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Environmental Science

1. A population is a group of the same species living in a particular place. Populations have properties like density, dispersion, and growth patterns. 2. Populations are regulated by factors like reproductive potential, resource availability, and competition within the population for limited resources. When populations reach the carrying capacity, they experience population crashes. 3. Species can interact through predation, parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, and competition. These interactions shape population sizes and community structures.

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39 views2 pages

Environmental Science

1. A population is a group of the same species living in a particular place. Populations have properties like density, dispersion, and growth patterns. 2. Populations are regulated by factors like reproductive potential, resource availability, and competition within the population for limited resources. When populations reach the carrying capacity, they experience population crashes. 3. Species can interact through predation, parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, and competition. These interactions shape population sizes and community structures.

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gatuslao mica
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Envi Scie - LT

Population 3. Competition within a population


 Members of a population use the same resources in the
- Group of individuals of the same species living in a particular same way, so they will eventually compete with one another
place as the population reaches its carrying capacity
Properties of Population Resource Partitioning
1. Density - Occurs when species competing for similar scarce resources
 number of individuals per unit area / volume evolve specialized traits that allow them to share resources
2. Dispersion Types of Population Regulation
 Relative distribution or arrangement of its individual within a
given amount of space 1. Density dependent
A. Clumped  Deaths occur more quickly in a crowded population
B. Uniform  Usually infected by a disease
C. Random
2. Density independent
How Do Population Grow  Certain portion of a population dies regardless of the
population density
- Change in population =  Affects all members uniformly
(Birth + Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration)
How Do Species Interact
Factors That Control Sizes of Population
1. Predation
1. Reproductive Potential  3 methods
 Maximum number of offspring a species can produce a. Pursuit and ambush
 Increases when individuals produce more offspring at a time, b. Camouflage
reproduce more often, and reproduce earlier in life c. Chemical warfare
2. Exponential Growth  Ways to avoid predation
 They grow faster and faster a. Run, swim, or fly fast
 Occurs when population have plenty of food and space, and b. Protective shells, thick barks, thorns
have little or no competition c. Camouflage
Limiting Factors of Population Growth d. Chemical warfare
e. Warning coloration
1. Carrying Capacity
 Maximum population that the ecosystem can support 2. Parasitism
 Population crash  Parasite feeds on the host by living on or inside the host
 Population suffers a sharp decline  Parasite benefits; host is harmed

2. Resource Limit
 Natural resource limit
Envi Scie - LT
3. Commensalism 2. Death Rate
 Interaction that benefits one species  Indicators of the overall health of the people in a country
 Has little beneficial or harmful effect on the other I. Life – expectancy
 Average number of years a newborn infant can
4. Mutualism be expected to live
 Two species behave in ways that benefit both
II. Infant Mortality Rate
5. Competition  Number of babies out of every 1000 born who
die before their first birthday
Demography
- Study of human populations 3. Migration
 Movement of people into (immigration) and out of
Crude Birth Rate (emigration) specific geographic areas
- Number of live births per 1000 people in a population in a given
year 4. Survivor Ship
 Percentage of members of a group that are likely to survive
Crude Death Rate any given age
 To predict survivorship, a demographer studies a group of
- Number of deaths per 1000 people in a population in a given year
people born at the same time and notes when each person
Forecasting Population Size dies

1. Fertility Rates
 Average number of children born to the women in a
population during their reproductive years

Factors that affect the Fertility Rate


I. Importance of children as part of the labor force
II. Cost of raising and educating children
III. Availability of, or lack of, private and public pension
systems
IV. Urbanization
V. Educational and employment opportunities available for
women
VI. Average age at marriage
VII. Availability of legal abortions
VIII. Availability of birth control methods
IX. Religious beliefs, traditions, and cultural norms  Type 1 – More births than deaths
 Type 2 – Equal amount of births and deaths
 Type 3 – More deaths than births

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