0% found this document useful (0 votes)
163 views52 pages

Chapter One 1.0 Introdution

The document discusses the history and development of tables and chairs. It notes that early tables were used by Egyptians and Chinese as platforms to keep objects off the floor and for writing and painting. Greeks and Romans began using tables more frequently for eating. During the Middle Ages, tables were simple due to lack of resources during wars. Refectory tables emerged in the 17th century as longer versions of trestle tables capable of holding large banquets. Chairs were used since antiquity but were initially symbolic of status rather than ordinary use. The chair remains an emblem of authority in modern parliaments.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
163 views52 pages

Chapter One 1.0 Introdution

The document discusses the history and development of tables and chairs. It notes that early tables were used by Egyptians and Chinese as platforms to keep objects off the floor and for writing and painting. Greeks and Romans began using tables more frequently for eating. During the Middle Ages, tables were simple due to lack of resources during wars. Refectory tables emerged in the 17th century as longer versions of trestle tables capable of holding large banquets. Chairs were used since antiquity but were initially symbolic of status rather than ordinary use. The chair remains an emblem of authority in modern parliaments.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 52

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUTION

A table is a piece of furniture consisting of a flat top supported on one or

more legs. There are different kinds of tables such as Laboratory table, office table,

and dining table.

Office table arte those tables mainly used when recording and documenting

certain events in the office. It could be with different type of material such as

wood, steel and some metals. In the construction of this project wood is used as the

construction material to construction the office table and chair. The wood is being

use for construction because it offers superior performance and environment

advantage it is a versatile, sustainable, attractive and cost effective construction

material that combines beauty, performance and environmental advantage.

Moreso, chair is a piece of furniture with a raised surface, commonly used to

seat a person. Chairs are supported most often by four legs and have a back;

however, a chair can have three legs or can have a different shape. Chair are made

of a wide variety of materials, ranging from wood to metal to synthetic material

e.g. plastic and they may be padded or upholstered in various colour and fabrics

either just on the seat or on the entire chair. Chairs are used in a number of rooms,

in schools and office and in various other work places.

1
A chair without a back or arm rests is a stool or when raised up, a bar stool.

A chair with arms is an armchair and with upholstery reclining action and a fold-

out footrest, a recliner. A permanently fixed chair in a train or theater is a seat or in

an airplane, airline seat; when riding, it is a saddle or bicycle saddle and for an

automobile a car seat or infant car seat with wheels it is a wheelchair and when

hung from above a swing.

An upholstered, padded chair for more than one person is a couch, sofa,

sattee or loveseat; or it is not upholstered a bench. A separate footrest for a chair,

usually upholstered is known as an often hassock or poutte.

ADVANTAGES OF WOOD AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

 The production and processing of wood uses much less energy than most other

construction material.

 Wood helps tackle climate change.

 Wood is durable.

 Wood is very strong structurally.


 Wood is a natural insulator.
 Wood is fast and efficient to work with.
 Wood is cheaper than other material like steel.
 They are naturally beautiful and aesthetically pleasing.

 Wood material is nearly effortless to maintain.


2
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Most tables and chair purchased in this country Nigeria are most frequently

imported and arte made of wood but can be made with minimal cabinet making

skill. It is however necessary to make table of good style, durable and capable of

safety carrying the material placed on it.

It is necessary to make chairs which can suitably fit to tables and

accommodate the seated and give them comfort. The office chair can be made

traditionally to provide support and provide proper lumber and pelvic support

which can make the back muscles being less stressed, to provide chair and table

that will enhance good sitting posture that enable concentration, comfort and

improved concentration and endurance through long hours of seated task work.

Tables and chair with good aesthetic look can be provided by Nigerian and

importation of office furniture can be minimized and even exportation of office

furniture from Nigeria can be enhanced. The fabrication and finishes of table and

chair in Nigeria can improve the country’s economy through exportation.

1.2 AIM OF THE STUDY

To construct an office table and chair that will give Civil Engineering Office

of the Department of Civil Engineering Kogi State Polytechnic an attractive nice

look.

3
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this work includes;

 To provide office furniture that will enhance proper storage of files.

 To protect documents from fire, dust and insects.

 It helps to maintain the prestige of office.

 It helps in reducing fatigue.

 It makes the office more attractive and pleasant.

 It increases the efficiency of work.

 To provide better working environment for the employees.

 To provide table and chair free from corrosion when exposed to moisture.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This project work is limited to wood fabrication and finishes of office table and

chair. This entails the process for manual method of fabricating wooden material

for modern office table and chair making use of manual machine for cutting and

joining of wood.

1.5 DEFINITION OF TERMS

4
 ABRASIVE: A material capable of polishing or cleaning the surface of

a wood by rubbing.

 ADHESIVE: A substance for sticking two material together by surface

attachment

 BENCH DOG: Pegs which are placed into holes in the workbench that work

with the vise to hold wide material firming in place.

 Block plane: A small plane designed primarily for cutting across and grain, but

useful for many other application.

 BUTT JOINT: An end to end joint between two pieces of timber.

 CARCASSING: Framing carpentry or first fix carpentry.

 CARPENTER’S PENCIL: Much wider than a normal pencil and rectangular for

marking out work.

 CROSS CUT: A cut which runs across the grain of the timber.

 DOVETAIL JOINT: A right angle joint where the fingers are shaped like a

dove tail.

 DOWEL: A straight round wooden peg used to align and hold timber together in

a mortise and tonon joint

 RESW: A really strong glue often consisting of two parts that glues practically

anything.

5
 ESTIMATING: calculating how much materials are required, cost and pricing up

work.

 FACE: Surface of finished timber that will be most visible you tend to work and

setout measurement from the face.

 FILLER: Substance used to fill nail holes or irregularities in the surface of

material before applying a finishing coat.

 MORTISE: A normally square hole cut to allow a tenon to pass through and form

a strong joint between two pieces of timber.

 PLUMB: The term used to describe something that ids perfectly vertical.

 SEASONING: Reters to the amount of time it takes for timber to dry.

 PLYWOOD: A man-made sheet material made up of opposing layers and is used

often for its strength and resistance to warping of shrinkage.

 TENON: A mortise and tenon consist of a hole in one place of timber and a tenon

that fits into the hole to form a strong joint.

 VARNISH: A liquid used to finish timber.

 VENEER: A thin layer of wood give to another

 WARP: When timber bends/twist along its grain when stored in correctly or when

drying out.

6
CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

There is much controversy over who invented the table

A TABLE is an item of furniture with a flat top and or more legs used as a surface

for working at or on which to place things. True term table is derived from a

merger of French table and old English “table” both ultimately from the latin

woed “tabula” a board plauk flat to piece. Some every early table were made and

used by the Egyptians and were little more than stone platform used to keep object

off the floor. They were not used for seating people, food and drinks were usually

put on large plates deposed on a pedestal for eating. The Egyptians made use of

various small tables and elevated playing board. The Chinese also created very

early tables in order to pursue the arts of writing and painting.

The Greeks and Roman made more frequent use of tables, notably for

eating, although Greek tables were pushed under a bed after use. The Greeks

invented a piece of furniture very similar to the guerdon. Tables were made of

marble or wood and metal sometimes with richly ornate legs.

Later, the larger rectangular tables were made of separate platforms and

pillars. The mensa lunata.

7
Furniture during the middle ages is not as well known as that of earlier of

later periods and most soiree show the type used by the nobility. In the Eastern

Roman Empire, table were made of metal or wood, usually with four feet and

frequently linked by x-shape stretches. Table for easting were large and often

round or semi-circular a combination of a small round table and a lectern seemed

very popular as a writing table. In Western Europe the invasion and internecine

wars caused most of the knowledge invasion from the classical era to be lost. As a

result of the necessary immovability most tables were simple trestle tables,

although small round tables made from form joinery re-appeared during the 15 th

century onward. The Gothic era, the chest became widespread and was often used

as a table.

Refectory tables first appeared at least as early as the 17 th century as an

advancement of the trestle table; these tables were typically quite lond and wide

and capable of supporting a sizeable bauquet in the great hall or other reception

room of a castle.

Moreso, The chair has been used since antiquity although for many centuries

it was a symbolic article of state and dignity rather than an article for ordinary use.

The chair is still used as the emblem of authority in the House of Commons in the

united kingdom and Canada’s and in marry other settings. In view of this historical

connotation of the chair as the symbol of authority committees, boards of directors

8
and academic departments all have a chairman or chair. Endowed professorships

are referred to as chairs.

It was not until the 16th century that chairs because common. Until then

people sat on chests, benches and stools, which were the ordinary seats of everyday

life. The number of chair which have survived from an earlier date is exceedingly

limited most examples are ecclesiastical or seigniorial origin. Chairs were in

existence since at least the early dynastic period of Egypt. They were much lower

than today’s chair-chair seats were sometimes only 25cm high. In ancient Egypt

chairs appear to have been of great richness and speudor. Fashioned of ebony and

ivory or of carved and wildwood, they were covered with costly materials

magnificent patterns and support upon representation of the legs of beasts or the

figures of captives.

Generally speaking, the higher ranked and individuals was, the taller and

more sumptuous was the chair he sat on the greater the honor. On state occasions

the pharaoh sat on a throne, often with a little footstool in front of it.

The earliest images of chair in china are from sixthly century Buddhism

murals and stale but the practice of sitting in chair at that time was rare. It was not

until the twentieth century that chair became widespread in china.

9
In the 1880’s chair became more common in American household and usually

there was a chair provided for every family member to sit down to dinner. By the

1830’s chairs manufactured by factory life those by sears became available.

The 20th century saw an increasing use of technology in chair construction with

such things as all metal folding chairs metal- legged chairs the slumber chair,

molded plastic chair and ergonomic chairs.

2.1 TYPES OF TABLES

I. DINNING TABLES: These are tables designed to be used for formal

dining

II. BESIDE TABLES: They are tables often used for convenient

placement of small lamps, alarm clock, glasses or other personal

items.

III. GATE LEG TABLES: They are tables having one or two hinged

leaves supported by hinged legs.

IV. COFFEE TABLES: These are low table designed for use in a living

room in front of a sofa, for convenient placement of drinks, book or

other personal items.

V. REFECTORY TABLES: These tables are long table designed to

seat many people for meals.

10
VI. DARTING TABLES: These tables usually have a top that can be

tilted for making a large or technical drawing. They may also have a

ruler or similar element integrated.

VII. WORKBENCHES: These are study tables often elevated for use

with a high stool or4 while standing, which are used for assembly,

repairs or other precision handwork.

VIII. NESTED TABLES: These are asset of small table of graduated size

that can be stacked together, each fitting within the one immediately

larges. They are for occasional use such as tea party.

IX. LOO TABLES: These were very popular in the 18th and 19th

centuries as candle stands tea table or small dinning tables, although

they were originally made for popular card game call loo or lanter loo.

Their typically round or oval tops having a tilting mechanism, which

enables them to be stored out of the way when not in use. A further

development in this direction was the “birdcage” table the top of

which could both revolve and flit.

X. PEMBROKE TABLES: Were first introduced during 18th century

and were popular throughout the 19th century. Their main

characteristic was a rectangular or oval top with folding or drop leaves

on each side. Most examples have one or more drawers and four legs

11
sometimes connected by stretcher. Their design meant they could

easily by stored or moved about and conveniently opened for serving

tea dinning writing of other occasional uses.

XI. SOFA TABLES: Are similar to Pembroke tables and usually have

longer and narrower tops. They were specially designed for placement

directly in front of sofas for serving tea, writing dining or other

convenience uses. Generally speaking, a sofa table is a tall narrow

table used behind a sofa to hold lamps or decorative objects.

XII. WORK TABLES: Were small tables designed to hold sewing

material and implements, providing a convenient workplace for

woman who sewed. They appeared during the `18 th century and were

popular throughout the 19th century. Most examples have rectangular

tops, sometimes with folding leaves and usually one more drawer

fitted with partitions. Early example typically have four legs, often

standing on casters, while later example sometimes have turned

columns or other forms of support.

XIII. DRUM TABLES: They are round tables introduced for writing with

drawer around the platforms.

XIV. END TABLES: They are small tables typically placed beside

couches or armchairs often lamps will be placed on an end table.

12
XV. BILLIARDS TABLES: They are bounded tables on which billard

type games are played. All provide a flat surface usually composed of

slate and covered with cloths elevation above the ground.

XVI. CHESS TABLES: They are type of game table that integrate a chess

board

XVII. TABLE TENNIS TABLES: They are usually masonite or a similar

wood layered with a smooth low-friction coating. They are divided

into two halves by a low net which separates opposing players.

XVIII. POKER TABLE OR CARD TABLES: They are used to play poker

or other card games.

XIX. OFFICE TABLES: These are usually found in the office for placing

files and documents.

XX. LABORATORY TABLES: These are table found in the laboratory

for placing laboratory equipment and carryout test.

2.2 TYPES OF CHAIRS

I. BACHELOR’S CHAIR: These chair dates from the 18th century and

converts into step stool, ladder or ironing board.

II. BARDIC CHAIR: Custom chair built every year for the winner of

and audl poetry contest in wales.

13
III. BARREL CHAIR: High round back like half a board large and

upholstered

IV. BAR STOOL: Tall narrow stool designed for seating at a bar or

doubter.

V. BEACH CHAIR: Designed to provide comfort and protection from

sun, wind, rain and sand on beaches frequented by tourist.

VI. BENCH: Simple often backless device typically for more than one

person to sit on often refers to a simple longer table or similar longer

flat surfaces to place things on or work on.

VII. BO FINGER CHAIR: First chair worldwide in fiberglass-reinforced

polyester to be produced in one single process over a steel mould

considered a classic of modern furniture design history.

VIII. CANTILEVER CHAIR: They have no back legs for support its seat

and back cantilever on the top of the front legs.

IX. CAR CHAIR: A car seat in an automobile in which the pilot or

passenger sits, customarily in the forward direction many car chair are

adorned in leather or synthetic material designed for comfort or relief

from the noted stress of being seated.

X. CLUB CHAIR: Is a push chair with a low back. They heavy side

form armrest that are usually as high as the back. The modern club

14
chair is based upon the club chair used by the popular and fashionable

urban gentlemen club of 1850s England.

XI. CORNER CHAIR: This is a chair made to fit into a corner and has a

rectangular base with a high back on two adjacent sides, one sits with

legs straddling a cover of the base.

XII. DECK CHAIR: This is a chair with a fabric or vinyl back and seat

that folds flat by a scissors action round a transverse axis. The fabric

extent from the sitter’s feet to heads it may haves an extended seat

that is meant to be used as a leg rest all may have armrests. It was

originally designed for passenger lounging while aboard ocean liver

or ships.

XIII. DENTIST CHAIR: Is a deeply reclining chair to allow the dentist

easy access to the patient mouth. The reclining position adjusts as well

as the overall height of the chair. Associated with the chair are usually

a variety of dental equipment, often including a small tap and sink for

the patient to rinse his or her mouth.

XIV. DINNING CHAIR: Is a chair designed to be used at a dining table,

typically dining chairs are part of a dining set where the chairs and

table feature similar or complementary designs.

15
XV. ELECTRIC CHAIR: A device for capital punishment by

electrocution a high backed chair with arms and restraints usually

made of oaks.

XVI. FARTHINGALE CHAIR: An armless chair with a wide seat

covered in usually high quality fabric and fitted with a caution. The

backrest is an upholstered pave with legs that are straight and

rectangular it was –introduced as a chair for ladies in the late 16th

century and was named in England, probably in the 19 th century for its

ability to accommodate the exceptionally wide- hooped skied

fashionable of the time.

XVII. GLAS TONBURY CHAIR: A wooden chair with flat and sloping

back

XVIII. HASSOCK: An upholstered seat that is low to the ground and has no

backrest.

XIX. HIGH CHAIR: A children’s chair to raise them to the height of adult

for feeding. They typically come with a detachable try so that the

child can sit apart from the main table. Booster chair raise the height

of children on regular chairs so they can eat at the main dining table

some high chairs are clamped directly to the table and thus are more

portable.

16
2.3 IMPORTANCE OF OFFICE TABLES AND CHAIRS

Office tables and chairs play an important role for the efficient performance of the

office work. They provide basic facilities; they are indispensable for the accurate

and speedy performance of the work. Office tables and chairs provide the

following advantages to the office.

1. INCREASE EFFICIENCY: Office tables and chairs increase the overall

efficiency of the office.

2. IMAGE OF OFFICE: Good appearance of furniture increases the

attractiveness and image of the office.

3. WORKING ENVIRONMENT: An Office table creates and provides good

working environment and relieves monotony and work pressure.

4. EASY IN SUPERVISION: Office tables and chairs help in supervision

and restrict movement of the staff.

5. POSITIVE EFFECT: Good office tables give the positive effect of the

health condition of the working in the organization.

2.4 FACTOR TO BE CONSIDERED FOR SELECTING OFFICE

TABLES AND CHAIRS

1. Funds: The amount of funds available for the purpose would obviously

affect the choice; but at the same it would be essential to keep in mind to

have the most suitable type of furniture.

17
2. Design: Design is related to the size of top height number of drawers. Etc. at

the same times it refers to the artistic locks also.

3. Durability: Durability is an important factor to be considered. The furniture

mush has long lasting life span.

4. Comfort: There is basic need for efficient performance of work comfort adds

to speed and better morale among staff.

4. Appearance: Good appearance of furniture adds greatly to the looks of the

office, thus furniture should not only be functional but it should also have

pleasing looks too.

18
CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIAL AND METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

3.1 MATERIAL USED FOR CONSTRUCTION

The material used for the construction of this project work includes.

 4 Sheet of Modern Board Furniture(MBF) plywood

 Edges Tape

 Gum

 Screw

 Nail

 Drawer Handle

 Drawer Runner

 Shelf pin

3.2 COST OF MATERIAL USED FOR CONSTRUCTION

The cost of purchasing the material used for the construction of this

project as at 16th November, 2016. Are as follows;

19
ITEMS AMOUNT QUANTITY TOTAL AMOUNT
Sheet of modern 10,000 4 40,000

board furniture

(MBF) plywood

Edges tape 2,000 1 roll 2,000


Gum 2,000 1 tin 2,000
Screw 2,000 2,000
Drawer Handle 400 4 1,600
Drawer Runner 1,000 4 4,000
Shelf pin 50 8 400
Chair foam and 3,000 3,000

skin 2by2 wood


Transport 8,000 8,000
TOTAL 63,000

The total sum of #63,000 (seventy-three thousand naira) was used to get the

construction material used to carry out this project.

3.3 TOOLS USED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION

3.3.1 BRADAWL

20
a bradawl is a wood working hand tool with a blade similar to that of a

straight screw driver and a handles made from wood or plastic. A bradawl is

used to make an indentation in wood in order to ease the insertion of a nail

or screw. The blade is placed across the fibers of the wood cutting item

when pressure is applied. The bradawl is then twisted through 90 0 which

displace the fibers creating a hole. This cutting action helps to present

splitting of the wood along the grain.

Fig. 3.3.1 DIAGRAM OF BRADAWL

3.3.2 JACKPLANE

A jackplane is the general-purpose bench plane used for general smoothing

of the edges sizing of the wood but only making it smaller to courts size.

Jackplanes are about 12-15inches long and the blade can have either a

slightly curved edge for smoothing stock or a straight edge for jointing stock.

Fig. 3.3.2 DIAGRAM OF JACKPLANE

3.3.3 SCREWDRIVER

21
A screw driver is a tool for driving or removing screws. A screwdriver has a

handle and a shaft and a tip that the user insects into the screws head to turn

it. The shaft is usually made of tough steel to resist bending or twisting. The

tip may be hardened to resist wear, treated with a dark tip coating for

improved visual contrast between tip and screw-or ridged or treated for

additional grip. Handles are typically wood, metal or plastic and usually

hexagonal, square or oval in cross-section to improve grip and prevent the

tool from roiling when set down.

Fig. 3.3.3 DIAGRAM OF SCREWDRIVER

3.3.4 HAMMER

A hammer is a tool that deliver blow to an object. Hammers are used

to drive nails, fit parts, forge metals and break apart objects. Hammer

vary in shape, size and structure, depending on their purpose. The

hammer is made up of the head and handle called halve or haft. The

head is often made of steel.

22
Fig. 3.3.4 DIAGRAM OF HAMMER

3.3.5 TRY SQUARE

A try square is a wood working tool used for marking and measuring a piece of

wood. The square refers of the tools primarily used for measuring the accuracy of

the right angle (90 degrees); to try a surface is to check its straightness or

correspondence to an adjoining surface. A piece of wood that is rectangular flat

and has all edges 90 degrees is called four square. A try square has a broad blade

made of steel that is riveted to a wooden handle or “stock” the inside of the

wooden stock usually has a brass strip fixed to is to reduce wear. Some blades also

have graduation for measurement

23
Fig. 3.3.5 DIAGRAM OF TRY SQUARE

3.3.6 NIPPER

A nipper is a tool which looks like a pair of scissors used to nip or

remove nail from a wood. The nipper is used to remove small amount

of a hard material such as nail from a wood. They are mechanically

driven tools which is mainly made of metal and covered with an

insulator at the handle to reduce the risk of shock (electrocution) when

handling an electrical task.

Fig. 3.3.6 DIAGRAM

OF NIPPER

24
3.3.7 CHISEL

A chisel is a tool with a characteristically shaped cutting edge of block

on its end for carving or cutting a hard material such as wood stone or

metal by hand struck with a mallet. The handle and block of some

types of chisel are made of metal or of wood with a sharp edge in it.

The driving force may be applied by pushing by hand or using mallet

or hammer.

Fig 3.3.7 DIAGRAM OF CHISEL

3.3.8 SAW

A saw is a tool consisting of a tough blade wire or chair with a hard

toothed edge. It is used to cut through material (wood). The cut is

made by placing the toothed edge against the material and moving it

forcefully forth less forcefully by or continuously forward. This force

is being applied by hand

25
Fig. 3.3.8 DIAGRAM OF SAW

3.3.9 TAPE MEASURE (MEASURING TAPE)

A tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible ruler. It consists of a

ribbon of plastic or metal strip with linear-measurement markings. It

is a common measuring tool. It design allows for a measure of good

length to be easily carried in pocked or tool kit and permits one to

measure around curves and covers.

Fig. 3.3.9 DIAGRAM OF

MEASURING TAPE

3.3.10 UTILITY KNIFE

The utility knife is a knife used for general purpose. The utility knife

was originally a fixed blade knife with a cutting edge suitable for

26
general work such as cutting hides and cordage, scraping hides and

other tasks. They are mostly used to cutoff hides on wood.

Fig. 3.3.10 DIAGRAM OF UTILITY KNIFE

3.3.11 BLOCK PLANE

A block plane is a small woodworking hand plane which typically has

the blade bedded at a lower angle the other planes, with the bevel up.

It is designed to cut end grain and is typically small enough to be used

with one hand. A block plane is used for paring end grain, it is used

for cleaning up components by removing thin shavings of wood in

order to make a component fit within fine tolerances

Fig. 3.3.11 DIAGRAM OF BLOCK PLANE

27
3.3.12 FILE

A file is a tool used to remove fine amounts of material from a work

piece. Ti is common in wood working and metal working. Most are

hand tools made of a case hardened steel bar of rectangular, square,

triangular or round cross-section with one or more surfaces cut with

sharp parallel teeth. A narrow pointed tang is common at one end to

which a handle may be fitted.

Fig. 3.3.12 DIAGRAM OF

FILE

3.3.13 SPIRIT LEVEL

A spirit level bubble level or simply a level is an instrument designed

to indicate whether a surface is horizontal or vertical different types of

spirit levels may be used by carpenters, stonemasons, bricklayers,

other building trade workers.

28
Fig. 3.3.13 DIAGRAM OF SPIRIT LEVEL

3.3.14 SCREWS

A screw is a type of fastener, sometimes similar to a bolt typically

made of metal and characterized by a helical ridge known as a male

thread or just thread. A screw is an inclined plane wrapped around a

nail. Some screw thread are designed to mate with complementary

thread known as a female thread, often in the form of a neet or an

object that has the internal thread formed into it. The most common

uses of screws are to hold object together and to position objects. A

screw usually have a head on one and that contains a specially formed

shape that allows it to be turned or driven with a tool(screwdriver)

29
Fig. 3.3.14 DIAGRAM OF SCREW

3.4.0 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

The construction of this project is basically done in six basic

operations these includes;

3.4.1 CUTTING OPERATION

The cutting operation is done manually with the aid of a saw and a

cutting machine with 100 teeth. The cutting operation involves cutting

the wood into the required shape and into the appropriate dimension.

HOW TO CARRY OUT CUTTING OPERATION

The cutting operation can carried out through the following steps.

Step 1. Place the cutting machine on a board with tooth faced upward.

Step 2. crew a straight edge on the board for direction and hold the wood to

ensure a straight cut.

Step 3. Mark out area to be cut

Step 4. Place wood on the board and position it to the dimension marked

Step 5. Push wood gently to the teeth of the cutting machine.

Step 6. Cut and hold wood to ensure that a straight edge is maintained.

PICTURE OF WHEN WE ARE CUTTING, COUPLING, MASKING

AND POLISHING THE WOOD.

30
COUPLING, MASKING OPERATION

31
32
SCREWING AND POLISHING OPERATION

33
CUTTING OPERATION

3.4.2 SCREWING OPERATION

This operation involves hinging (screwing) of all other component

together making use of the screw and screwing machine. The

screwing operation is being carried out to ensure that the component

is firmly held together with the use of screws.

3.4.3 HOW TO CARRY OUT SCREWING OPERATION

Screwing operation can be fulfilled through the following steps.

Step 1. Place the board to lapp or butt to each other.

Step 2. Place the screw on the screwing machine or screw driver.

Step 3. Pin the screw on the wood.

Step 4. Screw the screw into wood until its length is fully inserted to

the wood.

3.4.4 MASKING OPERATION

This operation is a manual operation which involves placing of

adhesive on the edge tape and the cut edge of the board and binding

them together. The masking operation is being carried cut in order to

ensure that all the open edge of the wood is being covered with an

edge to maintain a uniform surface.

34
3.4.5 HOW TO CARRY OUT THE MASKING OPERATION

The masking operation is carried cut through the following steps

Steps 1. Apply an adhesive to the cut edge of the wood and allow to

Dry.

Step 2. Apply an adhesive to the cut edge tape and allow to dry.

Step 3. Give edges tape to the wood.

Step 4. Cut out the rough edges of the tape with a scissors and file

3.4.6 FILING OPERATION

The filling operation is done manually by the use of file. This

operation involves filling out the rough edges of the edges tape in

order to maintain a smooth surface. It involves rubbing the edges of

the tape which scopes out the rough part and the oversize to the wood.

3.4.7 COUPLING OPERATION

This involves the assembling of all the component of the table and

chair in order to make it a complete whole. It involves fastening of all

different component together to ensure a unified body is maintained.

3.4.7 POLISHING OPERATION

This involve the application of a wood finish on the wood surface to

maintain a smooth shining surface and to prevent the used from attack

by insects. This operation is done manually with the use of brush.

35
CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 COMPONENT OF AN OFFICE TABLE

An office table is made up of the following component;

4.1.1 TOP

The table top is that part of the table that is not the uppermost part of the

table. The table top provide platform for writing and placement of

documents, the table top is the part of the table on which load is placed loads

such as document computers etc. they equally provide space for writing and

reading

36
Fig.4.0.1 DIAGRAM OF THE TABLE TOP

4.1.2 BASE

The base is to part of the table which is at lower part of table top. The
base is fixed at the table is to hold the stand firmly and to provide the
table with good strength and to avoid the stand from racking. The
dimension of the base is 42inches by 18inches.

Fig.4.0.2 DIAGRAM OF THE BASE

4.1.3 THE STANDS

The table stands or legs are those parts of the table which provides the
table with the ability to stand firm. They provide space in between and
are fixed and to end the table. The table is being screwed to the stand.

37
The stand provide support to the table top enabling it to carry all
material placed on it. The stand has the dimension of 20inches by
30inches.

Fig. 4.0.3 DIAGRAM FOR STANDS

5 THE DRAWER RUNNER

The drawer runner is made up of an ironmongery. They are made up


of metal allow the drawer to be draw out and push in. they provide
rails (way) for easy movement of the draw.

4.1.4 CONNECTION

The connection is the component made of wood which connects other


component together. The connection is used to join all other parts of
the table together and it equally provides space for screwing together
other parts. The connection is 3inches by 30inches.

38
Fig. 4.0.4 DIAGRAM OF CONNECTION

4.1.5 THE DRAWER

The drawer is a box part of the table which provides space for placing
of files and other documents and protects them from dust.

Backside
connection

Left side connection Drawer base

Right side
connection

Front side connection Drawer handle

Lap joint

Fig.4.0.5 DIAGRAM OF DRAWER

4.0.6 THE DRAWER HANDLES

39
The drawer handle is another ironmongery of the drawer. It is that part
of the drawer of which the drawer user holds to drag out the drawer
and to push in the drawer handle is 6inches tall

Fig. 4.0.6 DIAGRAM OF DRAWER HANDLES

4.2 TYPES OF WOOD JOINT USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION

Joint is a means of joining wood together. In the construction of the office table
only Lap joint is being used.

4.1.0 Lap joint: This is a means of joining wood in which the wood is made to
overlap each other.

Fig.4.1.0 DIAGRAM FOR LAPP JOINT.

40
4.1.1 TENON AND MORTISE JOINT: these are used in reliable when
a suitable glue is used. The joint seen opposite can be strengthened in
many ways including the use of dowel rod. The problem associated
with the mortise fund tenon is that over time the joint can come apart
especially if it is expected to hold the weight of a person.

Fig.4.1.1 DIAGRAM OF TENON AND MORTISE JOINT

4.3 HOW TO MAKE A MORTISE AND TENON JOINT

Step 1. Cut the wood to be used at the required dimension

The distance between the fixed spur and the adjustable spur is set so that it

matches the width of the mortise to be cut in the wood.

41
Step 2. A try square and marking knife are used mark the lines at the top and

bottom of the mortise

Step 3. The stock of the mortise gauge is pressed against the side of the wood.

It is then pushed along the wood until the mortise is marked out correctly.

Step 4. A chisel is then used to break the surface of the wood by gently

blowing of the handle of the chisel with hammer.

Step 5. The waste wood is then slowly remove from the wood.

Step 6. The waste wood is continually remove until the desired depth is

achieved.

Step 7. The tenon is being glued

Step 8. The tenon is being fixed into the mortise and clamped.

4.4 PROCEDURES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF AN OFFICE TABLE

Step 1. Measure and mark out the dimension required on the board and cut.

The dimensions are as follows.

The connection is 3inchhes by 30inches.

The base is 42inches by 18inches.

42
The stand is 20inches by 30inches.

The drawer side is 14inches by 14,5inches.

The drawer board is 7inches by 5inches.

The drawer edge is 2inches by 5inches.

Step 2. Apply gum(glue) at the edges of the board cut out and apply gum on the

edges tape and allow to dry for about 3hours.

Step 3. Glue and clamp the edges tape to the cut out section of the wood. Cut off

the part of the edges tape over the wood and file the edges to maintain a smooth

surface.

Step 4. Tighten the lapp to the stand with aid of a screwing machine

Step 5. File out the rough edges between the stand and the crosses lapp with

the aid of a file.

Step 6. Join the base with the two legs stand at both ends. When joining the

lap with the stand use inches and cutter screw when connecting the leg to crosses

use two inches screw.

Step 7. Place the top to the stand and screw to join the top and the stand to the

base.

43
Step 8. Place the drawer runner and screw to the stand at one end. Place the

drawer runner at 5cm apart from each other on the board and screw.

Step 9. Place the connection vertical to the board and screw

Step 10. Place another connection board at the connection and screw.

Step 11. Place the drawer beneath the table and screw.

Step 12. Apply gum on the rough edges of the drawer and place the edges tape,

allow gum to dry and mask, file out the rough edges of the edges tape.

Step 13. Screw the edges of board to form a square shape

Step 14. Cover the shape (box) at the bottom with a plywood and join them

together using nail.

Step 15. Place the drawer runner beside the box formed shape at opposite side

and screw.

Step 16. Pin the cover of the top beneath the table to and screw

Step 17. Pin the drawer of the drawer to the drawer box and tight the cover to

the drawer box.

Step 18. Place the handle at the drawer cover and tight.

Step 19. Fix the shelf pin to the stand

44
Step 20. Polish all the surface to maintain a smooth shine surface and allow

sun to dry the polish.

NOTE: All the method used for the construction of these office table and chair

is by manual method except the cutting and screwing operation which is done

through mechanical means.

4.5 PROCEDURES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF CHAIR

Step 1. Smooth the surface of the wood with a jack plane

Step 2. Cut the front leg of the chair to 2.5inches.

Step 3. Cut the crosses to 2.5inches.

Step 4. Cut the back leg to 2.5inches.

Step 5. Mortise the front legs and them back legs and tenon the crosses.

Step 6. Apply gum to the tenoned crosses and mortise.

Step 7. Clamp the crosses to the mortised legs. The crosses will connect front

leg and back leg together.

Step 8. Nail the crosses and legs together.

Step 9. Sand paper the wood.

45
Step 10. Fill the hole and irregularities with filler and allow to dry.

Step 11. Sand paper again to maintain a smooth surface.

Step 12. Finish the wood and spray polish.

Step13. Cut the top of the chair by 8inches by 17inches.

Step 14. Cut the foam and cover and glue the foam to the chair.

Step 15. Cover the foam with the cloth and nail.

Step 16. Join the back to the chair and finish the chair..

4.6 METHOD USED IN SOURCING FOR THE MATERIAL USED

Data collection technique used for sourcing the material used for this project is

through primary source i.e. through observation. We observed that modern board

furniture(MBF) plywood is at good quality and improved appearance and this lead

us to make it as our choice of construction material also the use of (MBF) plywood

used for this construction is suggested by our supervision due to its nice look and

appearance and to meet the modern office table demand.

46
4.7 WORKSHOP

A workshop is a room or a place where works are being done. A

workplace where handcrafts or manufacturing are done is called the

workshop.

4.8 SAFETY PRECAUTION IN THE CARPENTRY

While working in the workshop the following rules have to be

adhered to

a) Only use woodworking machines and tools you have

knowledge off.

b) Always wear safety equipment such as googles face shield, dust

mask and hearing protection appropriate for the type of tool

being used.

c) Avoid distractions at all times.

d) Keep the working area and floor clean and free of wood scraps,

clutter oils spills. E.t.c.

e) Be sure all equipment is properly grounded before use.

f) Always use the correct tools and equipment for the job.

g) Concentrate on the work at hand at all times

h) Make sure all blades, bit, drills e.t.c. are sharp and in good

working condition before using.

47
i) Never walk away from a machine while it is still running

j) Do not use a machine until it is running at full speed.

48
CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 SUMMARY

In summary, in the fabrication and finishing of the office table and chair, an MBF

plywood is used in other to achieve aesthetical office table and chair that will the

office an attractive nice look.

Moreso, it is verified through observation and practical that wood is easier to work

with as construction material. So also, wood is always free from corrosion and

rusting when exposed to moisture.

However, the fabrication of office furniture was not just done with wood rather nit

is done with well treated wood.

5.1 RECOMMENDATION

From observation of wood work we had during this project, we hereby recommend

that mortise and tenon joint should be used while making joint for tables and chairs

this is because of the strength that the tenon and mortise joint would give to the

chair.

We also recommend that proper tools should be used for the appropriate work. It is

meant for safety wear should be worn when working in the workshop, this is to

ensure the safety of the craft man.

49
5.2 CONCLUSION

For the construction of this table, we concluded in the process of fabrication and

finishing, precautionary method were taken and the appropriate procedure were

followed.

50
5.4 REFERENCE

Abdulmumuni, (2015). Lecture note on technical report witingcec 116 osara


campus. Kogi state polytechnic. Unpublished.

Braiau Porter, Christopher Tooke, 3rd Edition (2008). Carpentry And


Joinery. United Kingdom Elsevier’s Publication.

Dr Mbashiru, AL. (2010). General Library Studies 1. Lokoja; JHL


Published.

Emery, AB (1974). Carpentry, Joinery And Machine Wood Working.


London; Macmillian Press Ltd. published.

Khurmi, RS And Gupta JK (2012). Workshop Technology (Manufacturing


Process) Rajeudra Ravindra, Printers Ltd Utttrakland. published.

Mckay, WB. (1999).Joinery. Longman Press.

Mumuni. A. 2016. Lecture Note On Workshop Technology 2 CEC 203.


Itakpe Campus. Kogi State Polytechnic Unpublished.

Noel J, Rauinda, KD. 91998). Civil engineering material. Fifth Edition

Rufai, J. (2015). Lecture Note On Workshop Technology 1. CEC 103 Osara


Campus, Kogi State Polytechnic Lokoja. Unpublished.

Toluhi J. O (2016). Fundamentals Of Research Methodology. Lokoja;


Agunbay Publisher.

APPENDIX

51
52

You might also like