GENERAL MATHEMATICS 11

MODULE 1 - FUNCTIONS (Quarter 1 – Week 1)

Grade Level Standard:
The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of functions.
Most Essential Learning Competency:
- The learner represents real-life situations using functions, including piece-wise functions.
- Evaluates a function.
- Performs addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and composition of functions
- Solves problems involving functions.
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to accurately construct mathematical models to
represent real-life situations using functions.

Direction: Write your answer on the space provided before the number.

1.) It is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one value in the range by some rule.
A.) Function C.) Domain
B.) Range D.) Piecewise
2.) Which of the following relations is a function?
A.) X = {(1,2), (3, 4), (1, 7), (5, 1)}
B.) G = {(3, 2), (2, 1), (8, 2), (3, 7)}
C.) H = {(4, 1), (2, 3), (2, 6), (7, 2)}
D.) Y = {(2, 9), (3, 4), (9, 2), (6, 7)}
3.) A person is earning Php 500 per day for doing a certain job. Which of the following expresses a total salary S
as function of the number n of days that the person works?

A.) S(n) = 500 + n C.) S(n) = 500n

B.) S(n) = 500/n D.) S(n) = 500 - n

Function is defined as “a relation in which each element of the domain corresponds to exactly
one element of the range.” In this chapter, we will represent real life situations using functions, evaluate functions,
perform operations on functions, determines the inverse of a function, find the domain and range of inverse
function and graphs inverse functions.

LESSON 1 REPRESENTATION OF FUNCTION

A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The domain of a relation is the set of first coordinates. The
range is the set of second coordinates.

The set of ordered pairs below show the same relation. Each letter is paired with a number:
LETTER NUMBER
A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4
E 5
F 6

{(A, 1), (B, 2), (C, 3), (D, 4), (E, 5), (F, 6)
The domain is {A, B, C, D, E, F} and the range is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Note that for each letter there corresponds
exactly one number. This is a special kind of relation called function.

A function is a relation in which each element of the domain corresponds to exactly

one element of the range.

The members of the domain can be called inputs and the members of the range can be called outputs. Arrows
can be used to describe correspondence in the function.
LETTER NUMBER
A 6
B 5
C 4
D 3
E 2
F 1

{(A, 1), (B, 2), (C, 3), (D, 4), (E, 5), (F, 6)
Example:

Determine if the given relations below are a function:

A. {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5)}
Answer: The relation is a function.

B. {(1, -1), (1, -2), (1, -3)}

Answer: The relation is not a function. Because one domain corresponds to different element of range.

A Vertical Line Test is a graph represents a function if and only if no vertical line
intersects the graph in more than one point.

Example:
Tell whether the graph shown below represents a function using a vertical line test.

Answer:
A. Using a vertical line test (red line), the graph
is a function. The vertical line intersected the
point once.

Answer:
B. Using a vertical line test, the graph is not a f
unction. The vertical line intersected the poi
nt more than once.

What’s More!
Relations can be represented by using ordered pairs, graph, table of values, mapping diagram and rule or equatio
ns. Determine which of the following represents functions.

1. Ordered Pairs
Example: Which of the following relations are functions?
𝑓 = (1,3), (4,1), (2,0), (7,2)
𝑔 = (3,2), (4,4), (3,3), (8,9)
ℎ = (1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5)
 Solution:
The relations 𝑓 and ℎ are functions because no two ordered pairs have the same x-value but different y-val
ues. Meanwhile, 𝑔 is not a function because (3,2) and (3,3) are ordered pairs with the same x-value but different v
alues.
Relations and functions can be represented by mapping diagrams where the elements of the domain are m
apped to the elements of the range using arrows. In this case, the relation or function is represented by the set of all
the connections represented by the arrows.

2. Table of values

Example 1:
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Answer: Function. This is a many-to- one correspondence.

Example 2:
x 1 1 1 2 3 4 5
y 0 2 3 4 5 6 7
Answer: Not a Function. This is a one-to-many correspondence.

 TYPES OF FUNCTIONS

o Linear Function
- A function f is a linear function if f ( x )=mx+b, where m and b are real numbers, and m
and f(x) are not both equal to zero.
o Quadratic Function
- A quadratic function is any equation of the form f ( x )=ax2 +bx +c where a, b, and c are
real numbers and a ≠ 0.
o Constant Function
- A linear function f is a constant function if f ( x )=mx+b, where m = 0 and b is any real
numbers and a ≠ 0.
o Identity Function
- A linear function f is an identity function if f ( x )=mx+b, where m = 1 and b = 0. Thus,
f ( x )=x .
o Absolute Value Function
- The function f is an absolute value function if for all real numbers x,
x , for x ≥ 0
f ( x )=
−x , for x ≤ 0
o One-to-one Function
- A one-to-one function in which for each value of y in the range of f, there is just one val
ue x in the domain of f such that y=f ( x ) . In other words, f is one-to-one function if

Piecewise Function
- A piecewise function or a compound function is a function defined by multiple sub-fun
ctions, where each sub-function applies to a certain interval of the main function’s dom

The function below is an example of piecewise functions.

x +2 ,if x ≥ 0
A. f ( x )={ }
−x 2 +2 , if x< 0
Solution:
To the right of the y axis, the graph is a line that has a slope of 1 and y-intercept of 2. To the left of the
y-axis, the graph of the function is a parabola that opens downward and whose vertex is (0,2). To sketch the gra
ph of the function, you can lightly draw both graphs.
- Then darken the portion of the graph that represents the function.
- To find the value of the function when x = -4, use the second equa
tion
f (−4 )=−(−4)2 +2
¿−16+2
 ¿−¿14

- To find the value of the function when x = 2, use the first equation.
f ( 2 ) =2+2
=4

FUNCTIONS AS REPRESENTATIONS OF REAL-LIFE SITUATIONS

Functions can often be used to model real situations. Identifying an appropriate

functional model will lead to a better understanding of various phenomena.
Example: Give a function X that can represent the cost of buying y meals, if one meal costs
P50.

Solution: Since each meal costs P50, then the cost function is X(y) = 50y.

END OF THE LESSON

ANSWER THIS

Which of the following relations are functions?

_________ (a) f= (1,2), (2,2), (3,5), (4,5)

_________ (b) g= (1,3), (1,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,7)
_________ (c) h= (1,3), (2,6), (3,9)
_________ (d) i= (4,2), (0,9), (-4,-8), (4,5), (-1,-10)
_________ (e) j= (1,3), (2,4), (3,5), (4,6), (5,7)

Which of the following graphs can be the graphs of function?

MODULE 1 - ACTIVITY 1
NAME: ___________________________________________________
GRADE/STRAND/BLOCK: _________________________________
Direction: Write your answer on the space provided before the number.

Determine whether or not each relation is a function. Give the domain and range of each relation.

__________ 1. {(1,3), (3, 4), (5, 6)}

__________ 2. {(2, 5), (2, 6), (6, 6), (5, 6)}
__________ 3. {(1, 2), (2, 1), (6, 5), (5, 6)}
__________ 4. {(9, 3), (9, 4), (9, 5)}
__________ 5. {(-1, 3), (1, 3 (3, -1)}

State whether or not each relation is a function.

__________ 6. __________ 7.
1

2 0

3 -1

__________8. __________ 9.

X 1 2 3 4 5 6
Y 6 5 4 3 2 1
__________ 10.
x 0 2 4 6 8 10
__________ y 1 2 3 3 2 1 11.
x 1 2 3 3 2 1
__________ y 3 6 9 12 15 18 12.
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3
__________ y 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 13.
x 5 6 5 6 5 6
__________ y 6 5 6 5 6 5 14.

__________ 15.
x 2 3 4 4 5 6
y 1 2 3 3 4 5

LESSON 2 EVALUATION OF FUNCTIONS

 Direction: Find the value of each expression and write your answer on the given respective space.

Let n = 2

2.____

1.____
3.____
2n - 4
n+2
(3n + 2)2

3n n =Z 2
2 n
3

6.____
30n

4.____
Answer key:
1. 4
2. 0
5.____ 3. 64
4. 2/3
5. 60
6. 3

Starting point!

Law of Substitution
- If a + x = b and x = c, then
a+c=b

To find the value of each expression in the what I know test, the Law of Substitution can be
applied as follows:
- To find the value of n + 2 when n = 2:
Substitute 2 in the place of n to get 2 + 2 or 4

- To find the value of (3n + 2)2 when n = 2:

Substitute 2 in the place of n to get {3(2) + 2)2 or (8)2 or 64

PRE-REQUISITE SKILLS:

You need a good grasp of GEMDAS. GEMDAS is an acronym for the words Grouping symbols,
Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction. When asked to simplify two or more operations in one
algebraic/numerical expression, the order of the letters in GEMDAS indicates what to calculate first, second, third
and so on, until a simplified expression is achieved.

EVALUATION OF FUNCTIONS
- To evaluate a function is to find f(x) for a given value of x by substituting the
Examples: Evaluate the following functions at 𝑥 = 1.5:

A. (𝑥) = 3𝑥 – 2
B. (𝑥) = 3𝑥2 − 4𝑥
C. ℎ(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 4
D. (𝑥) = (2𝑥+1) (𝑥−1)

Solution:

a) f(x) = 3𝑥 − 2 Given
f (1.5) = 3(1.5) – 2 Replace x with 1.5
= 4.5 − 2 Simplify
= 2.5

b) g (x) = 3𝑥2 − 4𝑥 Given

g (1.5) = 3(1.5)2 − 4(1.5) Replace x with 1.5
= 3(2.25) – 6 Apply GEMDAS
= 6.75 – 6 Simplify
= 0.75

c) h (x) = √𝑥 + 4 Given
h (1.5) = √1.5 + 4 Replace x with 1.5
= √5.5 Simplify
= 2.34

d) r (x) = (2𝑥+1) (𝑥−1) Given

= {2(1.5) + 1)} (1.5−1) Replace x with 1.5
= (3+1) (0.5) Apply GEMDAS
= (4) (0.5) Simplify
=8
 References:

Division of City Schools – Manila - DepEd. (2016). General Mathematics - Learner’s Material. Lexicon Press
Inc.
Banigon Jr, R. et al. (2016). General Mathematics for Senior High School.
Educational Resources Corporation. Cubao, Quezon City.
Orines, F. B. (2016). Next Century Mathematics 11 General Mathematics. Phoenix Publishing House.
Stewart, J., Redlin, L., & Watson, S., (2002). Precalculus Mathematics for Calculus 4th. Brooks/Cole.

General Mathematics Book by Orlando A. Oronce (pages 1-30)

My Skill Builder General Mathematics by Orlando A. Oronce (9-16)

Direction: Write your answer on the space provided after the expressions.

h(x) = 3 x 2 - 2x + 4 a. h(-1) b. h(2)

h(x) = 3 x 2 - 2x + 4 a. h(4) b. h(2)

h(x) = 3 x 2 - 2x + 4 a. h(3) b. h(-2)

MODULE 1 -ACTIVITY 2
NAME: ___________________________________________________
GRADE/STRAND/BLOCK: _________________________________
Direction: Write your answer on the space provided after the expressions.

Evaluate each function at the indicated values of the independent variable. Simplify the result.

1. g(x) = 9 – 6x a. g(-1) b. g(2)

2. g(x) = x2 – 4x a. g(2) b. g(a+b)

3. h(x) = 2x a. h(3) b. h(5)

3x
4. f(x) = a. f(2) b. f(5)
x

LESSON 3 OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS

 Direction: Perform the indicated operations.

1. (4x + 3) + (3x – 2)

2. (2x2 – 3x – 2) – (4x2 + 5x + 3)

3. (2x) (x + 4)

4. (2x2 – 9x – 35) ÷ (2x + 5)

Starting point!

 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF POLYNOMIALS

Example:
1. To add (4x + 3) + (3x – 2), we have:
(4x + 3) + (3x – 2) = (4x + 3x) + (3 – 2)
= {(4 + 3)x} + (1)
=7x+1
Or

4x + 3
+ 3x – 2
7x + 1

2. To subtract (2x2 – 3x – 2) – (4x2 + 5x + 3), we have:

(2x2 – 3x – 2) – (4x2 + 5x + 3) = (2x2 – 3x – 2) + (-4x2 - 5x -3) then,
= (2x2 - 4x2) + (-3x – 5x) + (-2 - 3)
= -2x2 -8x – 5

Or

2x2 – 3x – 2
- ( 4x2 + 5x + 3) -- 2x2 – 3x – 2
- 4x2 - 5x - 3
-2x2 -8x – 5

 MULTIPLICATION OF POLYNOMIALS
- When multiplying monomials, you will often use the following laws of exponents.

R LAWS OF EXPONENTS
1. Product Rule for Exponents
Example:
a. a5 + a6 = a5+6 = a11 -- Product Rule
b. (a11)3 = a11(3) = a33 -- Power Rule
c. (25a)2 = (252) (a)2 = 625a2 -- Power of a Product Rule

R
U To multiply a polynomial by a monomial, multiply each term of the polynomial by the
L monomial.
E
Example:

To find the product of (2x) (x + 4), we have:

R (2x) (x + 4) = 2x (x) + 2x (4)
To add two2 polynomials, write the sum and simplify by combining like terms.
= 2x an
+ 8x
U To subtract expression from another expression, add its negative. That is:
L a – b = a = (-b)
E R THE FOIL METHOD (First, Out, In, Last)
U F O I L
L (a + b) (c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd
E

Example:
- To find the product of x + 3 and x + 5 using the foil method, we have:

(x + 3) (x + 5) = x (x) + x (5) + 3 (x) + 3 (5)

= x2 + 5x + 3x + 15
= x2 + 8x + 15

 DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS

R Division of Exponents
U - For every positive integer m and n, and x ≠ 0:
L xm m −n xm 1 xm
E =x , when m > n; = , when m < n; = x 0or 1, when m = n.
xn x n x n−m xn

Example:

X5 5−2 3
1. 2
=x =x -- m > n
X

a4 1 1
2. 6
= 6−4 = 2 -- m < n
a a a

m3
3. =1 -- m = n
m3
 SUM, DIFFERENCE, PRODUCT AND QUOTIENT OF FUNCTIONS
- Let f and g be any two functions.
f
The SUM f +g, DIFFERENCE f – g, PRODUCT (f)(g) and QUOTIENT are functions
g
whose domain are the set of all real numbers common to the domain of f and g, and defined
as follows:
1. SUM (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)
2. DIFFERENCE (f - g)(x) = f(x) - g(x)
3. PRODUCT (fg)(x) = f(x) * g(x)
f f (x )
4. QUOTIENT (x) = , where g(x) ≠ 0
g g ( x)
Example:
If f(x) = 5x + 1 and g(x) = x – 2, find:

f
a. (f + g) (x) b. (f - g) (x) c. (fg) (x) d. (x)
g

Solution:

a. (f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x) Definition of sum of functions

= (5x + 1) + (x – 2) Add f(x) and g(x)
= (5x + x) + (1 – 2) Combine like terms
= 6x – 1
b. (f - g) (x) = f(x) – g(x) Definition of the difference of functions
= (5x + 1) - (x – 2) Subtract f(x) and g(x)
= 5x + 1 – x + 2 Perform the subtraction
= (5x – x) + (1 + 2) Combine like terms
= 4x + 3
c. (fg) (x) = f(x) * g(x) Definition of product of functions
= (5x + 1) * (x – 2) Multiply f(x) and g(x)
= (5x)(x) + (5x)(-2) + (1)(x) + (1)(-2) Foil method
= 5x2 + (-10x) + (x) + (-2) Combine like terms
= 5x2 -9x -2
f f (x )
d. (x) = Definition of the quotient of functions
g g ( x)
5 x +1
= Divide f(x) and g(x)
x−2
f
= the domain of is the set of all real numbers except 2: {x|x ≠ 2}
g
Example:

Given f(x) = 5x + 1 and g(x) = x – 2, find:

a. (f ° g) (x)
(f ° g) (x) = f(g(x)) Definition
f(x) = 5x + 1 Given
(f ° g) (x) = f(g(x))
= 5(x-2) + 1 Replace x by g(x)

b. (g ° f) (x)
(g ° f) (x) = g(f(x)) Definition
g(x) = x - 2 Given
(g ° f) (x) = g(f(x))
= (5x + 1) - 2 Replace x by g(x)
= 5x + 1 - 2 Combine like terms
= 5x –1
 PROBLEMS INVOLVING FUNCTIONS!

Example 1:
Suppose that f (𝑥) = 𝑥 denotes the number of cakes sold by a shop, and the selling price per
cake is given by g (𝒙) = 125 – 3𝒙, for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10.
Find (f * g) (𝑥) and describe what it represents.
Solution:
(f * g) (𝑥) = f(x) * g(x)
= (𝑥) (250 – 5x)
= (125x – 3x2), 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10.
- Since this function is the product of the quantity sold and the selling price, then (f * g) (𝑥)
represents the revenue earned by the company.

Example 2:
A spherical balloon is being inflated. Let (𝑡) = 3𝑡 cm represent its radius at time 𝑡 seconds, and
4
let 𝑔(𝑟) = 𝜋𝑟3 be the volume of the same balloon if its radius is 𝑟. Write (𝑔 ○𝑟) in terms of 𝑡,
3
and describe what it represents.
Solution:
(𝑔 ○ 𝑟) = 𝑔(𝑟(𝑡))
4
= (3𝑡)3
3
4
= (27𝑡3)
3
= 36𝜋𝑡3

- This function represents the volume of the balloon at time t seconds.

Example 3:
A Zumba instructor charges according to the number of participants. If there are 15 participants
or below, the instructor charges 500 pesos for each participant per month. If the number of
participants is between 15 and 30, he charges 400 pesos for each participant per month. If there
are 30 participants or more, he charges 350 for each participant per month. Write a function that
describes and models what the instructor charges.

Solution: PARTICIPANTS

x ≤ 15 , P 500
{15< x< 30 , P 400
x ≥ 30 , P 350 } 15 and below
Bet. 15 and 30
30 and more

If f(x) = 3x-2 and g(x)= x2 + 2x - 3, find:

a. (f+g) (x) b. (f-g) (x) c. (f.g)(x) d.(f/g)(x)

SOLUTION

a. (f+g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) Definition of sum of functions

= (3x-2) + (x2+2x-3) Add f(x) and g(x)
= x2+5x-5 Combine like terms

b. (f-g) (x) = f(x) – g(x) Definition of the difference of functions

= (3x-2) – ( x 2 + 2x-3) = Subtract g (x) from f(x)
2
=-x+x+1
= 2x-2- x 2-2x+3 Perform the subtraction
2
= - x +x+1 Combine like terms
 c. (f.g)(x) = (3x-2) ( x 2+2x-3) Definition of product of functions
= 3x ( x 2+2x-3) – 2( x 2+2x-3) Apply distributive property
= 3 x 3+6 x 2-9x-2 x 2-4x+6 Apply distributive property
= 3 x 3+4 x 2-13x+6 Combine like terms

f 3 x−2 3 x −2
c. ( ) (x) = 2 =
g x +2 x−3 (x +3)(x−3)

Simplify.
The domain of f/g is the set of all real numbers except -3 and 1

END OF THE LESSON

A. Find the sum and difference of the following functions.

(f+g) (x) (f-g) (x)

1. f(x) = x 2-2x-3 ; g(x)=5 x 3-3 x 2-5x-7

2. g(x)= 4 x 2+3x+6 ; f(x)+4(x+2)-4

B. Find the product and quotient of the following pairs of functions.

(f.g) (x) (f/g) (x)

1. f(x) =8x -4 ; g(x) =6x+18

3. f(x) =3 x 2+ 18x + 27 ; g(x) = x - 6

 MODULE 1 -ACTIVITY 3

NAME: ___________________________________________________
GRADE/STRAND/BLOCK: _________________________________

Direction: Write your answer on the space provided after the expressions.

f
A. Find f + g, f – g, fg and
g
1. f(x) = 2x - 5, g(x) = 4x2

(f + g) (x) (f - g) (x)

(f * g) (x)
( fg )( x )

B. Find (f ° g) (x), (g ° f) (x), (g ° g) (x) and (f ° f) (x).

1. f(x) = 2x, g(x) = x + 5

(f ° g) (x) (g ° g) (x)

(g ° f) (x) (f ° f) (x)