MOUNT CARMEL COLLEGE

Baler, Aurora
INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Senior High School Level
S.Y. 2019-2020

WRITTEN REPORT

DATA ANALYSIS

Submitted to: Miss Eddie Lyn P. Lumasac

PR 1 TEACHER

Submitted by:

Group 6

Cheska R. Lopez

Jedi Lei S. Candelario

BJ Vhonne R. Gorospe

Allen Gabrielle E. Mingua

John Vincent F. Olivera

ABM 11 B
 MOUNT CARMEL COLLEGE
Baler, Aurora
INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Senior High School Level
S.Y. 2019-2020

What is Data Analysis?

Data analysis is defined as a process of cleaning, transforming, and modeling data to discover

useful information for business decision-making. The purpose of Data Analysis is to extract

useful information from data and taking the decision based upon the data analysis.

Whenever we take any decision in our day-to-day life is by thinking about what happened last

time or what will happen by choosing that particular decision. This is nothing but analyzing our

past or future and making decisions based on it. For that, we gather memories of our past or

dreams of our future. So that is nothing but data analysis. Now same thing analyst does for

business purposes, is called Data Analysis.

Types of Data Analysis: Techniques and Methods

There are several types of data analysis techniques that exist based on business and technology.

The major types of data analysis are:

• Text Analysis • Predictive Analysis

• Statistical Analysis • Prescriptive Analysis

• Diagnostic Analysis

Text Analysis

Text Analysis is also referred to as Data Mining. It is a method to discover a pattern in large data

sets using databases or data mining tools. It used to transform raw data into business information.
 MOUNT CARMEL COLLEGE
Baler, Aurora
INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Senior High School Level
S.Y. 2019-2020

Business Intelligence tools are present in the market which is used to take strategic business

decisions. Overall it offers a way to extract and examine data and deriving patterns and finally

interpretation of the data.

Statistical Analysis

Statistical Analysis shows "What happen?" by using past data in the form of dashboards.

Statistical Analysis includes collection, Analysis, interpretation, presentation, and modeling of

data. It analyses a set of data or a sample of data. There are two categories of this type of

Analysis - Descriptive Analysis and Inferential Analysis.

Descriptive Analysis

analyses complete data or a sample of summarized numerical data. It shows mean and deviation

for continuous data whereas percentage and frequency for categorical data.

Inferential Analysis

Analyses sample from complete data. In this type of Analysis, you can find different conclusions

from the same data by selecting different samples.

Diagnostic Analysis

Diagnostic Analysis shows "Why did it happen?" by finding the cause from the insight found in

Statistical Analysis. This Analysis is useful to identify behavior patterns of data. If a new

problem arrives in your business process, then you can look into this Analysis to find similar
 MOUNT CARMEL COLLEGE
Baler, Aurora
INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Senior High School Level
S.Y. 2019-2020

patterns of that problem. And it may have chances to use similar prescriptions for the new

problems.

Predictive Analysis

Predictive Analysis shows "what is likely to happen" by using previous data. The simplest

example is like if last year I bought two dresses based on my savings and if this year my salary is

increasing double then I can buy four dresses. But of course it's not easy like this because you

have to think about other circumstances like chances of prices of clothes is increased this year or

maybe instead of dresses you want to buy a new bike, or you need to buy a house!

Prescriptive Analysis

Prescriptive Analysis combines the insight from all previous Analysis to determine which action

to take in a current problem or decision. Most data-driven companies are utilizing Prescriptive

Analysis because predictive and descriptive Analysis are not enough to improve data

performance. Based on current situations and problems, they analyze the data and make

decisions.

Data Analysis Process

Data Analysis Process is nothing but gathering information by using proper application or tool

which allows you to explore the data and find a pattern in it. Based on that, you can take

decisions, or you can get ultimate conclusions.

Qualitative Data Analysis

 MOUNT CARMEL COLLEGE
Baler, Aurora
INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Senior High School Level
S.Y. 2019-2020

Qualitative data refers to non-numeric information such as interview transcripts, notes, video and

audio recordings, images and text documents. Qualitative data analysis can be divided into the

following five categories:

1. Content analysis. This refers to the process of categorizing verbal or behavioural data to

classify, summarize and tabulate the data.

2. Narrative analysis. This method involves the reformulation of stories presented by

respondents taking into account context of each case and different experiences of each

respondent. In other words, narrative analysis is the revision of primary qualitative data by

researcher.

3. Discourse analysis. A method of analysis of naturally occurring talk and all types of written

text.

4. Framework analysis. This is more advanced method that consists of several stages such as

familiarization, identifying a thematic framework, coding, charting, mapping and interpretation.

5. Grounded theory. This method of qualitative data analysis starts with an analysis of a single

case to formulate a theory. Then, additional cases are examined to see if they contribute to the

theory.

Qualitative data analysis can be conducted through the following three steps:

Step 1: Developing and Applying Codes. Coding can be explained as categorization of data. A

‘code’ can be a word or a short phrase that represents a theme or an idea. All codes need to be
 MOUNT CARMEL COLLEGE
Baler, Aurora
INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Senior High School Level
S.Y. 2019-2020

assigned meaningful titles. A wide range of non-quantifiable elements such as events, behaviors,

activities, meanings etc. can be coded.

There are three types of coding:

1. Open coding. The initial organization of raw data to try to make sense of it.

2. Axial coding. Interconnecting and linking the categories of codes.

3. Selective coding. Formulating the story through connecting the categories.

Coding can be done manually or using qualitative data analysis software such as

When using manual coding you can use folders, filing cabinets, wallets etc. to gather together

materials that are examples of similar themes or analytic ideas. Manual method of coding in

qualitative data analysis is rightly considered as labor-intensive, time-consuming and outdated.

In computer-based coding, on the other hand, physical files and cabinets are replaced with

computer based directories and files. When choosing software for qualitative data analysis you

need to consider a wide range of factors such as the type and amount of data you need to

analyses, time required to master the software and cost considerations.

Moreover, it is important to get confirmation from your dissertation supervisor prior to

application of any specific qualitative data analysis software.

Step 2: Identifying themes, patterns and relationships. Unlike quantitative methods, in

qualitative data analysis there are no universally applicable techniques that can be applied to

generate findings. Analytical and critical thinking skills of researcher plays significant role in
 MOUNT CARMEL COLLEGE
Baler, Aurora
INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Senior High School Level
S.Y. 2019-2020

data analysis in qualitative studies. Therefore, no qualitative study can be repeated to generate

the same results.

Nevertheless, there is a set of techniques that you can use to identify common themes, patterns

and relationships within responses of sample group members in relation to codes that have been

specified in the previous stage.

Specifically, the most popular and effective methods of qualitative data interpretation include the

following:

 Word and phrase repetitions – scanning primary data for words and phrases most

commonly used by respondents, as well as, words and phrases used with unusual

emotions;

 Primary and secondary data comparisons – comparing the findings of interview/focus

group/observation/any other qualitative data collection method with the findings of

literature review and discussing differences between them;

 Search for missing information – discussions about which aspects of the issue was not

mentioned by respondents, although you expected them to be mentioned;

 Metaphors and analogues – comparing primary research findings to phenomena from a

different area and discussing similarities and differences.

Step 3: Summarizing the data. At this last stage you need to link research findings to

hypotheses or research aim and objectives. When writing data analysis chapter, you can use
 MOUNT CARMEL COLLEGE
Baler, Aurora
INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Senior High School Level
S.Y. 2019-2020

noteworthy quotations from the transcript in order to highlight major themes within findings and

possible contradictions.

It is important to note that the process of qualitative data analysis described above is general and

different types of qualitative studies may require slightly different methods of data analysis.

Structure of a Data Analysis Report

A data analysis report is somewhat different from other types of professional writing that you

may have done or seen, or will learn about in the future. It is related to but not the same as:

•A typical psych/social science paper organized around

“intro/methods/analysis/results/discussion” sections.

• A research article in an academic journal.

• An essay.

• A lab report in a science class.

The overall structure of a data analysis report is simple:

1. Introduction 3. Conclusion(s)/Discussion

2. Body 4. Appendix/Appendices

The data analysis report is written for several different audiences at the same time:

• Primary audience: A primary collaborator or client. Reads the Introduction and perhaps the
 MOUNT CARMEL COLLEGE
Baler, Aurora
INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Senior High School Level
S.Y. 2019-2020

Conclusion to find out what you did and what your conclusions were, and then perhaps

fishes/skims through the Body, stopping only for some additional details on the parts that he/she

thought were interesting or eye-catching. Organize the paper around an agenda for a

conversation you want to have with this person about what you’ve learned about their data: e.g.,

from most general to most specific, or from most important to least important, etc. Provide the

main evidence from your analysis (tabular, graphical, or otherwise) in the Body to support each

point or conclusion you reach, but save more detailed evidence, and other ancillary material, for

the Appendix.

• Secondary Audience: An executive person. Probably only skims the Introduction and perhaps

the conclusion to find out what you did and what your conclusions are. Leave signposts in the

Introduction, Body and Conclusion to make it easy for this person to swoop in, find the

“headlines” of your work and conclusions, and swoop back out.

• Secondary Audience: A technical supervisor. Reads the Body and then examines the Appendix

for quality control: How good a job did you do in (raising and) answering the interesting

questions? How efficient were you? Did you reach reasonable conclusions by defensible

statistical methods? Etc. Make specific cross-references between the Body and specific parts of

the Appendix so that this person can easily find supporting and ancillary material related to each

main analysis you report in the Body. Add text to the technical material in the Appendix ˘ so that

this person sees how and why you carried out the more detailed work shown in the Appendix.

The data analysis report has two very important features:

 MOUNT CARMEL COLLEGE
Baler, Aurora
INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Senior High School Level
S.Y. 2019-2020

• It is organized in a way that makes it easy for different audiences to skim/fish through it to find

the topics and the level of detail that are of interest to them.

• The writing is as invisible/unremarkable as possible, so that the content of the analysis is what

the reader remembers, not distracting quirks or tics in the writing. Examples of distractions

include:

– Extra sentences, overly formal or flowery prose, or at the other extreme overly

casual or overly brief prose.

– Grammatical and spelling errors.

– Placing the data analysis in too broad or too narrow a context for the questions

of interest to your primary audience.

– Focusing on process rather than reporting procedures and outcomes.

– Getting bogged down in technical details, rather than presenting what is

necessary to properly understand your conclusions on substantive questions of

interest to the primary audience.

It is less important to worry about the latter two items in the Appendix which is expected

to be more detailed and process-oriented. However, there should be enough text

annotating the technical material in the Appendix so that the reader can see how and why

you carried out the more detailed works shown there.

 MOUNT CARMEL COLLEGE
Baler, Aurora
INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Senior High School Level
S.Y. 2019-2020

The data analysis report isn’t quite like a research paper or term paper in a class, nor like a

research article in a journal. It is meant, primarily, to start an organized conversation between

you and your client/collaborator. In that sense it is a kind of “internal” communication, sort of

like an extended memo. On the other hand it also has an “external” life, informing a boss or

supervisor what you’ve been doing.

Now let’s consider the basic outline of the data analysis report in more detail:

1. Introduction. Good features for the Introduction include:

• Summary of the study and data, as well as any relevant substantive context,

background, or framing issues.

• The “big questions” answered by your data analyses, and summaries of your

conclusions about these questions.

• Brief outline of remainder of paper.

The above is a pretty good order to present this material in as well.

2. Body. The body can be organized in several ways. Here are two that often work well:

• Traditional. Divide the body up into several sections at the same level as the

Introduction, with names like:

– Data – Analysis

– Methods – Results
 MOUNT CARMEL COLLEGE
Baler, Aurora
INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Senior High School Level
S.Y. 2019-2020

This format is very familiar to those who have written psych research papers. It often

works well for a data analysis paper as well, though one problem with it is that the Methods

section often sounds like a bit of a stretch: In a psych research paper the Methods section

describes what you did to get your data. In a data analysis paper, you should describe the

analyses that you performed. Without the results as well, this can be pretty sterile sounding, so I

often merge these “methods” pieces into the “Analysis” section when I write.

• Question-oriented. In this format there is a single Body section, usually called “Analysis”, and

then there is a subsection for each question raised in the introduction, usually taken in the same

order as in the introduction (general to specific, decreasing order of importance, etc.).

Within each subsection, statistical method, analyses, and conclusion would be described (for

each question). For example:

2. Analysis Analysis

2.1 Success Rate Conclusions

Methods 2.3 Effect of Gender

Analysis Methods

Conclusions Analysis

2.2 Time to Relapse Conclusions

Methods 2.4 Hospital Effects

 MOUNT CARMEL COLLEGE
Baler, Aurora
INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Senior High School Level
S.Y. 2019-2020

Methods Conclusions

Analysis

Other organizational formats are possible too. Whatever the format, it is useful to provide

one or two well-chosen tables or graphs per question in the body of the report, for two reasons:

First, graphical and tabular displays can convey your points more efficiently than words; and

second, your “skimming” audiences will be more likely to have their eye caught by an interesting

graph or table than by running text. However, too much graphical/tabular material will break up

the flow of the text and become distracting; so extras should be moved to the Appendix.

3. Conclusion(s)/Discussion. The conclusion should reprise the questions and conclusions of the

introduction, perhaps augmented by some additional observations or details gleaned from the

analysis section. New questions, future work, etc., can also be raised here.

4. Appendix/Appendices. One or more appendices are the place to out details and ancillary

materials.

These might include such items as

• Technical descriptions of (unusual) statistical procedures

• Detailed tables or computer output

• Figures that were not central to the arguments presented in the body of the report

• Computer code used to obtain results.

 MOUNT CARMEL COLLEGE
Baler, Aurora
INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Senior High School Level
S.Y. 2019-2020

In all cases, and especially in the case of computer code, it is a good idea to add some text

sentences as comments or annotations, to make it easier for the uninitiated reader to follow what

you are doing.

It is often difficult to find the right balance between what to put in the appendix and what to put

in the body of the paper. Generally you should put just enough in the body to make the point, and

refer the reader to specific sections or page numbers in the appendix for additional graphs, tables

and other details.