Third Form Chemistry

Mr. Joaquin Cruz

Cel # 6339604
Email: [email protected]
Week 5
Independent learning packet

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Topic: Structure and bonding 

By the end of the week, students will be able to:

1.            define chemical bonding and identify the three basic types of chemical bonds; describe how
ionic bonding occurs between atoms of metallic and non-metallic elements.

2.            write the formula of an ionic compound without showing the bonded structure; relate the
structure of ionic substances to their properties.

3.            explain the formation of covalent bonds between non-metallic atoms.

4.            describe how covalent molecules are arranged (allotropy); identify the properties exhibited by
covalent molecules.

Bonding

Atoms combine to form bonds. When they do so, new types of particles are formed. Therefore, a
chemical bond is a force of attraction between combining atoms that leads to the formation of a new
substance. When atoms bond, they use their valence electrons which may be lost, shared or gained by
other atoms. There are three types of chemical bonds – ionic bond, covalent bond, metallic bond.

Ionic bonds (also known as electrovalent bonds) are attractive forces that hold oppositely charged ions
together in electrovalent compounds. Ionic bonds are formed when a metal (e.g. Na or Mg) reacts
chemically with a non-metal (e.g. Cl2 or O2). In ionic bonding, there is the transfer of valence electrons
where the metal atoms tend to lose their valence electrons while transferring them to the non-metal
atoms who gain the metal’s lost valence electrons. Ionic bonding is the transfer of valence electrons
form a metal to a non-metal. 

The smallest part of an ionic compound is known as the formula unit. (E.g. 1 formula unit for the ionic
compound sodium chloride (table salt) is NaCl.) It is composed of two parts: an anion and a cation.
The objective of ionic bonding is to make the reacting atoms acquire a stable electronic configuration
resembling that of the nearest noble gas in the Periodic Table of Elements.

Naming: cation + anion = ionic compound’s name

e.g. Ca2+ Cl-  =  CaCl2   ;   Calcium chloride 

Structure of ionic compounds: Ionic compounds are formed from ionic bonding. This means that the
compounds (solids) are made up of ions. These ions (which are charged particles) are arranged in a
regular structure thus giving rise to a crystalline solid. This solid is said to be a crystal lattice.

Properties of ionic compounds:

1.      They are hard, brittle crystalline solids.

2.      They have high melting points and heats of fusion.

3.      They conduct electricity well in molten or when dissolved in water. They do not conduct
electricity in the solid state.

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4.      Most ionic compounds dissolve readily in water.

5.      They react readily with each other in solution.

Covalent bonds are formed when atoms of non-metallic elements combine with one another. When
covalent bonding occurs, non-metal atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons. This is done so
that they may get a stable electronic configuration similar to that of the nearest noble gas in the Periodic
Table. Covalent bonding can give rise to single, double and triple covalent bonds. Covalent bonding
gives rise to molecules. (e.g. O2, F2, Cl2)

Covalent compounds (simple) have the following properties:

1.      Some are liquids or gases at room temperature because they consist of weak attractive forces.

2.      They have low melting and boiling points and low heats of fusion and vaporization due to the
weak intermolecular forces existing between the atoms.

3.      Some are soluble in water, while some are also soluble in non-polar organic solvents like
methylbenzene.

4.      They do not conduct electricity when molten due to the absence of ions. Structure of simple
covalent solids: Solids containing discrete covalent molecules generally have lower melting and boiling
points than giant ionic solids because the covalent molecules have weak intermolecular forces. (e.g. S8,
P4, I2)

Allotropes are different forms of the same element existing in the same physical state.

Giant covalent solids: A few covalent solids (like diamond, graphite and silica) have high melting and
boiling points as well as high heats of fusion and vaporization. These solids exist as macromolecules in
which very strong covalent bonds extend in 3-D.

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Third form Chemistry

Name: -_____________________________ Class: _____________

WORKSHEET: Chemical Bonding – Ionic & Covalent!

REMEMBER…
Ionic Bond between a Metal and Non-Metal (M + NM)
Covalent Bond between a Non-Metal and Non-Metal (NM + NM)

PART 1: Determine if the elements in the following compounds are metals or non-metals.
Describe the type of bonding that occurs in the compound.

Compound Element 1 (metal Element 2 (metal Covalent / Ionic

or non-metal?) or non-metal?)
NO2 N = non-metal O = non-metal covalent

NaCl
PI3
SO3
MgBr2
CaO
K2O
AlF3
O2
CuCl2
CO2

PART 2: Use Lewis dot structures to show the ionic bonding in the following pairs of elements.
Show the transfer of electrons using arrows. Write the correct chemical formula for the ionic
compound that forms.

1) barium oxide (Ba and O) 3) sodium oxide (Na and O)

Formula: Formula:

2) calcium chloride (Ca and Cl) 4) sodium nitride (Na and N)

Formula: Formula:

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Third Form Chemistry
Mr. Joaquin Cruz
Cel # 6339604
Email: [email protected]
Week 6
Independent learning packet

5
By the end of the lesson, students will be able to:

1. Explain what is meant by a stable electronic configuration.

2. Describe the formation of multiple covalent bonds.
3. Describe the structure of covalent bonds.

Covalent bond, in chemistry, the interatomic linkage that results from the sharing of an electron pair
between two atoms. The binding arises from the electrostatic attraction of their nuclei for the same
electrons. A covalent bond forms when the bonded atoms have a lower total energy than that of widely
separated atoms.

polar covalent bond

In polar covalent bonds, such as that between hydrogen and oxygen atoms, the electrons are not
transferred from one atom to the other as they are in an ionic bond. Instead, some outer electrons
merely spend more time in the vicinity of the other atom. The effect of this orbital distortion is to
induce regional net charges that hold the atoms together, such as in water molecules.

crystal: Covalent bonds

Molecules that have covalent linkages include the inorganic substances hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine,
water, and ammonia (H2, N2, Cl2, H2O, NH3) together with all organic compounds. In structural

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representations of molecules, covalent bonds are indicated by solid lines connecting pairs of
atoms; e.g.,

A single line indicates a bond between two atoms (i.e., involving one electron pair), double lines (=)
indicate a double bond between two atoms (i.e., involving two electron pairs), and triple lines (≡)
represent a triple bond, as found, for example, in carbon monoxide (C≡O). Single bonds consist of one
sigma (σ) bond, double bonds have one σ and one pi (π) bond, and triple bonds have one σ and two π
bonds.

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Name: ____________________ Class: ___________
Covalent bond practice
1. Fill in the missing information on the chart.

Element # of protons # of Electrons # of Valence # of electrons to

Electrons fill outer shell.
Carbon
Hydrogen
Chlorine
Helium
Phosphorus
Oxygen
Sulfur
Nitrogen

2. For each of the following covalent bonds:

 Write the symbols for each element.
 Draw a Lewis Dot structure for the valence shell of each element.
 Rearrange the electrons to pair up electrons from each atom.
 Draw circles to show the sharing of electrons between each pair of atoms
 Draw the bond structure using chemical symbols and lines. Use one line for
each pair of electrons that is shared.
 Write the chemical formula for each

molecule.

a) Hydrogen + Hydrogen

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b. Chlorine + Chlorine

c. Hydrogen + Chlorine

d. Hydrogen + Oxygen

e. Nitrogen + Hydrogen

f. Carbon + Hydrogen

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g. Oxygen + Oxygen

Third form Quiz 1 Atomic structure

Name: _______________________ Class: _________

Answer the following questions on the space provided at the end of the question.

1. What is the mass number of carbon (C)? ________

a. C
b. 13
c. 6
d. 12
2. How many neutrons are in an atom of sodium (Na)? (Remember M-A=N! Mass # - Atomic # =
Neutrons). __________

a. 12
b. 6
c. 13
d. 14

3. The _________ of an element equals the number of protons in an atom of that element. ________
a. atomic weight
b. atomic number
c. isotope
d. mass number

4. The __________ of an atom is the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of that atom. ____
a. atomic number
b. isotope
c. mass number
d. atomic structure

5. Where are electrons found in an atom? _________

a. no where
b. outside in the shells
c. inside the nucleus
d. with the protons

6. Electrons are negatively charged and have almost no mass. _________

Select one:
True
False

7. A beryllium atom has 4 protons, 5 neutrons, and 4 electrons. What is the mass number of this atom?
________

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a. 5
b. 9
c. 6
d. 8

Third form Quiz 2 Periodicity

Name: _______________________ Class: _________

Answer the following questions on the space provided at the end of the question.

1. What is the atomic symbol for silver? _________

a. S
b. Au
c. Si
d. Ag

2. What is the atomic mass of mercury? _________

a. 144
b. 98
c. 80
d. 201

3. The element that has the atomic number 17 is? _________

a. O
b. Cl
c. F
d. Fl

4. What is the symbol for element with atomic number 74? _________
a. Fe
b. Z
c. T
d. W

5. What is the last element in period 4? _________

a. Xe
b. Kr
c. Ar
d. Ne

6. Cu, Ag, and Au are all in what group #. _________

a. 11
b. 15
c. 7
d. 12

7. The atomic mass of copper is 63.5. ___________

Select one:
True
False

8. Give the symbol for two halogens. _______

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a. O and S
b. F and Br
c. Li and Na
d. Ne and Ar

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