initial, tentative proposal of a scientific
principle is called a hypothesis.
• After further investigation, the original hypothesis
may be rejected, revised, or elevated to the status
of a scientific principle.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1


Applying the Scientific Method
Step 1: Perform a planned experiment, make
observations, and record data.

Step 2: Analyze the data and propose a tentative


hypothesis to explain the experimental observations.

Step 3: Conduct additional experiments to test the


hypothesis. If the evidence supports the initial
proposal, the hypothesis may become a scientific
theory.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1


Applying the Scientific Method, Continued
• After sufficient evidence, a hypothesis becomes a
scientific theory.
• A natural law states a measurable relationship.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1


Modern Chemistry
• Chemistry is a science that studies the composition
of matter and its properties.
• Chemistry is divided into several branches:
– Organic chemistry is the study of substances
containing carbon.
– Inorganic chemistry is the study of all other
substances that don’t contain carbon.
– Biochemistry is the study of substances derived from
plants and animals.
– Green chemistry is the design of chemical processes
that reduce waste and hazardous substances

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1


Chemistry Connection: “Worth Your Salt?”
• Salt was once so valuable, it was used to pay
Roman soldiers
• Table salt is obtained by three major processes:
– Salt Mining
– Solution Mining
– Solar Evaporation of Salt Water
• Table salt is necessary for the human body, but too
much can cause high blood pressure

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1


Learning Chemistry
• Different people learn
chemistry differently.
• What do you see in the picture?
• Some people see a vase on
a dark background; some
people see two faces.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1


Problem Solving
• Connect the dots using only four straight lines.
• Experiment until
you find a solution.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1


Problem Solving, Continued
• Connect the dots using only four straight lines.
• Experiment until
you find a solution.
• Did you have to use
five straight lines?
• No matter which
dot we start with,
we still need
five lines.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1


Problem Solving, Continued
• Are we confining the problem?
• We need to go
beyond the nine
dots to answer
the problem.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1


Chemistry: The Central Science
• Knowledge of chemistry is important to
understanding the world around us.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1


Chemistry Connection: A Student Success
• In 1886, pure aluminum metal cost over $100,000
per pound.
• Charles Hall and Paul Héroult both independently
discovered a method for obtaining pure aluminum
from aluminum ore.
• The industrial process for obtaining aluminum
metal is referred to as the Hall-Héroult process.
• Today, pure aluminum costs less than $1
per pound.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1


Chapter Summary
• Scientists use the scientific method to investigate
the world around them.
• Experiments lead to a hypothesis, which may lead
to a scientific theory or a natural law.
• Chemistry is a central science with many branches.
• The impact of chemistry is felt in many aspects of
our daily lives.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1

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