DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

9 Mandue City Division

Plaridel St., Reclamation Area, Mandaue City

Science 9
First Grading - Module 2
HEREDITY: INHERITANCE AND
VARATION

SELF – LEARNING KIT

 9

Science
Quarter 1 Module 2
Week 3

Heredity: Inheritance and Variation

Department of Education
Mandaue City Division

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 FOREWORD

This self-learning kit will serve as a guide in learningthe different patterns of non-
Mendelian inheritance. Different activities are presented here for further
understanding and discover new learning’s that are useful and important. This also
provides series of assessment to assure and measure that learning takes place.

This will be your guide in knowing new ideas and enrich your previous
knowledge about the topic. This will help in identifying characters whose inheritance
does not conform with predicted outcomes based on Mendel’s laws of inheritance;
solve genetic problems related to incomplete dominance, codominance and
multiple alleles and identify the law that was not strictly followed in the non-
Mendelianpattern of inheritance.

This Self Learning Kit is divided into eight parts:

A. What I Know? serves as the pretest

B. What’s In? or the activities assesses your prior knowledge about the lesson

C. What is New? uses an activity, that connects your previous understanding to

the new lesson
D. What is It? discusses the lesson/ topic thoroughly through the flow charts and
figures/ pictures.
E. What’s More? gives you another activity or additional information to enrich
and strengthen your learning
F. What I have Learned? gives you the summary of the lesson
G. What I Can Do? is an independent activity which you will perform and this is
the application of the lesson
H. Assessment is the summative type of test that will measure your
understanding of the lesson

Through this self-learning kit, you will fully understand and grasp that certain
traits do not always follow the Mendelian principles of heredity.

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 At the end of this Self-Learning Kit, you are expected to:

Learning Competency:

 Explain the different patterns of non Mendelian inheritance S9LT-Id-29

Objectives:

 Explain the different patterns of non-Mendelian inheritance

a. Identify characters whose inheritance does not conform with predicted
outcomes based on Mendel’s laws of inheritance;
b. Solve genetic problems related to incomplete dominance, codominance
and multiple alleles
c. Identify the law that was not strictly followed in the non-Mendelian inheritance

What I Know?

Answer briefly the following questions:

1. Pink four o’clock flowers are obtained from a cross between pure bred red flower plant
and white flower plant. What is the genotype of the pink flowers?

2. Read the given problem.

In some aliens, one center horn (A) is codominant with two horns (B). If an alien
inherits both alleles (AB), then the alien has three horns. A recessive allele (O) results in an
alien which has no horns. Can you match the genotype to each of the pictures below?
Write the genotype and phenotype of the four aliens in the box provided.

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 What’s In?

Let’s do a quick review on the different terms discussed in the previous level.

Allele Phenotype Genotype Dominant

Recessive Punnett square Genes

Codominant Homozygoues Heterozygous

____________________1.The method by which one can determine the possible phenotypes

and genotypes when two parents are crossed.
____________________2. The genetic make-up of an individual
____________________3. A different form of a gene that controls a certain trait
____________________4. Refers to the physical appearance of an individual
____________________5. A gene whose effects are masked in the presence of a dominant
gene
____________________6. A genetic condition where an individual inherits the same alleles
for a particular gene from both parents
____________________7. A trait that will appear in the offspring if one of the parents
contributes it
____________________8.Inherited different forms of a particular gene from each parent
____________________9. A unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring
and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring
____________________10.Occurs when two versions, or “alleles,” of the same gene are
present in a living thing, and both are expressed.

What’s New?

In the Mendelian patterns of inheritance, the effects of the recessive gene are not
observed when the dominant gene is present. In this lesson, you will find out that certain
traits do not always follow the Mendelian principles of heredity.

1. Incomplete Dominance

In incomplete dominance, a heterozygote shows a phenotype that is intermediate

between the two homozygous phenotypes. Neither allele is dominant over the other. An
example of incomplete dominance is flower color in four o’clock plant, like those shown in
Figure 1. When a pure red-flowered four o’clock plant is crossed with a pure white
flowered four o’clock plant, the offspring will produce neither red nor white flowers.
Instead, all flowers will be pink.

 Do you think the alleles blended to make pink?

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 In incomplete dominance, it is only the phenotype that is intermediate. The red and
white alleles remain separate and distinct. Half the gametes of the pink four o’clock carry
the allele for red and half carry the allele for white. Therefore, the genotypic ratio also
becomes the phenotypic ratio

Figure 1 Punnett square showing a cross between red and white four o’clock flowers

Incomplete dominance is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for

a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other allele. This result in a third
phenotype in which the expressed physical trait is a combination of the dominant and
recessive phenotypes.
Now, work on this activity to help you understand better incomplete dominance.

What is It?
Activity No. 1
Phenotypes and Genotypes in Incomplete Dominance

Objectives:
 Explain incomplete dominance pattern of inheritance
 Illustrate by means of Punnett square a cross involving incomplete dominance
pattern of inheritance

Materials:
Paper and Pen

Procedure:

1. Read the given problem:

In four o’clock plants, R is the allele for red color and W is allele for white
color. Two pink four o’clock flower plants were crossed.

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 Show the possible outcome of the cross between two pink four o’clock flower
plants by using a Punnett square.

R W

2. Now, another cross was made involving a red four o’clock plant and a pink
flowered four o’clock plant.
3. Using the Punnett square again, show the possible outcome.

R R

Guide Questions:

Q1. How many types of gametes will each parent produce in problem no. 1?
In problem no. 2?

Q2. What is the phenotype of a heterozygous four o’clock flower?

Q3. What are the possible phenotypes of the offspring from the cross of the parental
plants in problem no. 1?
In problem no. 2?

Q4. What are the possible genotypes of the offspring from the cross of the parental
plants in problem no. 1?
In problem no. 2?

Independent Assessment 1

1. Show the possible outcome of the cross between white(WW) and

pink(RW)fouro’clock flower plants by using a Punnett square.
2. Give the phenotype and the genotype of the offspring.
3. Which among the offspring resulted in an incomplete dominance
pattern of inheritance? Why?

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 What’s More?

2. Codominance

Another pattern of inheritance is codominance. This results when one allele is not
dominant over the other. The resulting heterozygotes exhibit the traits of both parents.
good example of codominance is roan fur in cattle as shown in Figure 2. Cattle can be
red (RR = all red hairs), white (WW = all white hairs), or roan (RW = red & white hairs
together).

Here are some examples of codominance:

In codominance, both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype of

the heterozygote. For example, red cows crossed with white cows will have
offspring that are roan cows. Roan refers to cows with red hair and white
blotches

You will work on the next activity that demonstrates codominance of traits.

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 Activity No. 2
Mystery Bull

Objectives:
 List the genotypes of the bull and cow in the given problem
 Diagram and complete a Punnett square
 Give phenotypic percentages of the offspring

Materials:
Paper and Pen

Procedure:
1. Read the given problem.

Mang Marcelino owns purebred red cows. In his farm he

noticed that after a typhoon several months ago, all of the fences
that separate his cattle from his neighbor’s cattle were destroyed.
During the time that the fences were down, three bulls, one from
each neighbor, mingled with his cows. For awhile, he thought that
none of the bulls found his cows, but over the months, he noticed
that all of his cows are pregnant. He suspected that one of the
bulls is the father. Which bull is it? Help Mang Marcelino look for
the father by solving the given problem.

2. Determine the possible traits of the calves if :(Illustrate your answers using a
Punnett square. )
 a red (RR) bull is mated with a red (RR) cow 1
R R

 a red(RR) bull is mated with a white (WW) cow 2

R R

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  a roan(RW) is mated with a red(RR)cow 3
R W

Guide Questions:

Q1. Will you be able to trace the father of the calves? What are the possible
phenotypes of the calves for each cow?
Q2. Do you think you will make Mang Marcelino happy about the result of
your investigation? How are you going to explain it to him?
Q3. How would you apply what you have learned to improve the breeds of
livestock in your area?
Q4. What possible suggestions can you give to animal breeders in your area?

Independent Assessment 2

Answer the following questions.

1. Show the possible outcome of the cross between white(WW) bull and roan (RW) cow
by using a Punnett square.
W W

A. Give the phenotype and the genotype of the offspring.

B. Which among the offspring resulted in a codominance pattern of inheritance?
Why?

2. Complete the Punnet square for a cross between a black chicken (BB) and a white
chicken (WW). Give the phenotype of the offspring in the F1 generation. (BW) for
checkered chicken.

B B

W Phenotype: ________________

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 Many genes have multiple alleles. An example is ABO blood type in humans.

3. Multiple Alleles

Sometimes, even if only two alleles control a trait, there may actually be more than
two types of alleles available. This will also lead to more than two phenotypes expressed.
Another blood group system in humans, the ABO system, is an example of a character
governed by multiple alleles. Three alleles are responsible for this blood system: I A , IB, and
i. The ABO blood type is determined by the presence or absence of two antigens, A and
B. Allele idoes not code for an antigen. There are four possible blood types as shown in
Table 1.
Blood Types Genotypes
A IA IA
B IB IB
AB IA IB
O ii

Table 1. Human ABO Blood types and their phenotypes.

The IA and IB alleles are dominant over the i allele, which is always recessive.
However, when the IA and IB alleles are inherited together, both alleles are expressed
equally. This also makes IA and IB codominants of each other.

 In humans, there are four blood types (phenotypes): A, B, AB, O.

 Blood type is controlled by three alleles: A, B, O.
 O is recessive, two O alleles must be present for a person to have type O blood.
 A and B are codominant. If a person receives an A allele and a B allele, their blood
type is type AB.

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 What is your blood type? Do you know your blood type? What are your
parents’ blood types?
Activity No. 3
What’s Your Blood Type?

Objectives:
 Infer the unknown phenotypes of individuals on the basis of the known phenotypes
of their family members
Materials:
Paper and Pen
Procedure:

1. Given the blood types of the mother and the child, identify the possible blood
type of the father.

Mother’s Blood Type Father’s Blood Type Child’s Blood Type

A A
B AB
AB B
O O

2. Show the possible alleles that can be found in each offspring and write the blood
type for each offspring.

Possible alleles from the father

A B O
Possible alleles A
from Mother
B

3. Use the table to answer the following questions, and list all possible blood types.

Guide Questions:
Q1. What blood type (or types) can be found in an offspring if a mother has type A
blood and the father has type B blood?

Q2. What blood type (or types) can be found in an offspring if a mother has type
AB blood and the father has type B blood?

Q3. What blood type (or types) can be found in an offspring if a mother has type O
blood and the father has type B blood?

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 Independent Assessment 3

This activity is for you to know better of your family members. Ask the blood
types of your parents and siblings. Make a tree diagram indicating the name, the
relationship and the blood type.
Example below:

Name: Juan Dela Cruz Name: Maria Dela Cruz

Relationship: Father Relationship: Mother
Blood Type: O Blood Type: A

Name: Liza Dela Cruz Name: Ruben Dela Cruz Name: Leah Dela Cruz
Relationship: Sister Relationship: Brother Relationship: (Student)
Blood Type: O Blood Type: A Blood Type: O

What I have Learned?

Wrap Up

 Many characteristics have more complex inheritance patterns

than those studied by Mendel. They are complicated by factors
such as codominance, incomplete dominance and multiple
alleles.
 Incomplete dominance occurs when the phenotype of the
offspring is somewhere in between the phenotypes of both parents;
a completely dominant allele does not occur.
 Codominance occurs when both alleles are expressed equally in
the phenotype of the heterozygote.
 Many genes have multiple (more than two) alleles. An example is
ABO blood type in humans. There are three common alleles for the
gene that controls this characteristic. The alleles IA and IB are
dominant over i.

To enrich your learning of this topic, watch this 3 minute video entitled
“Multiple Alleles (ABO Blood Types) and Punnett Squares” from Amoeba sisters with
URL of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9O5JQqlngFY

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 What I can do?

Instruction: Choose one activity that you prefer to do in explaining incomplete

dominance, codominance, and multiple alleles as non- Mendelian pattern of inheritance.

1. Make a short essay

2. Compose a short poem

3. Make a poster/ illustration

Criteria for numbers 1-3

Criteria Percentage

Achievement of the Objective 30%

Understanding of the Topic 30%

Imagination and Creativity 30%

Overall Output Presentation 10%

4. Look for 5 practical applications using the concept of incomplete dominance,

codominance, and multiple alleles for the improvement of living conditions

Example:

Crossing two different colors of flower may produce a third phenotype such as
when white four o’clock flower is crossed to red four o’clock flower, a pink four o’clock
flower is produced that can contribute to the beautiful surrounding.

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 Summative Assessment

Instruction: Read and understand the questions carefully. Choose the letter of your best
answer.
1. Which term refers when two more than allele control the inheritance of a character?
A. Allele B. Codominance C. Incomplete Dominance D. Multiple Allele
2. What do you call the different forms of a gene that controls a certain trait?
A. Alien B. Allele C. Antigen D. Antibody
3. What is the genetic make-up of an individual?
A. Composition B. Genotype C. Phenotype D. Pedigree
4. Which of the following term refers to the physical appearance of an individual?
A. Composition B. Genotype C. Phenotype D. Pedigree
5. What method can be used to determine the possible genotype and phenotype when two
parents are crossed?
A. Punnett Square B. T-Square C. C-Square D. Time square
6. What term refers to two dominant alleles of a contrasting pair fully expressed at the same
time in heterozygous individual?
A. Allele B. Codominance C. Incomplete Dominance D. Multiple Allele
7. What information can be obtained in the Punnett square?
A. Genotype of offspring C. Phenotypic ratio of offspring
B. Phenotype of offspring D. All of the above
8. A blood type O woman marries a man with an unknown blood type, their offspring have
blood types A and O. What is the genotype of the father?
A. I AIA B. ii C. IAi D. IBi
9. What pattern of inheritance occurs when the phenotype of the offspring is somewhere in
between the phenotypes of both parents?
A. Allele B. Codominance C. Incomplete Dominance D. Multiple Allele
10. What can be inferred from the alleles of the different blood types?
1. Antigen A is a dominant allele
2. Antigen B is a dominant allele
3. Antigen i is neither dominant nor recessive
4. Antigen A and B are neither dominant nor recessive
A. 4 B. 3 C. 1 and 2 D. 3 and 4

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 Synopsis:
This self-learning kit talks about the different patterns of non-Mendelian
inheritance. It explain the characters whose inheritance does not conform to
predicted outcomes and solve genetic problems related to incomplete
dominance, codominance and multiple alleles. This kit providesdiscussions and
activities that are in line with the DepEd competencies and objectives.
The learners are expected to learn and understand the concepts that are
useful in their daily lives.So learners, have fun in learning the concept.

Resources:

Learning Material

Liza A. Alvarez et al., Science 9 Learning Module Pasig: FEP Printing Corporation., 2014,28-
35, and 45-46.

Pictures:

Pictures are from Microsoft word clip art and science 9 learning manual

Icons are form bitmoji

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Science – Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Heredity: Inheritance and Variation Free Edition, 2020

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Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
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authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor M. Briones

Undersecretary:

Development Team of the Learner’s Module

Writer: Glesby S. Camangyan

Editor: Cecilia A. Calipondan

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