Laplace Transform

Laplace transform Basic properties of Laplace transform

1) Laplace transform of the sum or difference of time function is
Syllabus:- equal to the sum or difference of Laplace transform of the
Definition, transform of elementary functions, inverse transforms, individual time functions.
transform of derivations, differentiation and integration of 𝐿{𝑓1 (𝑡) + 𝑓2 (𝑡) + … … … … . +𝑓𝑛 (𝑡)}
transforms, solution of differential equations. Difference between = 𝐹1 (𝑠) + 𝐹2 (𝑠) + … … … + 𝐹𝑛 (𝑠)
Laplace and Fourier transform.

2) Laplace transform of product of constant and time function is

Laplace transform:- equal to product of constant and the Laplace transform of
the time function.
If 𝑓(𝑡) be the real valued function of ′𝑡′ . Then Laplace
transform of 𝑓(𝑡) denoted by 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} or 𝐹(𝑠) is defined by, 𝐿{𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝑎 𝐹(𝑠)
∞

𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡

3) Linear property : If 𝐹1 (𝑠) and 𝐹2 (𝑠) be the Laplace transform
0
of 𝑓1 (𝑡) and 𝑓2 (𝑡) respectively. Then
Where 𝑠 may be real or complex number.
𝐿{𝑎1 𝑓1 (𝑡) + 𝑎2 𝑓2 (𝑡)} = 𝑎1 𝐹1 (𝑠) + 𝑎2 𝐹2 (𝑠)
Here 𝑓(𝑡) can be given by
Where 𝑎1 and 𝑎2 are constants.
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 {𝐹(𝑠)}
Then 𝑓(𝑡) is called as inverse Laplace transform of 𝐹(𝑠).
4) First shifting property : 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎)

1 𝑠
5) Change of scaling property : 𝐿{ 𝑓(𝑎𝑡)} = 𝑎 𝐹 (𝑎)

Page 1 of 6 Prof. Avadhut Surekha Prakash Manage,

D. M. S. Mandal’s Bhaurao Kakatkar College, Belgaum
Laplace Transform

∞ ∞
Laplace transform of elementary functions 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 1
−𝑠𝑡
𝐿{1} = ∫ 𝑒 1 𝑑𝑡 = − [ ] = − [𝑒 −𝑠 𝑋 ∞ − 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑋 0 ]
𝑎 𝑠 0 𝑠
1) 𝐿{ 𝑎} = ; where 𝑎 is constant 0
𝑠

Soln :- 1 1
=− [0 − 1] =
∞ ∞ 𝑠 𝑠
−𝑠𝑡
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑎
𝐿{𝑎} = ∫ 𝑒 𝑎 𝑑𝑡 = −𝑎 [ ] = − [𝑒 −𝑠 𝑋 ∞ − 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑋 0 ]
𝑠 0 𝑠
0
1
𝑎 𝑎 4) 𝐿{ 𝑡} = 𝑠2
= − [0 − 1] =
𝑠 𝑠 Soln :-
∞ ∞
𝑡 1
1
2) 𝐿{ 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 } = 𝑠−𝑎 ; where 𝑎 is constant 𝐿{𝑡} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = − [𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ]∞
0 + ∫𝑒
−𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑠 𝑠
0 0
Soln :- 𝑡 1
= − 𝑠 [𝑒 −𝑠 𝑋 ∞ − 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑋 0 ] − [𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ]∞
0
∞ ∞ 𝑠2
∞
𝑎𝑡 } −𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑡 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡
𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡 𝑡 1
𝐿{𝑒 =∫𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = − [ ] = − 𝑠 [0 − 1] − [0 − 1]
(𝑠 − 𝑎) 0 𝑠2
0 0
𝑡 1
1 1 = +
𝑠 𝑠2
=− [𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑋 ∞ − 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎) 𝑋 0 ] = − [0 − 1]
(𝑠 − 𝑎) (𝑠 − 𝑎)
1 𝑛!
= 5) 𝐿{ 𝑡 𝑛 } = 𝑠𝑛+1
(𝑠 − 𝑎)
Soln :-
∞ ∞
1
3) 𝐿{ 1} = 1 𝑛
𝑠 𝐿{ 𝑡 𝑛 } = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 𝑛 𝑑𝑡 = − [𝑡 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ]∞
0 + ∫𝑒
−𝑠𝑡 𝑛−1
𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑠 𝑠
Soln :- 0 0

Page 2 of 6 Prof. Avadhut Surekha Prakash Manage,

D. M. S. Mandal’s Bhaurao Kakatkar College, Belgaum
Laplace Transform

∞ 𝑑𝑟
𝑛 Let = 𝑟 , dt= 𝑠
= 0 + ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑡
𝑠 ∞
0 𝑟 𝑛 𝑑𝑟
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑟 ( )
𝑠 𝑠
∞ 0
𝑛 1 (𝑛 − 1) ∞ ∞
= + [− [𝑡 𝑛−1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ]∞
0 + ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 𝑛−2 𝑑𝑡] 1 𝑛!
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
0 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑟 𝑟 𝑛 𝑑𝑟 = ∵ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑟 𝑟 𝑛 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑛!
𝑠 𝑛+1 𝑠 𝑛+1
∞ 0 0
𝑛 (𝑛 − 1)
= [0 + ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 𝑛−2 𝑑𝑡]
𝑠 𝑠
0 𝑎
6) 𝐿{sin 𝑎𝑡} = 𝑠2 + 𝑎2
∞ ∞
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑎
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡 𝑛−2 𝑑𝑡 𝐿{sin 𝑎𝑡} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 sin 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑠 𝑠2 + 𝑎2
0 0

… … … … … … …. ∞ 𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑎𝑡
∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 sin 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 can be found by substituting sin 𝑎𝑡 = 2𝑖
…………………
∞
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) … … 1 𝑠
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 7) 𝐿{cos 𝑎𝑡} = 𝑠2 + 𝑎2
𝑠𝑛
0 ∞
𝑛! 1 𝑛!
𝑠
= 𝑠𝑛 = 𝑠𝑛+1 𝐿{sin 𝑎𝑡} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 cos 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑠 𝑠 2 + 𝑎2
0
Other method
∞ 𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑎𝑡
∞ ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 sin 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 can be found by substituting cos 𝑎𝑡 = 2
𝑛} −𝑠𝑡 𝑛
𝐿{ 𝑡 =∫𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0

Page 3 of 6 Prof. Avadhut Surekha Prakash Manage,

D. M. S. Mandal’s Bhaurao Kakatkar College, Belgaum
Laplace Transform

Laplace transform of few other functions 1 𝑡 𝑛−1 1 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 𝑛−1

3) 𝐿−1 {𝑠𝑛 } = (𝑛−1)! 4) 𝐿−1 {(𝑠−𝑎)𝑛} = (𝑛−1)!
𝑛!
1) 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 𝑛 } = (𝑠−𝑎)𝑛+1 1 1 𝑠
5) 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 +𝑎2 } = 𝑎 sin 𝑎𝑡 6) 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 +𝑎2 } = cos 𝑎𝑡

1 1 𝑠
𝑏
7) 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 −𝑎2 } = 𝑎 sinh 𝑎𝑡 8) 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 −𝑎2 } = cosh 𝑎𝑡
2) 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 sin 𝑏𝑡} = (𝑠−𝑎)2 + 𝑏2
1 1 𝑠−𝑎
9) 𝐿−1 {(𝑠−𝑎)2 +𝑏2} = 𝑏 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 sin 𝑏𝑡 10) 𝐿−1 {(𝑠−𝑎)2 +𝑏2 } = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 cos 𝑏𝑡
(𝑠−𝑎)
3) 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 cos 𝑏𝑡} = (𝑠−𝑎)2 + 𝑏2 𝑠 1 1 1
11) 𝐿−1 {(𝑠2 +𝑎2 )2 } = 2𝑎 𝑡 sin 𝑎𝑡 12) 𝐿−1 {(𝑠2 +𝑎2 )2 } = 2𝑎3 (sin 𝑎𝑡 −
𝑎𝑡 cos 𝑎𝑡)
𝑏
4) 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 sinh 𝑏𝑡} = (𝑠−𝑎)2 − 𝑏2
Complicated inverse Laplace transforms can be found by partial
fraction method.
(𝑠−𝑎)
5) 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 cosh 𝑏𝑡} = (𝑠−𝑎)2 − 𝑏2
Laplace transform of a derivative
Let 𝑓′(𝑡) be the first derivative of 𝑓(𝑡). Then
Inverse Laplace transform
∞ ∞
−1 {𝑓(𝑡)}
If 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} or 𝐹(𝑠) is Laplace transform of𝑓(𝑡), then 𝐿 = 𝐹(𝑠). 𝐿{𝑓 ′ (𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = [𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)]∞
0 +𝑠∫ 𝑒
−𝑠𝑡
𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
Here 𝐿−1 is called inverse Laplace transform. 0 0

Basics Laplace inverse transforms

1 1 = [𝑒 −𝑠 𝑋 ∞ 𝑓(∞) − 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑋 0 𝑓(0)] + 𝑠𝐹(𝑠)
1) 𝐿−1 {𝑠 } =1 −1
2) 𝐿 {(𝑠−𝑎)} =𝑒 𝑎𝑡

= − 𝑓(0) + 𝑠 𝐹(𝑠)
Page 4 of 6 Prof. Avadhut Surekha Prakash Manage,
D. M. S. Mandal’s Bhaurao Kakatkar College, Belgaum
Laplace Transform

∞ ∞
= 𝑠 𝐹(𝑠) − 𝑓(0) 𝑑 −𝑠𝑡
= − ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑡 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿{(−𝑡)2 𝑓(𝑡)}
In general for 𝑛𝑡ℎ derivative is given by 𝑑𝑠
0 0
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛−2 ′ (0) 𝑛 (0)
𝐿{𝑓 (𝑡)} = 𝑠 𝐹(𝑠) − 𝑠 𝑓(0) − 𝑠 𝑓 ……….𝑓 In general 𝑛𝑡ℎ derivative of 𝐹(𝑠) is
𝐹 𝑛 (𝑠) = 𝐿{(−𝑡)𝑛 𝑓(𝑡)}
Derivative of Laplace transform
∞
Integration of Laplace transform
𝐹(𝑠) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
∞
0
𝐹(𝑠) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
Differentiating on both side wrt 𝑠, we get
0
∞ ∞
𝑑 𝑑 −𝑠𝑡 Integrating both side, we get
𝐹 ′ (𝑠) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) (𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 ∞ ∞ ∞
0 0
∫ 𝐹 (𝑠) 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ (∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡) 𝑑𝑠
∞ 𝑠 𝑠 0
−𝑠𝑡
= ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) − 𝑡 𝑒 𝑑𝑡
0 ∞ ∞ ∞
1 −𝑠𝑡 ∞
𝐹 ′ (𝑠) = 𝐿{−𝑡𝑓(𝑡)} = ∫ (∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑠) 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = − ∫ [𝑒 ]𝑠 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑡
0 𝑠 0
Differentiating on both side wrt 𝑠, we get
∞
∞ 1 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)
𝑑 =∫ 𝑒 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿 { }
𝐹 ′′ (𝑠) = − ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝑠 0
0 ∞
𝑓(𝑡)
∫ 𝐹 (𝑠) 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐿 { }
𝑡
𝑠
Page 5 of 6 Prof. Avadhut Surekha Prakash Manage,
D. M. S. Mandal’s Bhaurao Kakatkar College, Belgaum
Laplace Transform

Solution of differential equation Relation between Fourier and Laplace transform

Consider the second order differential equation 1 𝑓(𝑡)

𝐹{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐿{ }
√2𝜋 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
+𝑎 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Difference between Fourier and Laplace transform
Using Laplace transform,
Sl. Fourier transform Laplace transform
𝐿{𝑓 𝑛 (𝑡)} = 𝑠 𝑛 𝐹(𝑠) − 𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑓(0) − 𝑠 𝑛−2 𝑓 ′ (0) … … … . 𝑓 𝑛 (0)
No.
∞ ∞
We get, 1 1
𝐹(𝜔) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑖𝜔𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 𝐹(𝑠) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑠 2 𝑦(𝑠) − 𝑠 𝑦 (0) − 𝑦 ′ (0) + 𝑎[𝑠 𝑦(𝑠) − 𝑦 (0)] + 𝑏𝑦(𝑠) = 𝑅(𝑠) √2𝜋 −∞
0
2 Fourier transform needs Laplace transform doesn’t
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏 )𝑦(𝑠) − (𝑠 + 𝑎)𝑦 (0) − 𝑦 ′ (0) = 𝑅(𝑠) Dirichlet conditions. need any conditions.
3 Fourier transform does a Laplace transform does a
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏 )𝑦(𝑠) = (𝑠 + 𝑎)𝑦 (0) + 𝑦 ′ (0)
+ 𝑅(𝑠) complex transform on real real transform on complex
data. data.
(𝑠 + 𝑎)𝑦 (0) + 𝑦 ′ (0) 𝑅 (𝑠)
𝑦(𝑠) = + 4 Fourier transform converts Laplace converts time
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏 ) (𝑠 2 + 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏 )
time varying function in the varying function in the
frequency domain. integral domain.
(𝑠 + 𝑎)𝑦 (0) + 𝑦 ′ (0) 𝑅 (𝑠) 5 In Fourier transform, function In Laplace transform,
𝐿(𝑦) = 2
+ 2 can have finite number function should have
(𝑠 + 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏 ) (𝑠 + 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏 )
discontinuities in each period definite value over the
(𝑠 + 𝑎)𝑦 (0) + 𝑦 ′ (0) 𝑅 (𝑠) range.
𝑦 = 𝐿−1 [ 2
+ 2 ]
(𝑠 + 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏 ) (𝑠 + 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏 ) 6 Fourier transform is used in Laplace transform is used
communication system in control system.

Page 6 of 6 Prof. Avadhut Surekha Prakash Manage,

D. M. S. Mandal’s Bhaurao Kakatkar College, Belgaum