Chapter One 1.0 Introdution
Chapter One 1.0 Introdution
1.0 INTRODUTION
more legs. There are different kinds of tables such as Laboratory table, office table,
Office table arte those tables mainly used when recording and documenting
certain events in the office. It could be with different type of material such as
wood, steel and some metals. In the construction of this project wood is used as the
construction material to construction the office table and chair. The wood is being
seat a person. Chairs are supported most often by four legs and have a back;
however, a chair can have three legs or can have a different shape. Chair are made
e.g. plastic and they may be padded or upholstered in various colour and fabrics
either just on the seat or on the entire chair. Chairs are used in a number of rooms,
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A chair without a back or arm rests is a stool or when raised up, a bar stool.
A chair with arms is an armchair and with upholstery reclining action and a fold-
an airplane, airline seat; when riding, it is a saddle or bicycle saddle and for an
automobile a car seat or infant car seat with wheels it is a wheelchair and when
An upholstered, padded chair for more than one person is a couch, sofa,
The production and processing of wood uses much less energy than most other
construction material.
Wood is durable.
Most tables and chair purchased in this country Nigeria are most frequently
imported and arte made of wood but can be made with minimal cabinet making
skill. It is however necessary to make table of good style, durable and capable of
accommodate the seated and give them comfort. The office chair can be made
traditionally to provide support and provide proper lumber and pelvic support
which can make the back muscles being less stressed, to provide chair and table
that will enhance good sitting posture that enable concentration, comfort and
improved concentration and endurance through long hours of seated task work.
Tables and chair with good aesthetic look can be provided by Nigerian and
furniture from Nigeria can be enhanced. The fabrication and finishes of table and
To construct an office table and chair that will give Civil Engineering Office
look.
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1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
To provide table and chair free from corrosion when exposed to moisture.
This project work is limited to wood fabrication and finishes of office table and
chair. This entails the process for manual method of fabricating wooden material
for modern office table and chair making use of manual machine for cutting and
joining of wood.
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ABRASIVE: A material capable of polishing or cleaning the surface of
a wood by rubbing.
attachment
BENCH DOG: Pegs which are placed into holes in the workbench that work
Block plane: A small plane designed primarily for cutting across and grain, but
CARPENTER’S PENCIL: Much wider than a normal pencil and rectangular for
CROSS CUT: A cut which runs across the grain of the timber.
DOVETAIL JOINT: A right angle joint where the fingers are shaped like a
dove tail.
DOWEL: A straight round wooden peg used to align and hold timber together in
RESW: A really strong glue often consisting of two parts that glues practically
anything.
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ESTIMATING: calculating how much materials are required, cost and pricing up
work.
FACE: Surface of finished timber that will be most visible you tend to work and
MORTISE: A normally square hole cut to allow a tenon to pass through and form
PLUMB: The term used to describe something that ids perfectly vertical.
TENON: A mortise and tenon consist of a hole in one place of timber and a tenon
WARP: When timber bends/twist along its grain when stored in correctly or when
drying out.
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CHAPTER TWO
A TABLE is an item of furniture with a flat top and or more legs used as a surface
for working at or on which to place things. True term table is derived from a
merger of French table and old English “table” both ultimately from the latin
woed “tabula” a board plauk flat to piece. Some every early table were made and
used by the Egyptians and were little more than stone platform used to keep object
off the floor. They were not used for seating people, food and drinks were usually
put on large plates deposed on a pedestal for eating. The Egyptians made use of
various small tables and elevated playing board. The Chinese also created very
The Greeks and Roman made more frequent use of tables, notably for
eating, although Greek tables were pushed under a bed after use. The Greeks
invented a piece of furniture very similar to the guerdon. Tables were made of
Later, the larger rectangular tables were made of separate platforms and
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Furniture during the middle ages is not as well known as that of earlier of
later periods and most soiree show the type used by the nobility. In the Eastern
Roman Empire, table were made of metal or wood, usually with four feet and
frequently linked by x-shape stretches. Table for easting were large and often
very popular as a writing table. In Western Europe the invasion and internecine
wars caused most of the knowledge invasion from the classical era to be lost. As a
result of the necessary immovability most tables were simple trestle tables,
although small round tables made from form joinery re-appeared during the 15 th
century onward. The Gothic era, the chest became widespread and was often used
as a table.
advancement of the trestle table; these tables were typically quite lond and wide
and capable of supporting a sizeable bauquet in the great hall or other reception
room of a castle.
Moreso, The chair has been used since antiquity although for many centuries
it was a symbolic article of state and dignity rather than an article for ordinary use.
The chair is still used as the emblem of authority in the House of Commons in the
united kingdom and Canada’s and in marry other settings. In view of this historical
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and academic departments all have a chairman or chair. Endowed professorships
It was not until the 16th century that chairs because common. Until then
people sat on chests, benches and stools, which were the ordinary seats of everyday
life. The number of chair which have survived from an earlier date is exceedingly
existence since at least the early dynastic period of Egypt. They were much lower
than today’s chair-chair seats were sometimes only 25cm high. In ancient Egypt
chairs appear to have been of great richness and speudor. Fashioned of ebony and
ivory or of carved and wildwood, they were covered with costly materials
magnificent patterns and support upon representation of the legs of beasts or the
figures of captives.
Generally speaking, the higher ranked and individuals was, the taller and
more sumptuous was the chair he sat on the greater the honor. On state occasions
the pharaoh sat on a throne, often with a little footstool in front of it.
The earliest images of chair in china are from sixthly century Buddhism
murals and stale but the practice of sitting in chair at that time was rare. It was not
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In the 1880’s chair became more common in American household and usually
there was a chair provided for every family member to sit down to dinner. By the
The 20th century saw an increasing use of technology in chair construction with
such things as all metal folding chairs metal- legged chairs the slumber chair,
dining
II. BESIDE TABLES: They are tables often used for convenient
items.
III. GATE LEG TABLES: They are tables having one or two hinged
IV. COFFEE TABLES: These are low table designed for use in a living
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VI. DARTING TABLES: These tables usually have a top that can be
tilted for making a large or technical drawing. They may also have a
VII. WORKBENCHES: These are study tables often elevated for use
with a high stool or4 while standing, which are used for assembly,
VIII. NESTED TABLES: These are asset of small table of graduated size
that can be stacked together, each fitting within the one immediately
IX. LOO TABLES: These were very popular in the 18th and 19th
they were originally made for popular card game call loo or lanter loo.
enables them to be stored out of the way when not in use. A further
on each side. Most examples have one or more drawers and four legs
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sometimes connected by stretcher. Their design meant they could
XI. SOFA TABLES: Are similar to Pembroke tables and usually have
longer and narrower tops. They were specially designed for placement
woman who sewed. They appeared during the `18 th century and were
tops, sometimes with folding leaves and usually one more drawer
fitted with partitions. Early example typically have four legs, often
XIII. DRUM TABLES: They are round tables introduced for writing with
XIV. END TABLES: They are small tables typically placed beside
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XV. BILLIARDS TABLES: They are bounded tables on which billard
type games are played. All provide a flat surface usually composed of
XVI. CHESS TABLES: They are type of game table that integrate a chess
board
XVIII. POKER TABLE OR CARD TABLES: They are used to play poker
XIX. OFFICE TABLES: These are usually found in the office for placing
I. BACHELOR’S CHAIR: These chair dates from the 18th century and
II. BARDIC CHAIR: Custom chair built every year for the winner of
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III. BARREL CHAIR: High round back like half a board large and
upholstered
IV. BAR STOOL: Tall narrow stool designed for seating at a bar or
doubter.
VI. BENCH: Simple often backless device typically for more than one
VIII. CANTILEVER CHAIR: They have no back legs for support its seat
passenger sits, customarily in the forward direction many car chair are
X. CLUB CHAIR: Is a push chair with a low back. They heavy side
form armrest that are usually as high as the back. The modern club
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chair is based upon the club chair used by the popular and fashionable
XI. CORNER CHAIR: This is a chair made to fit into a corner and has a
rectangular base with a high back on two adjacent sides, one sits with
XII. DECK CHAIR: This is a chair with a fabric or vinyl back and seat
that folds flat by a scissors action round a transverse axis. The fabric
extent from the sitter’s feet to heads it may haves an extended seat
that is meant to be used as a leg rest all may have armrests. It was
or ships.
easy access to the patient mouth. The reclining position adjusts as well
as the overall height of the chair. Associated with the chair are usually
a variety of dental equipment, often including a small tap and sink for
typically dining chairs are part of a dining set where the chairs and
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XV. ELECTRIC CHAIR: A device for capital punishment by
made of oaks.
covered in usually high quality fabric and fitted with a caution. The
century and was named in England, probably in the 19 th century for its
XVII. GLAS TONBURY CHAIR: A wooden chair with flat and sloping
back
XVIII. HASSOCK: An upholstered seat that is low to the ground and has no
backrest.
XIX. HIGH CHAIR: A children’s chair to raise them to the height of adult
for feeding. They typically come with a detachable try so that the
child can sit apart from the main table. Booster chair raise the height
of children on regular chairs so they can eat at the main dining table
some high chairs are clamped directly to the table and thus are more
portable.
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2.3 IMPORTANCE OF OFFICE TABLES AND CHAIRS
Office tables and chairs play an important role for the efficient performance of the
office work. They provide basic facilities; they are indispensable for the accurate
and speedy performance of the work. Office tables and chairs provide the
5. POSITIVE EFFECT: Good office tables give the positive effect of the
1. Funds: The amount of funds available for the purpose would obviously
affect the choice; but at the same it would be essential to keep in mind to
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2. Design: Design is related to the size of top height number of drawers. Etc. at
4. Comfort: There is basic need for efficient performance of work comfort adds
office, thus furniture should not only be functional but it should also have
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CHAPTER THREE
The material used for the construction of this project work includes.
Edges Tape
Gum
Screw
Nail
Drawer Handle
Drawer Runner
Shelf pin
The cost of purchasing the material used for the construction of this
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ITEMS AMOUNT QUANTITY TOTAL AMOUNT
Sheet of modern 10,000 4 40,000
board furniture
(MBF) plywood
The total sum of #63,000 (seventy-three thousand naira) was used to get the
3.3.1 BRADAWL
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a bradawl is a wood working hand tool with a blade similar to that of a
straight screw driver and a handles made from wood or plastic. A bradawl is
or screw. The blade is placed across the fibers of the wood cutting item
displace the fibers creating a hole. This cutting action helps to present
3.3.2 JACKPLANE
of the edges sizing of the wood but only making it smaller to courts size.
Jackplanes are about 12-15inches long and the blade can have either a
slightly curved edge for smoothing stock or a straight edge for jointing stock.
3.3.3 SCREWDRIVER
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A screw driver is a tool for driving or removing screws. A screwdriver has a
handle and a shaft and a tip that the user insects into the screws head to turn
it. The shaft is usually made of tough steel to resist bending or twisting. The
tip may be hardened to resist wear, treated with a dark tip coating for
improved visual contrast between tip and screw-or ridged or treated for
additional grip. Handles are typically wood, metal or plastic and usually
3.3.4 HAMMER
to drive nails, fit parts, forge metals and break apart objects. Hammer
hammer is made up of the head and handle called halve or haft. The
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Fig. 3.3.4 DIAGRAM OF HAMMER
A try square is a wood working tool used for marking and measuring a piece of
wood. The square refers of the tools primarily used for measuring the accuracy of
the right angle (90 degrees); to try a surface is to check its straightness or
and has all edges 90 degrees is called four square. A try square has a broad blade
made of steel that is riveted to a wooden handle or “stock” the inside of the
wooden stock usually has a brass strip fixed to is to reduce wear. Some blades also
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Fig. 3.3.5 DIAGRAM OF TRY SQUARE
3.3.6 NIPPER
remove nail from a wood. The nipper is used to remove small amount
OF NIPPER
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3.3.7 CHISEL
on its end for carving or cutting a hard material such as wood stone or
metal by hand struck with a mallet. The handle and block of some
types of chisel are made of metal or of wood with a sharp edge in it.
or hammer.
3.3.8 SAW
made by placing the toothed edge against the material and moving it
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Fig. 3.3.8 DIAGRAM OF SAW
MEASURING TAPE
The utility knife is a knife used for general purpose. The utility knife
was originally a fixed blade knife with a cutting edge suitable for
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general work such as cutting hides and cordage, scraping hides and
the blade bedded at a lower angle the other planes, with the bevel up.
with one hand. A block plane is used for paring end grain, it is used
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3.3.12 FILE
FILE
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Fig. 3.3.13 DIAGRAM OF SPIRIT LEVEL
3.3.14 SCREWS
object that has the internal thread formed into it. The most common
screw usually have a head on one and that contains a specially formed
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Fig. 3.3.14 DIAGRAM OF SCREW
The cutting operation is done manually with the aid of a saw and a
cutting machine with 100 teeth. The cutting operation involves cutting
the wood into the required shape and into the appropriate dimension.
The cutting operation can carried out through the following steps.
Step 1. Place the cutting machine on a board with tooth faced upward.
Step 2. crew a straight edge on the board for direction and hold the wood to
Step 4. Place wood on the board and position it to the dimension marked
Step 6. Cut and hold wood to ensure that a straight edge is maintained.
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COUPLING, MASKING OPERATION
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SCREWING AND POLISHING OPERATION
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CUTTING OPERATION
Step 4. Screw the screw into wood until its length is fully inserted to
the wood.
adhesive on the edge tape and the cut edge of the board and binding
ensure that all the open edge of the wood is being covered with an
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3.4.5 HOW TO CARRY OUT THE MASKING OPERATION
Steps 1. Apply an adhesive to the cut edge of the wood and allow to
Dry.
Step 2. Apply an adhesive to the cut edge tape and allow to dry.
Step 4. Cut out the rough edges of the tape with a scissors and file
operation involves filling out the rough edges of the edges tape in
the tape which scopes out the rough part and the oversize to the wood.
This involves the assembling of all the component of the table and
maintain a smooth shining surface and to prevent the used from attack
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.1.1 TOP
The table top is that part of the table that is not the uppermost part of the
table. The table top provide platform for writing and placement of
documents, the table top is the part of the table on which load is placed loads
such as document computers etc. they equally provide space for writing and
reading
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Fig.4.0.1 DIAGRAM OF THE TABLE TOP
4.1.2 BASE
The base is to part of the table which is at lower part of table top. The
base is fixed at the table is to hold the stand firmly and to provide the
table with good strength and to avoid the stand from racking. The
dimension of the base is 42inches by 18inches.
The table stands or legs are those parts of the table which provides the
table with the ability to stand firm. They provide space in between and
are fixed and to end the table. The table is being screwed to the stand.
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The stand provide support to the table top enabling it to carry all
material placed on it. The stand has the dimension of 20inches by
30inches.
4.1.4 CONNECTION
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Fig. 4.0.4 DIAGRAM OF CONNECTION
The drawer is a box part of the table which provides space for placing
of files and other documents and protects them from dust.
Backside
connection
Right side
connection
Lap joint
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The drawer handle is another ironmongery of the drawer. It is that part
of the drawer of which the drawer user holds to drag out the drawer
and to push in the drawer handle is 6inches tall
Joint is a means of joining wood together. In the construction of the office table
only Lap joint is being used.
4.1.0 Lap joint: This is a means of joining wood in which the wood is made to
overlap each other.
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4.1.1 TENON AND MORTISE JOINT: these are used in reliable when
a suitable glue is used. The joint seen opposite can be strengthened in
many ways including the use of dowel rod. The problem associated
with the mortise fund tenon is that over time the joint can come apart
especially if it is expected to hold the weight of a person.
The distance between the fixed spur and the adjustable spur is set so that it
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Step 2. A try square and marking knife are used mark the lines at the top and
Step 3. The stock of the mortise gauge is pressed against the side of the wood.
It is then pushed along the wood until the mortise is marked out correctly.
Step 4. A chisel is then used to break the surface of the wood by gently
Step 5. The waste wood is then slowly remove from the wood.
Step 6. The waste wood is continually remove until the desired depth is
achieved.
Step 8. The tenon is being fixed into the mortise and clamped.
Step 1. Measure and mark out the dimension required on the board and cut.
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The stand is 20inches by 30inches.
Step 2. Apply gum(glue) at the edges of the board cut out and apply gum on the
Step 3. Glue and clamp the edges tape to the cut out section of the wood. Cut off
the part of the edges tape over the wood and file the edges to maintain a smooth
surface.
Step 4. Tighten the lapp to the stand with aid of a screwing machine
Step 5. File out the rough edges between the stand and the crosses lapp with
Step 6. Join the base with the two legs stand at both ends. When joining the
lap with the stand use inches and cutter screw when connecting the leg to crosses
Step 7. Place the top to the stand and screw to join the top and the stand to the
base.
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Step 8. Place the drawer runner and screw to the stand at one end. Place the
drawer runner at 5cm apart from each other on the board and screw.
Step 10. Place another connection board at the connection and screw.
Step 11. Place the drawer beneath the table and screw.
Step 12. Apply gum on the rough edges of the drawer and place the edges tape,
allow gum to dry and mask, file out the rough edges of the edges tape.
Step 14. Cover the shape (box) at the bottom with a plywood and join them
Step 15. Place the drawer runner beside the box formed shape at opposite side
and screw.
Step 16. Pin the cover of the top beneath the table to and screw
Step 17. Pin the drawer of the drawer to the drawer box and tight the cover to
Step 18. Place the handle at the drawer cover and tight.
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Step 20. Polish all the surface to maintain a smooth shine surface and allow
NOTE: All the method used for the construction of these office table and chair
is by manual method except the cutting and screwing operation which is done
Step 5. Mortise the front legs and them back legs and tenon the crosses.
Step 7. Clamp the crosses to the mortised legs. The crosses will connect front
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Step 10. Fill the hole and irregularities with filler and allow to dry.
Step 14. Cut the foam and cover and glue the foam to the chair.
Step 15. Cover the foam with the cloth and nail.
Step 16. Join the back to the chair and finish the chair..
Data collection technique used for sourcing the material used for this project is
through primary source i.e. through observation. We observed that modern board
furniture(MBF) plywood is at good quality and improved appearance and this lead
us to make it as our choice of construction material also the use of (MBF) plywood
used for this construction is suggested by our supervision due to its nice look and
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4.7 WORKSHOP
workshop.
adhered to
knowledge off.
being used.
d) Keep the working area and floor clean and free of wood scraps,
f) Always use the correct tools and equipment for the job.
h) Make sure all blades, bit, drills e.t.c. are sharp and in good
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i) Never walk away from a machine while it is still running
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CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY
In summary, in the fabrication and finishing of the office table and chair, an MBF
plywood is used in other to achieve aesthetical office table and chair that will the
Moreso, it is verified through observation and practical that wood is easier to work
with as construction material. So also, wood is always free from corrosion and
However, the fabrication of office furniture was not just done with wood rather nit
5.1 RECOMMENDATION
From observation of wood work we had during this project, we hereby recommend
that mortise and tenon joint should be used while making joint for tables and chairs
this is because of the strength that the tenon and mortise joint would give to the
chair.
We also recommend that proper tools should be used for the appropriate work. It is
meant for safety wear should be worn when working in the workshop, this is to
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5.2 CONCLUSION
For the construction of this table, we concluded in the process of fabrication and
finishing, precautionary method were taken and the appropriate procedure were
followed.
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5.4 REFERENCE
APPENDIX
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