CE199-1L

SUBJECT 1
Algebra
Trigonometry
Plane Geometry
Solid Geometry
Analytic Geometry
Probability

SUBJECT 2
Fluid Mechanics
Hydraulics

SUBJECT 3
Engineering Mechanics
Strength of Materials
Theory of Structures
 ALGEBRA
Remainder Theorem
1. Calculate the remainder when (3x5 – 5x3 + 4x2 + 2x − 7) is divided by (2x − 1)

Decomposition to Partial Fractions

2. Solve for the value of A:
11 − 3𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
2
= +
𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 3 (𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 3)

Binomial Theorem
3. Determine the 5th term of the expansion (2x+3y)12
4. Determine the middle term of the expansion of (3a – b)8
5. What is the coefficient of the term containing x4 in the expansion of (x – 2y)10

Sum of Coefficients
6. Find the sum of the coefficients in the expansion (2x+3y)9
7. Find the sum of the coefficients in the expansion (2x+2)3(x+1)4

Proportions and Variations

8. If y varies directly with x and y = 4 when x = 5, what is the value of y when x = 5?
9. A military camp has 300 men. The required meal budget for six months of training is 1
million pesos. At the end of training period, 128 men were laid off and the remaining is to
undergo the next stage of training for 2 months. What is the required budget at this point?

Number / Digit Problem

10. Three times the first of the three consecutive odd integers is three more than twice the third.
Find the third integer
11. The sum of the digits of a three-digit number is 14. The hundreds digit being 4 times the
units digit. If 594 is subtracted from the number, the order of the digits will be reversed. What
is the number?

Age Problem
12. A father is three times as old as his son. Four years ago, he was four times as old as his son.
How old is his son?
13. A mother is now three times as old as her daughter. In 4 years, the mother will be four times
as old as the daughter was, two years ago. How old is the daughter?
Motion Problem
14. A boat can go 12 kph in still water. Going full speed, it goes 25 km upstream in the same
time it takes to go 35 km downstream. What is the rate of the current?
15. A woman drives home at 50 kph and she is 3 minutes early for dinner. If she drives at home
at 45 kph, she is 3 minutes late. How far does she drive?
16. A boy started one hour and twenty minutes earlier than a man. If the man ran at 6 kph faster
than the boy and overtook the boy in 40 minutes, find the speed of the boy?

Mixture Problem
17. How much of a 7% solution should be mixed with appropriate amount of 12% solution to
get 5 liters of a 10% solution?

Work Problem
18. Felipe can do a piece of job in 4 hrs. Ben can do the same job in 6 hrs. If they work together,
how long will it take them to finish the job?
19. Anna can finish her differential equations homework in 30 minutes while Annie can do the
same homework for 26 minutes. If Anna did the homework for 12 minutes until Annie helped
her, after how many minutes will they finish the homework?

Arithmetic Progression
20. The 4th term of an arithmetic sequence is 67/28 and the 16th term is 307/28. Find the 12 th
term of the sequence.
21. Find the sum of the sequence: 3, 6, 9, …, 300.
22. There are 9 arithmetic means between 23 and 54. Find the middle term.

Geometric Progression
23. The 3rd term of geometric progression is 7/12 and the 5th term is 3/7, find the second term.
24. There are 6 geometric means between 4 and 8748. Find the 3rd term of GP.
25. A rubber ball is dropped from a height of 27 m. Each time that it hits the ground it bounces
to a height 2/3 of that from which it fell. Find the total distance travelled by the ball until it
comes to rest?
 TRIGONOMETRY
Angle Relationship
1. Convert 405° to mils.
a. 2,800 b. 7,200 c. 10,200 d. 6,200
2. What is the equivalent of 9600 mils in centesimal system?
a. 600 grads b. 700 grads c. 800 grads d. 900 grads
3. The supplement of an angle is thrice its complement. Find the angle.
a. 30° b. 700 grads c. 800 grads d. 900 grads

Trigonometric Functions
4. The sides of a right triangle measure 3, 4, and 5. Solve the interior angles of this triangle.
5. A tree growing on hillside casts 10.2 meters shadow straight downhill. Find the vertical
height of the tree if, relative to the horizontal, the hill slopes 15° and the angle of elevation of
the sun is 62°.
a. 5.62 m b. 19.18 m c. 15.89 m d. 5.42 m
6. From a building across, the angle of depression of the base of the front edifice is 23.5° and
the angle of elevation to the top is 52.78°. The height of observation is 14 m. What is the height
of edifice?
a. 56.4 m b. 68.8 m c. 76.6 m d. 42.4 m

Trigonometric Identities
7. Which of the following is equivalent to (sin θ − cos θ) (sin θ + cos θ)?
a. cos 2θ b. -1 c. - cos 2θ d. 1
8. If tanx + tany = 4 and cotx + coty = 6, what is the value of tan(x+y)?
a. 12 b. 24 c. 1/12 d. 1/24
9. Evaluate (sin θ + cos θ)2.
a. 1 + sin 2θ b. 1 c. - sin 2θ d. sin 2θ
10. There exists a value x such that the tangent of the expression 2x + 18 is equal to the
cotangent of the expression 4x – 12. Find the value of x.
a. 12 b. 13 c. 14 d. 15

Graph of Trigonometric Functions

11. Given the functions: 𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥 + 𝜋) + 5 and 𝑦 = 6𝑐𝑜𝑡(3𝑥 − 𝜋) + 7, determine the
following: (a) amplitude, (b) period, (c) frequency, (d) phase shift, (e) vertical shift.

Conditional Trigonometric Equations

12. Determine which quadrant the angle terminates given the conditions: secθ < 0 and tanθ >0.
a. I b. II c. III d. IV
13. If secx = 5/3 and x is in the fourth quadrant, what is the value of cscx?
a. -5/3 b. -5/4 c. 5/4 d. 5/3
14. If cosθ = -15/17 and θ is in third quadrant, what is the value of 289sinθcosθ?
a. 120 b. -60 c. 60 d. -120
Triangles in General

15. Triangle ABC has the following data: b=19 and A=50°. How many triangles may be formed
if a = 12? a = 17? a = 23?
16. Solve the interior angles of the triangle with and a = 3 ft, b = 4 ft, c = 6 ft.
17. A fire at F is spotted from two fire lookout stations, A and B, which are located 10.3 mi
apart. If station B reports the fire at angle ABF = 52.6°, and station A reports the fire at angle
BAF = 25.3°, how far is the fire from station A?
a. 1.72 mi b. 7.44 mi c. 4.50 mi d. 8.37 mi

18. Cleveland, Columbus, and Toledo form a triangle in Ohio with Columbus 120 mi southeast
of Toledo, and Cleveland 112 mi northeast of Columbus. If the angle at Toledo is 59.7°, how
far is it from Toledo to Cleveland?
a. 124.96 mi b. 103.08 mi c. 127.56 mi d. 119.04 mi

19. A ship sails 15.0 mi on a course S40°10’W and then 21.0 mi on a course N28°20’W. Find
the distance and direction of the last position from the first.
a. 20.9mi b. 29.9 mi c. 29.9 mi d. 20.9mi
N70°20’E N41°59’E N41°59’E S70°20’E
 PLANE GEOMETRY

1. The sum of interior angles of a regular polygon is 1260 degrees. Find the area of the polygon
if its perimeter is 45 centimeters.
2. Determine the area of a regular polygon whose number of diagonals is 5 and its apothem
measures 4.

Similar Polygons
3. The corresponding sides of two similar polygons are 20 and 18. If the area of the larger
polygon measures 360 cm2, find the sum of the areas of two similar polygons.

Triangles
1
𝐴1 = 𝑏ℎ
a c 2
1
h 𝐴2 = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃
θ 2
b 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝐴3 = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑠 =
2
4. Two sides of a triangle measure 8 m and 12 m and the angle opposite the 8-m side is 30
degrees, determine the area of the triangle.
5. Given two similar triangles whose one triangle has sides 10 cm, 24 cm and 30 cm. Find the
area of the other triangle given that its smallest side measure 6 cm.
6. The ratio of the interior angle of a triangle is 3:4:5, if its perimeter measures 30 cm. Find its
area.
Special Lines in a Triangle
7. Triangle ABC has the following data: AB = 16, BC = 24 and CA = 20. Find the length of the
following: (a) Median from vertex A, (b) Angle Bisector to shortest side and (c) Longest
altitude.

Quadrilaterals
b 1
𝐴1 = 𝑑1 𝑑2 sin 𝜃
2
a θ 𝐴+𝐶
d1 c 𝐴2 = √(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑) − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 cos2 ( )
d2 2
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑠 =
d 2

8. If the sides of the parallelogram and an included angle are 8m, 12m, and 120°, respectively.
Find the length of the shorter diagonal and the area of the parallelogram.
9. The sides of a rectangle have a ratio of 4:5 determine the area of the rectangle if the diagonal
measures 12 cm.
10. The area of a rhombus is 156 m2. If its shorter diagonal measures 13 m, find the length of
the longer diagonal, the side of a rhombus and the angle opposite the longer diagonal.
11. The side of a square is x meters. The midpoints of its sides are joined to form another square
whose area is 16 m2. Find the area of the larger square.
12. An isosceles trapezoid has an area of 40 m2 and an altitude of 2 m. Its two bases have a ratio
of 2 is to 3. What are the lengths of the bases and one of the diagonal of the trapezoid?
13. A vacant lot has sides 8m, 12 m, 18 m and 20 m. If the sum of the opposite angles is 230°,
find the area of the lot.

Circles

Area = πr2 Circumference = 2πr

14. The circle of radius 18 cm is unbent to form an arc subtending a central angle of 300°. Find
the radius of the arc.
15. Find the area of a circular segment if the diameter of the circle is 16 and its central angle is
120⁰.
16. The chord that cuts the circle into two segments is 5 cm from the center. The area of the
circle is 1018 cm2. Find the ratio of the segments formed.
17. A circle has two chords AB and CD which intersects at E. If AB measures 15 cm, and EC
and ED measure 5cm and 6cm respectively, determine length AE if AE > EB.
18. The line segments BD and BA are secant and tangent lines of a circle respectively. BD
intersects the circle at C. If BC=18 and BA=31, find CD.
19. Two points on a circle is subtended by another point on a circle with an angle of 40°. If the
radius of the circle is 5, what is the distance between the two points along the circle and what
is the shortest distance between them?

Relationship of Circles and Triangles.

A. Incircle B. Circumcircle C. Escribed

𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖 = 𝑟𝑠 𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖 = 𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖 = 𝑟𝑐 (𝑠 − 𝑐)
4𝑟

20. The sides of a triangle are 10, 24 and 30. Determine the radius of the circumscribing circle.
21. The sides of a triangle are 10, 24 and 30. Determine the radius of the inscribed circle.
22. A triangle has sides equal to 10m, 24m and 30m, respectively. Find the radius of the circle
which is escribed outside the triangle if it is tangent to the 24 m side.
23. A triangle is inscribed in a circle whose one side coincides with the diameter of the circle,
and the other side is 3. If the diameter of the circle is 5. Determine the area of the triangle.
24. Find the area of a regular pentagon that is inscribed in a circle if the area of the circle is
314m2.
25. A circle having an area of 224 m2 is inscribed in an octagon. Find the area of the octagon.
 SOLID GEOMETRY

Polyhedron
1. The areas of two similar tetrahedrons are 24 sq. in. and 96 sq. in. Find the ratio of their
volumes.
2. An icosahedron have a total surface area of 40 sq. m, determine the side and its volume.

Prisms
- it is defined as a polyhedron with two congruent bases that lie in parallel planes, and
whose every section that is parallel to a base has the same area as that of the base.
3. A trough has triangular ends. The top of the through is a horizontal rectangle 50 cm by 80
cm having 50 as the base of the triangle. The depth of the trough is 40 cm, (a) determine the
capacity of the trough. (b) If it contains water at a depth of 30 cm determine the wet portion of
the trough.
4. The volume of a regular triangular prism is 90√3. If the radius of the inscribed circle in the
base is 3 cm, determine the altitude of the prism.
5. A regular octagonal prism has its axis inclined at 75° from horizontal. The length of this axis
is 5 ft and the sides are 3 ft. What is its volume?
6. A closed right cylindrical tank 8 m high and 4 m in diameter is ¼ full of water. What is the
height of the water when it is lying in horizontal position?
7. An open top and bottom cylinder is to be made from a rectangular piece of paper of sides 10
and 12. Determine the largest volume it can hold.
8. In a rectangular parallelepiped, the lengths and width of the base are 12 in. and 9 in.,
respectively. Find the volume of the solid if the length of the diagonal of the solid is 25 inches.
9. The total surface area of a cube is 150 in2. Find the measure of an edge and a diagonal of the
cube.
10. Determine the volume of the cube if its diagonal measures 8√2.

Pyramids/ Cones
- a polyhedron containing triangular lateral faces with common vertex and a polygon
base.

11. A regular pentagonal pyramid has an altitude of 20 cm and a slant height of 25 cm.
Determine the volume of the pyramid and its lateral area.
12. A circular piece of cardboard with diameter of 25 cm will be made into a conical hat of 10
cm high by cutting a sector and joining the edges to for a cone. Determine the angle subtended
by the sector which was removed and the volume of the conical hat.

Frustum
- is a solid figure created by slicing the tip of a pyramid or a cone with a plane parallel
to the base.

13. The base edges of a frustum of a regular square pyramid are 4 in and 8 in., and its altitude
is 10 in. Find the volume and the total area of the frustum.
14. The inside diameters of the bases of a flowerpot are 10 cm and 7 cm, and the slant height is
9 cm. How many cubic meters of soil it can contain if it is completely filled and determine its
lateral surface area?

Prismatoid
- a polyhedron having two parallel bases which are polygons and lateral faces which are
triangles and quadrilaterals with one side lying in one base and the opposite vertex or side lying
in the other base.
15. A wedge is cut out of a cylindrical log of radius 4’’ by two planes. One is perpendicular to
the axis of the cylinder and the other intersects the first at an angle of 30 degrees along the
diameter of the cylinder. Find the volume of the cylindrical wedge.
Truncated Prism
- is a portion of a prism lying between two nonparallel planes which cut the prism and
have their line of intersection outside the prism.
16. A truncated right prism has an equilateral triangular base with one side measures 3 cm. The
lateral edges have lengths 5 cm, 6 cm and 7 cm. Find the volume of the solid and its lateral
surface area.

Sphere
- is a solid bounded by a closed surface whose set of all points is equidistant from a
fixed point called center.
17. The surface area of a sphere is 314.16 cm2, determine its volume.

Spherical Segment
- is a solid formed by passing two parallel cutting planes through a sphere.

18. A sphere is cut by a plane which is 3 cm from the center of the sphere. If the diameter of
the plane area cut is 8 cm. determine the volume of the sphere.
19. A sphere is cut by a plane, if the radius of the plane cut is 4 cm and the diameter of the great
circle is 10 cm, determine the volume of the spherical segment and the total surface area of the
smaller segment.
20. The radii of parallel circular sections of a sphere are 4 in. and 4.8 in., while the radius of the
sphere is 5 in. Find the volume of the portion included between these sections and determine
the lateral area of this section.

Spherical Cone

21. A spherical sector has a central angle of 60° and the radius of the sphere is 15 cm. Find the
volume of the spherical sector.
Spherical Pyramid

22. The base of spherical pyramid is a spherical polygon whose angles are 165, 75, 115, 160
and 85. All measurements are in degrees. If the diameter of the sphere is 18 cm, find the volume
of the pyramid.

Spherical Lune and Spherical Wedge

23. Find radius of the spherical wedge whose volume is 12m3 with a dihedral angle of 1.8
radians.
24. Find the area of the lune from the previous problem.
 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
Polar Form of a Point
1. Convert the equation into polar form: x2 + y2 – 2xy = 0.
a. sinθ cosθ = 1 b. 2 sinθ cosθ = 0 c. 2 sinθ cosθ = 1 d. sinθ + cosθ = 1

Complex Numbers
2, Evaluate (1 – 𝑖 )8 .
a. 32 b. 16 c. 8 d. 4

Area by Coordinates
3. Find the area of a polygon whose vertices are (3, 5), (-1, -7), (-2, 4) and (5, -6).
a. 124 b. 62 c. 1 d. 1/2
4. The two vertices of a triangle are (2,4) and (-2,3). If the area is 2 square units, find the locus
of the third vertex.
a. x – 4y + 10 = 0 b. x + 4y + 10 = 0 c. x – 4y – 10 = 0 d. x + 4y – 10 = 0

Distance Formula
5. If A is at point (-2, 5) and B is at point (3, 9), what is the length of the line segment AB?
a. 5.5 b. 5.7 c. 6.4 d. 7.1

Slope
6. What is the slope of a line passing through (1, 2) and (4, 6)?
a. 1/2 b. 4/3 c. 2 d. 1
7. Consider points M, N and P with coordinates (3, -4), (1, p) and (-5, 4) respectively. If M, N
and P are collinear, what is value of p?
a. 1 b. 2 c. -1 d. -2
8. What is the angle made by the line passing through (5, -1) and (2, 3) with the x-axis?
a. 53.13° b. 46.17° c. 91.52° d. 88.63°

Equation of Lines
9. Determine the equation of the line passing through the points (-5, 3) and (4, 2).
a. x – 9y + 22 = 0 b. x + 9y + 22 = 0 c. x + 9y – 22 = 0 d. x – 9y – 22 = 0
10. What is the equation of the line having a slope of 2 and passing through the point (-4, 3)?
a. 2x + y – 5 = 0 b. 2x – y + 5 = 0 c. 2x + y + 5 = 0 d. 2x – y – 5 = 0
11. Find the equation of the line with x and y intercepts -1 and 7 respectively.
a. 7x + y – 7 = 0 b. 7x + y + 7 = 0 c. 7x – y + 7 = 0 d. 7x – y – 7 = 0
Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
12. Find the equation of the line perpendicular to x–4y=3 and passing through the point (2, -5)
a. 4x + y – 3 = 0 b. 4x + y + 3 = 0 c. 4x – y + 3 = 0 d. 4x – y – 3 = 0

Distance of a Point to a Line

13. Determine the distance from the point (5, -3) to the line 2x – 4y + 10 = 0.
a. 6.93 b. 7.16 c. 3.45 d. 4.69
14. Find the distance between the parallel lines x – 2y + 10 = 0 and x – 2y – 2 = 0.
a. 4.5 b. 5.4 c. 4.4 d. 4.7

Angles between Two Lines

15. Determine the acute angle between the lines 4x – 3y +9 = 0 and 3x – 8y + 1 = 0.
a. 32.57° b. 33.51° c. 30.21° d. 31.17°

Circles
16. Determine the center of the circle with equation x2 + y2 – 4x + 6y – 23=0.
a. (2, -3) b. (2, 3) c. (-2, 3) d. (-2, -3)
17. Determine the equation of the circle passing through the points (-3, 1), (0, 4) and (3, -6).
a. 13x2 + 13y2 + 49x – 23y – 300 = 0 c. 13x2 + 13y2 – 49x – 23y – 300 = 0
b. 13x + 13y – 49x + 23y – 300 = 0
2 2
d. 13x2 + 13y2 + 49x + 23y – 300 = 0

Parabola
18. Where is the vertex of the parabola x2 – 4y + 8 = 0?
a. (1,0) b. (0,1) c. (0,2) d. (2,0)
19. An arch 18 m high has the form of parabola with a vertical axis. The length of a horizontal
beam placed across the arch 8 m from the top is 64m. Find the width of the arch at the bottom.
a. 48 b. 96 c. 32 d. 64

Ellipse
20. Determine the length of the latus rectum of the curve 25x2 + 9y2 – 300x – 144y + 1251 = 0.
a. 3.2 b. 3.4 c. 3.6 d. 3.8
21. The arch of a bridge is on the shape of a semi-ellipse having a horizontal span of 90 m and
a height of 30 m at its center. How high is the arch 25 m to the right or left of the center?
a. 24.94 m b. 28.81 m c. 27.65 m d. 24.10 m

Hyperbola
22. What is the eccentricity of the equation 9x2 – y2 – 2y – 10 = 0?
a. 1.15 b. 2.61 c. 3.16 d. 3.14
Translation of Axes
23. Find the new equation of the line 5x+4y+3 = 0, if the origin is translated to the point (1, 2).
a. x’ + 3y’ + 12 = 0 c. 2x’ + 3y’ + 16 = 0
b. 4x’ + 3y’ + 15 = 0 d. 5x’ + 4y’ + 16 = 0

Rotation of Axes
24. Eliminate the xy term of the equation 4x2 – 4xy + 7y2 – 24 = 0 by rotating the axis. Which
of the following is the angle of rotation?
a. 26.56° b. 45° c. 53.13° d. 90°
25. Which of the following equations is equivalent to xy = 1 by rotation of axes?
a. x2 – y2 = 2 b. x2 + y2 = 2 c. x2 – y2 = 1/2 d. x2 + y2 = 1/2
 PROBABILITY
Fundamental Principle of Counting
If some procedure can be performed in nl different ways, and if, following this
procedure, a second procedure can be performed in n2 different ways, and so forth; then the
number of ways the procedures can be performed in the order indicated is the products
𝑛1 ∙ 𝑛2 ∙ 𝑛3 …
1. Suppose a license plate contains two distinct letters followed by three digits with the first
digit not zero. How many different license plates can be printed? Ans. 585,000
2. In how many ways can one choose three cards in succession from a deck of 52 cards?
a. with replacement. Ans. 140,608
b. without replacement. Ans. 132,600
3. If repetitions are permitted, from the 6 digits 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8
a. How many 3-digit numbers can be formed?
b. How many of these are even?
c. How many are less than 440?
d. How many are multiples of 5?
4. Answer the previous problem if repetitions are not permitted.

Permutations
An arrangement of “n” distinct objects taken “r” at a time.
𝑛!
𝑛𝑃𝑟 =
(𝑛 − 𝑟)!

5. In how many ways can a party of 7 persons arrange themselves?

a. In a row of 7 chairs. Ans. 5040
b. Around a circular table. Ans. 720
6. A group of 3 boys and 2 girls are to sit in a row.
a. In how many ways can they sit in a row without restrictions? Ans. 120
b. In how many ways can they sit in a row if the boys and girls are each to sit together?
Ans. 24
c. In how many ways can they sit in a row if just the girls are to sit together? Ans. 48

Permutation with Repetitions

- The number of permutations of n objects of which n1 are alike, n2 are alike, ..., nr are alike is
𝑛!
𝑛1 ! 𝑛2 ! … 𝑛𝑟 !
7. How many 5 letter words can be formed from the word DADDY? Ans. 20
8. How many different signals, each consisting of 8 flags hung in a vertical line, can be formed
from a set of 4 identical red flags, 3 identical white flags, and a blue flag? Ans. 280
Combination
A selection of “n” distinct objects taken “r” at a time.
𝑛!
𝑛𝐶𝑟 =
𝑟! (𝑛 − 𝑟)!

9. How many committees of 3 can be formed from 8 people? Ans. 56

10. In how many ways can a committee consisting of 3 men and 2 women be chosen from 7
men and 5 women? Ans. 350
11. A delegation of 4 students is selected each year from a college to attend the National Student
Association annual meeting.
a. In how many ways can the delegation be chosen if there are 12 eligible students?
Ans. 495
b. In how many ways if two of the eligible students will not attend the meeting
together? Ans. 450
c. In how many ways if two of the eligible students are married and will only attend
the meeting together? Ans. 255

Probability
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟
𝑃(𝐴) =
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑆 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟
1. Let a card be selected at random from an ordinary deck of 52 cards. Determine the probability
that
a. the card is a spade. Ans. 1/4
b. the card is a face card. Ans. 3/13
c. the card is a spade and a face card. Ans. 3/52
d. the card is a spade or a face card. Ans. 11/26
2. Let 2 items be chosen at random from a lot containing 12 items of which 4 are defective.
Determine the probability that
a. both items are defective. Ans. 1/11
b. both items are non-defective. Ans. 14/33
c. at least one item is defective. Ans. 19/33
3. A coin is weighted so that heads is twice as likely to appear as tails. Find P(T) and P(H). Ans.
1/3 and 2/3
4. Two cards are drawn at random from an ordinary deck of 52 cards. Find the probability p
that
a. both are spades. Ans. 1/17
b. one is spade and one is heart. Ans. 13/102
5. Three light bulbs are chosen at random from 15 bulbs of which 5 are defective. Find the
probability p that
a. none is defective. Ans. 24/91
b. exactly one is defective. Ans. 45/91
c. at least one is defective. Ans. 67/91
6. When 100 coins are tossed, what is the probability that at most 50 are heads? Ans. 0.54
7. The probability that a person recovers from the fatal Kaharutan disease is 0.4. Fifteen people
contacted the disease. What is the probability that at least 5 of these people will survive the said
disease? Ans. 0.7827
8. One letter is taken from each words SCIENTIST and ENGINEER. Find the probability that
they are of the same letter. Ans. 7/72
9. The probability of getting a credit in an examination is 1/3. If 3 students are selected at
random. What is the probability that at least one of the students got credit? Ans. 19/27
10. With a throw of 2 dice, what is the probability of getting a 9 or an 11? Ans. 1/6
11. If two cards are drawn from a deck, what is the probability that at least one of the cards will
be a face card? Ans. 41%
12. Two cards are drawn at random from an ordinary deck of 52 cards. Find the probability that
both are spades. Ans. 1/17
13. Two cards are selected at random from 10 cards numbered 1 to 10. Find the probability that
the sum is odd if the two cards are drawn together. Ans. 5/9
14. The probability that A hits a target is 1/4 and the probability that B hits it is 2/5. What is the
probability that the target will be hit if A and B each shoot at the target? Ans. 11/20

Normal Distribution
15. The life span of a calculator has a normal distribution with a mean of 54 months and a
standard deviation of 8 months. The company guarantees that any calculator that starts
malfunctioning within 36 months of the purchase will be replaced by a new one.
a. About what percentage of such calculators made by this company has a life span
between 50 to 58 months?
b. About what percentage of such calculators made by this company has a life span from
60 months and beyond?
c. About what percentage of such calculators made by this company expected to be
replaced?
 FLUID MECHANICS
FLUID
Any substance that flows or deforms continuously when subjected to shearing forces.

DENSITY, ρ (rho) UNIT WEIGHT, γ (gamma) SPECIFIC GRAVITY, SG

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝜌𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝛾𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝜌= 𝛾= 𝑆𝐺 = =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

PROPERTIES OF WATER
(At standard temperature)
Density, ρw Unit Weight, γw
1 g/cm3 1000 kg/m3 1.94 slug/ft3 9.81 kN/m3 9810 N/m3 62.4 lb/ft3

ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY, g

9.81 m/s2 32.2 ft/s2

SIT A. A tank contains Carbon tetrachloride which has a mass of 743 g and a total volume of
0.0015 m3.

A. Determine its weight.

B. Determine its density.
C. Determine its unit weight.
D. Determine its specific gravity.

FLUID STATICS
Study of fluids at rest in stable equilibrium.

PRESSURE
Absolute Zero Atmospheric Pressure Gage Pressure
The lower limit of The pressure measured
Pressure exerted by the
atmospheric pressure or relative to the
weight of air above us.
the “perfect vacuum” atmosphere
 Atmospheric Pressure at sea level:
1 atm 101.325 kPa 14.7 psi
760 mm Hg 29.9 in Hg 10.34 m. H2O 33.91 ft. H2O

HYDROSTATIC
PRESSURE HEAD EQUIVALENT HEIGHT
PRESSURE
The vertical height ‘h’ of
Pressure acted by liquid Height of another liquid
any liquid of specific
(gage pressure) plus any which gives the same
weight, which can be
pressure acting on the amount of pressure as a
converted to a gage
surface of the liquid. certain liquid.
pressure ‘P’

SIT B. If the pressure in a tank is 50 psi, find the equivalent pressure head of:
A. Water
B. Mercury
C. Heavy fuel oil with a specific gravity of 0.92

SIT C. A pressure gage 7.0 m. above the bottom of a tank containing a liquid reads 64.94 kPa;
another gage at height 4.0 m. reads 87.53 kPa.
A. Compute the specific weight of the fluid.
B. Compute the mass density of the fluid.

SIT D. For the figure shown, the SIT E. A manometer is attached to a tank containing
absolute pressure at the bottom of three different fluids, as shown. What will be the
the tank is 231.3 kPa. If the different in elevation of the mercury column in the
atmospheric pressure is 101.3 kPa, manometer, ‘y’?
what is the specific gravity of olive
oil?
SIT F. Find the difference in pressure between tanks A and B if d1 = 330 mm, d2 = 160 mm, d3
= 480 mm, and d4 = 230 mm.

HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON PLANE SURFACES

SIT G. Gate AB shown is semicircular, and hinged at B.

A. Determine the hydrostatic force acting on Gate AB.

B. Determine its distance from hinge B.
C. Determine the horizontal force P required at A for equilibrium.

SIT H. The gate, 4-foot wide, is hinged at point B, and rests against a smooth wall at A.

A. Compute the force on the gate due to seawater pressure.

B. What is the distance of the hydrostatic force from point B measured along the gate?
C. Compute the horizontal force exerted by the wall at point A.
D. Determine the reaction at hinge B.
SIT I. Water in a tank is pressurized to 85 cm Hg. Determine the hydrostatic force per meter
width on panel AB. (Use γw = 9.79 kN/m3)
 HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON CURVED SURFACES

SIT J. In the figure, surface AB is a circular arc with a radius of 2 m. and a depth of 1 m. into
the paper. The distance EB is 4 m. The fluid above the surface AB is water, and atmospheric
pressure prevails on the free surface of the water and on the bottom side of surface AB.
A. The horizontal component of the hydrostatic on curve AB is
B. The vertical component of the hydrostatic on curve AB is
C. The resultant force on the curve is
D. The line of action of the resultant force with respect to the horizontal is

SIT K. The crest gate shown consists of a cylindrical surface which AB is the base,
supported by a structural frame hinged at C. The length of the gate perpendicular to
the paper is 10 m.
 A. Determine the hydrostatic force on the gate.
B. Determine the position of the line of action of the force.
C. Determine the depth of center of pressure

BUOYANCY

SIT L. A stone weighs 120 lb in air. When submerged in water, it weighs 73 lb.
A. Find the volume of the stone.
B. Find the specific gravity of the stone.

SIT M. A cylinder having a diameter of 1.20 m., and weighing 800 N is held in position in sea
water (SG = 1.03) by a cable tied to an anchor block resting at the bottom of the sea such that
0.30 m. of the cylinder is below the surface of the water with its axis vertical. The anchor block
has a volume of 0.50 m3 and weighs 24 kN/m3 in air. Neglect the weight and volume of the
cable.
A. Determine the buoyant force acting on the cylinder at the position indicated.
B. Determine the tension on the cable at the position of the cylinder indicated.
C. Determine the rise in the tide that will lift the anchor block from the bottom of the sea.

SIT N. The uniform 5-meter long round wooden rod in the figure below is tied to the bottom
by a string. Determine the tension in the string and the specific gravity of the wood.

ANALYSIS OF HYDRAULIC DAMS

SIT O. A concrete dam retaining water is shown (left). If the specific weight of the concrete is
24 kN/m3, determine the following: (assume there is no hydrostatic uplift below the dam)

A. Factor of safety against sliding, μ = 0.51

B. Factor of safety against overturning
C. Maximum soil pressure intensity
D. Minimum soil pressure intensity
SIT P. A concrete dam retaining water is shown in the figure (right). There is a hydrostatic
uplift that varies uniformly from full hydrostatic head at the heel of the dam to zero at the toe.
If the specific weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/m3, determine the following:

A. Resultant vertical force acting on the dam

B. Hydrostatic force acting on the retaining side of the dam
C. Factor of safety against sliding, μ = 0.45
D. Factor of safety against overturning
E. Minimum and Maximum soil pressure intensity

LIQUIDS IN RIGID BODY MOTION

The fluid will move as a rigid mass with each particle having the same acceleration.

VERTICAL ACCELERATION – liquid gets heavier (up) or lighter (down)

SIT Q. An open cubical tank of dimension 1 m. has oil with specific gravity of 0.80 is
accelerated upward at 5 m/s2.
A. Determine the pressure at 0.20 m. from the liquid surface.
B. Determine the force at the bottom of the tank.
C. If the container is accelerated downward, determine the required acceleration to
reduce the pressure at the bottom to zero.

SIT R. An unbalanced vertical force of 450 N downward accelerates a volume of 0.060 m3 of

oil (SG = 0.88). If the oil is 1.50 m. deep in a tank having a square base,
A. What is the acceleration of the tank?
B. What is the pressure at the bottom of the tank?
C. What is the force acting at the bottom of the tank?
HORIZONTAL ACCELERATION – liquid surface becomes inclined

SIT S. An open tank has a square base with side 1 m contains 1.5 m of water is accelerated
horizontally to the right at 4m/s2.

A. Determine the height of the tank so that no water will be spilled.

B. If the acceleration is increased to 7m/s2, determine the volume of water spilled.
C. If the tank was closed initially and accelerated at 7m/s2, determine the hydrostatic
force on the left wall.

ROTATIONAL ACCELERATION – liquid surface becomes parabolic

SIT T. An open cylindrical tank having a radius of 0.30 m. and a height of 1.20 m. is filled with
water at a depth of 0.90 m.
A. How fast will it be rotated about its vertical axis so that no water will be spilled out?
B. How fast will it be rotated about its vertical axis if half of its volume is spilled out?
C. How fast will it be rotated about its vertical axis to produce a zero pressure within 0.20
m. from the center of the tank?

SIT U. A vertical cylindrical tank has a diameter of 0.50 m. and is 1.5 m. high and closed at the
top. It contains water to a depth of 1.2 m. The air above the water surface has a pressure of
49.05 kPa. When the tank is rotated about its vertical axis at the rate of 200 rpm,
A. Determine the height of fluid above the top along its periphery.
B. Determine the pressure at the bottom of the tank at the center.
C. Determine the pressure at the bottom of the tank at the side (periphery).
 HYDRAULICS
Concerned with the practical applications of fluids, primarily liquids in motion. It deals with
such matters as the flow of liquids in pipes, rivers, and channels.

FLUID FLOW - continuous deformation of fluid upon the application of shear force

CLASSIFICATIONS OF FLOW:
A. REAL FLOW - considers energy losses in the flow
B. IDEAL FLOW - neglects the effects of viscosity and friction in fluid flow, thus no
energy losses are considered
C. UNIFORM FLOW - flow velocity and cross-sectional area of flow at a given instant
do not change with distance
D. NON-UNIFORM FLOW - flow velocity and cross-sectional area of flow varies with
distance
E. STEADY FLOW - flow velocity and area of flow do not change with time, a = 0
F. UNSTEADY FLOW - flow velocity and area of flow varies with time, a ≠ 0

FLOW RATE – amount of flow with time

A. Mass Flow Rate (mass per unit time)
B. Weight Flow Rate (weight per unit time)
C. Volume Flow Rate (Discharge) (volume per unit time)

SIT V. Water flows through a 150-mm diameter pipe at a velocity of 5 m/s.

A. Find the volume flow rate.
B. Find the mass flow rate.
C. Find the weight flow rate.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FLUID DYNAMICS

A. Continuity principle: Qin = Qout (mass flow rate is constant)
B. Bernoulli’s Principle: In an ideal, steady flow, the sum of all forms of energy in a fluid along
a streamline is the same at all points on that streamline.

ENERGY HEADS:
1. Z = Elevation head, potential energy per unit weight of fluid
2. V2/2g = Velocity head, kinetic energy per unit weight of fluid
3. P/γ = Pressure head, work done per unit weight of fluid

SIT W. Water flows through the horizontal branching pipe shown in the figure below at a
rate of 10 cfs. If viscous effects are negligible,
a. Determine the water speed at section (2)
b. Find the pressure at section (3).
c. Find the flow rate at section (4).
FLOW MEASUREMENT:
1. PITOT TUBE – a small open, bent tube with its open end pointing upstream used to
measure velocity of flow of liquids

SIT X. A mercury-kerosene manometer is connected to a Pitot tube as shown in the figure.

The deflection on the manometer is 7 in. Assume specific gravity of kerosene is
0.81.

A. What is the difference in pressures between point 1 and point 2?

B. What is the kerosene velocity in the pipe?
C. What is the flow rate in the pipe if its diameter is 6”?

2. VENTURIMETER – uses a rapidly converging section (gradually increases the

velocity of flow to reduce the pressure), thus measuring fluid flow

SIT Y. A Venturi meter of throat diameter 0.076 m is fitted in a 0.152 m diameter vertical
pipe in which liquid of relative density 0.8 flows downwards. Pressure gauges are
fitted to the inlet and to the throat sections. The throat of the meter is 0.914 m
below the inlet.
a. Taking the coefficient of the meter as 0.97 find the velocity of flow at the throat when
the inlet gauge reads 15170 Pa higher than the throat gauge.
b. Calculate the measured flow rate.
3. ORIFICE METER – abruptly contracts the area of flow using a small opening,
increasing velocity with corresponding drop in pressure

SIT Z. A 2-in circular orifice (not standard) at the end of the 3-in-diameter pipe shown in
the figure discharges into the atmosphere a measured flow of 0.60 cfs of water when
the pressure in the pipe is 10 psi. The jet velocity is determined by a pitot tube to be
39.2 fps.

A. Find the coefficient of velocity, Cv.

B. Find the coefficient of contraction, Cc.
C. Find the coefficient of discharge, Cd.

4. WEIR – is a notch on a larger scale - usually found in rivers used as a flow measuring
device and a device to raise water levels

SIT AA. Determine the discharge if a rectangular suppressed weir 2.0 m. high extends across
a rectangular channel 5 m. wide. Upon measurement, the head was determined to be 100 cm.
Use Francis formula.

SIT BB. Determine the head on a 45° V-notch weir for a discharge of 200 L/s. Use Cd = 0.57

SIT CC. The discharge over a trapezoidal weir at 1.325 m3/s. The crest length is 2 m. and the
sides are inclined at 75°57’49” with the horizontal. Find the head on the weir in meters.

FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE

SIT DD. A calibration test of a 12.5-mm diameter circular sharp-edged orifice in a vertical side
of a large tank showed a discharge of 590 N of water in 81 seconds at a constant head of 4.70
m. Measurement of the jet showed that it traveled 2.35 m. horizontally while dropping 300 mm.
Compute for the nearest value of the following:

A. Coefficient of discharge
B. Coefficient of contraction
C. Coefficient of velocity
SIT EE. A circular orifice 20-mm-diameter is located at the bottom of a tank 0.4 m2 in plan
area. At a given instant the head above the orifice is 1.2 m. 307 seconds later the
head is reduced to 0.6 m.

A. Calculate the coefficient of discharge.

B. Using the calculated Cd, determine the time for the head to fall from 1.2 m to 0.8 m.
C. Determine the head above the orifice from 1.2 m after 240 seconds.

PIPE FLOW
Always full flowing, pressurized flow, constant velocity if constant diameter, wall drag and
changes in pressure lead to pressure drops

SIT FF. A pipe has a diameter of 500 mm. It has a total length of 600 m. Its discharge was
measured to be 0.06 m3/s. Determine its head lost using:
A. Darcy-Weisbach, f = 0.015
B. Manning’s, n = 0.012
C. Hazen Williams, C = 120

SIT GG. For the pipe system shown in the figure below, n = 0.015 for all pipes and the flow
in pipe 4 is 12 cfs.

A. Which of the following is closest to the head lost in pipe 1?

B. Which of the following is closest to the flowrate in pipe 2?
C. Which of the following is closest to the total head lost?
SIT HH. A pump draws 20 liters per second of water from reservoir A (Elev 20) and lifts it to
reservoir B (Elev 260) as shown. The head lost from A to 1 is three times the velocity head in
the 150-mm suction line and the head lost from 2 to B is fifteen times the velocity head in the
100-mm discharge line.

A. What is the power delivered by the pump to the system?

B. What is the pressure head at point 1 in meters of water?
C. What is the pressure head at point 2 in meters of water?

SIT II. A hydroelectric power generating system is shown. Water flows from an upper reservoir
to a lower one passing through a turbine at the rate of 150 liters per second. The total length of
pipe connecting the two reservoirs is 100 m. The pipe diameter is 250 mm, and the Hazen-
Williams coefficient is 120. The water surface elevations of Reservoir 1 and 2 are 197 m., and
50 m., respectively.

A. Which of the following most nearly gives the velocity of flow in the pipe?
B. Which of the following most nearly gives the frictional head lost in the pipe?
C. Which of the following most nearly gives the power generated by the turbine? Neglect
minor losses?

SIT JJ. Three reservoirs A, B and C are connected to pipes 1, 2 and 3 joining at a common
junction at P. The properties of each pipe are as follows:
L1 = 2000 m, D1 = 1 m, f1 = 0.013;
L2 = 2300 m, D2 = 0.6 m, f2 = 0.02;
L3 = 2500 m, D3 = 1.2 m, f3 = 0.023

A. If the flow from reservoir A is 4.39 m3/s, calculate the head loss in pipe 1.
B. Calculate the flow in pipe 3 in cu.m/s.
C. Calculate the elevation of water surface in reservoir B for the flow conditions to occur.
 OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

SIT KK. Water flows uniformly in a 4.5-meter wide, 1.2-meter deep rectangular channel. The
channel slope is 0.0028, and roughness coefficient n = 0.014.
A. Calculate the velocity of the channel
B. Calculate the flow rate of the channel
C. Calculate the average boundary shear stress
D. What is the critical depth of the channel?
E. What is the critical velocity of the channel?
F. Considering its most efficient proportion, what is its depth at this condition? What is
its base?
G. How much will the excavation of the channel be reduced if the channel is of most
efficient proportion carrying the same capacity?
H. With the most efficient proportion, how much will the lining of the channel be
reduced?

SIT LL. A trapezoidal channel has a bottom width of 6 m. and side slopes of 2H:1V. If the
depth of flow 1.2 m. and the flow is 20 m3/s.
A. Compute the specific energy.
B. Compute the slope of the channel if n = 0.014.
C. Compute the average shearing stress at the boundary.

SIT MM. A triangular channel with most efficient proportion discharges water at the rate of 1
m3/s. Assuming n = 0.018, and S = 0.0021, calculate the normal depth of flow in meters.
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
STATICS
FORCE VECTORS
Resultant - is a force or a couple that will have the same effect to the body, both in
translation and rotation, if all the forces are removed and replaced by the resultant.

A. Co-Planar Forces
𝑅𝑦
𝑅 = √𝑅𝑥 2 + 𝑅𝑦 2 𝜃𝑅 = tan−1 | |
𝑅𝑥
where
𝑅𝑥 = ∑ 𝐹𝑥 𝑅𝑦 = ∑ 𝐹𝑦

For a single force:

𝐻
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃 = 𝐹 ( )
𝐷
𝑉
𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹 sin 𝜃 = 𝐹 ( )
𝐷

SIT A. Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the three forces.

SIT B. Determine the angle θ for connecting member A to the plate so that the resultant force
of FA and FB is directed horizontally to the right. Also, what is the magnitude of the resultant
force?

SIT A SIT B
B. Space Forces
𝑅 = √𝑅𝑥 2 + 𝑅𝑦 2 + 𝑅𝑧 2
𝑅𝑥 𝑅𝑦 𝑅𝑧
𝜃𝑥 = cos −1 | | 𝜃𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 | | 𝜃𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 | |
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
where
𝑅𝑥 = ∑ 𝐹𝑥 𝑅𝑦 = ∑ 𝐹𝑦 𝑅𝑧 = ∑ 𝐹𝑧

For a single force:

𝑥
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃𝑥 = 𝐹 ( )
𝑑
𝑦
𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃𝑦 = 𝐹 ( )
𝑑
𝑧
𝐹𝑧 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃𝑧 = 𝐹 ( )
𝑑

SIT C. Determine the magnitude of the resultant force at A.

EQUILIBRIUM OF A PARTICLE
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝑧 = 0

SIT D. Determine the maximum weight of the flowerpot that can be supported without
exceeding a cable tension of 50 lb in either cable AB or AC.

SIT E. If the bucket and its contents have a total weight of 20 lb, determine the force in the
supporting cables DA, DB, and DC.
 SIT D SIT E

FORCE SYSTEM RESULTANT

Moment – is the turning effect the force produces with respect to a certain point. It is measured
as the product of force and the perpendicular distance of the force from the center of rotation.

The Principle of Moments, also known as Varignon's Theorem, states that the moment of any
force is equal to the algebraic sum of the moments of the components of that force.
𝑀𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑀𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠

SIT F. (a) Determine the moment of each of the three forces about point A. (b) Determine the
magnitude of the resultant force and its location from point A.

EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ∑𝑀 = 0

SIT G. Determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction at the pin A and the
reaction on the beam at C.
 SIT G SIT H
SIT H. Determine the tension in the cable and the horizontal and vertical components of
reaction of the pin A. The pulley at D is frictionless and the cylinder weighs 80 lb.

SIT I. Determine the magnitude of minimum force P needed to pull the 50-kg roller over the
smooth step. Use θ = 30°.

TRUSS ANALYSIS
Method of Joints – The method centers on the joints or connection points between the members.
Method of Sections – The method involves breaking the truss down into individual sections and
analyzing each section as a separate rigid body.

SIT J. Determine the force in each member of the truss and state if the members are in tension
or compression. Set P1 = 6 kN, P2 = 9 kN.

SIT J SIT K
SIT K. Determine the force in members BC, CF, and FE. State if the members are in tension
or compression.
FRICTION
Impending Motion – refers to the state just before surfaces start to slip. In this case the static
frictional force has reached its upper limit. [𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁]

SIT L. Determine the friction developed between the 50-kg crate and the ground if a) P = 200
N, and b) P = 400 N. The coefficients of static and kinetic friction between the crate and the
ground are µs = 0.3 and µk = 0.2.

SIT M. Determine the minimum force P to prevent the 30 kg rod AB from sliding. The contact
surface at B is smooth, whereas the coefficient of static friction between the rod and the wall at
A is µs = 0.2.

SIT L SIT M

SIT N. Determine the smallest coefficient of static friction at both A and B needed to hold the
uniform 100-lb bar in equilibrium. Neglect the thickness of the bar. Take µA = µB = µ.

SIT N SIT O

SIT O. Determine the reversed horizontal force − P needed to pull out wedge A. The coefficient
of static friction between A and C and between B and D is µs = 0.2, and between A and B µs =
0.1. Neglect the weight of each wedge.
CENTROID and MOMENT OF INERTIA
SIT P. (a) Determine the coordinates of the centroid of the given area. (b) Determine its moment
of inertia with respect to its centroidal x-axis.

STRAIGHT CABLES
SIT Q. Determine the tension in each segment of the cable and the cable’s total length.

PARABOLIC CABLES
SIT R. The cable is subjected to a uniform loading of 200 lb/ft. Determine the maximum and
minimum tension in the cable.

SIT R SIT S
SIT S. The cable supports a girder which weighs 850 lb/ft. Determine the tension in the cable
at points A, B, and C.
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
DYNAMICS
RECTILINEAR MOTION
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑎𝑡
2𝑎𝑠 = 𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑣𝑜2
1
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑡 − 𝑎𝑡 2
2

A. Constant Acceleration
1. A car starts from rest and with constant acceleration achieves a velocity of 15 m/s when it
travels a distance 200 m. Determine the acceleration of the car and the time required.
2. A train starts from rest at a station and travels with a constant acceleration of 1 m/s 2.
Determine the velocity of the train when t = 30s and the distance traveled during this time.
3. A car is travelling at 15 m/s when the traffic light 50 m ahead turns yellow. Determine the
required constant deceleration of the car and the time needed to stop the car at the light.
4. Resolve problem 3 assuming the perception reaction time of the driver to be 1.5 s.

B. Variable Acceleration
5. A particle is moving along a straight line with the acceleration 𝑎 = (12𝑡 − 3𝑡1/2 ) m/s2,
where t is in seconds. Determine the velocity and the position as a function of time. When t=0,
v=0 and s=15 m. Calculate the velocity at t = 3 seconds. Determine the position at t = 5 seconds.
6. The acceleration of a particle as it moves along a straight line is given by a = (2t – 1) m/s,
where t is in seconds. If s = 1 m and v = 2 m/s when t = 0, determine:
a. Particle’s velocity when t = 6 s
b. Position when t = 6 s
c. Total distance travelled during 6-second time interval.

C. Free-Fall and Vertical Motion

7. A stone is dropped from deck of Ayala Bridge. If the sound of splash reaches the deck 3
seconds later, how high is the deck above the water? Assume sound travels 342 m/s.
8. Bullet A is fired vertically with a muzzle velocity of 450 m/s. Three seconds later, bullet B
is fired upward with a muzzle velocity of 600 m/s.
a. Determine the time (since A was fired) as to bullet B passes bullet A.
b. At what altitude does this occur?
9. Ball A is released from rest at a height of 40 ft at the same time that a second ball B is thrown
upward 5 ft from the ground. If the balls pass one another at a height of 20 ft, determine the
speed at which ball B was thrown upward.
PROJECTILE MOTION
10. The girl always throws the toys at an angle of 30ᵒ from point A as shown.
a. Determine the time between throws so that both toys strike the edges of the pool B
and C at the same time.
b. With what speed must she throw each toy?

7. Measurements of a shot recorded on a videotape during a basketball game are shown. Tetsuya
Kuroko shoots the ball at A, but Andrewver jumped high enough to block the shot at B. The
ball should have dropped to the hoop if Andrewver wasn’t monster enough to make the block.
a. Determine the velocity of ball at the hands of Kuroko.
b. Find the height, h, Andrewver reached the ball.

8. A golf ball is struck at A with a velocity of 80 ft/s to reach up the slope at B, at an angle of
45ᵒ from the sloping ground. If A and B are on a ground with slope of 10ᵒ from horizontal, find
the distance of A to B along the slope.
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

SIT A. A hole is to be punched out of a plate having a shearing strength of 40 ksi. The
compressive stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi.
(a) Compute the maximum thickness of the plate from which a hole 2.5 in. in diameter
can be punched.
(b) If the plate is 0.25 in. thick, determine the diameter of the smallest hole that can be
punched.

SIT A SIT B
SIT B. A steel strut S serving as a brace for a boat hoist transmits a compressive force P = 12
kips to the deck of a pier. The strut has a hollow square cross section with wall thickness t =
0.375 in, and the angle θ between the strut and the horizontal is 40°. A pin through the strut
transmits the compressive force from the strut to two gussets G that are welded to the base plate
B. Four anchor bolts fasten the base plate to the deck. The diameter of the pin is dpin = 0.75 in.,
the thickness of the gussets is tG = 0.625 in., the thickness of the base plate is tB = 0.375 in., and
the diameter of the anchor bolts is dbolt = 0.50 in. Determine the following stresses: (Disregard
any friction between the base plate and the deck.)
 (a) the bearing stress between the strut and the pin,
(b) the shear stress in the pin,
(c) the bearing stress between the pin and the gussets,
(d) the bearing stress between the anchor bolts and the base
plate, and
(e) the shear stress in the anchor bolts.

SIT C. A compression bar having a square cross section of width

3” must support a load P. The bar is constructed from two pieces of
material that are connected by a glued joint (known as a scarf joint)
along plane pq, which is at an angle α = 40° to the vertical. The
material is a structural plastic for which the allowable stresses in
compression and shear are 1100 psi and 600 psi, respectively. Also,
the allowable stresses in the glued joint are 750 psi in compression and 500 psi in shear.
Determine the maximum force P it could carry.

SIT D. The given bar has a constant width of 35 mm and a thickness of 10 mm. Determine the
maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is subjected to the loading shown.

17 kN

AXIAL DEFORMATION
SIT E. A compound bar consisting of bronze, aluminum, and steel segments is loaded axially
as shown in the figure. Determine the maximum allowable value of P if the change in length of
the bar is limited to 2 mm and the working stresses prescribed in the table are not to be exceeded.

SIT F. The rigid bars ABC and CD are supported by pins at A and D and by a steel rod at B.
There is a roller connection between the bars at C. Compute the vertical displacement of point
C caused by the 50-kN load.

SIT F SIT G
SIT G. The rigid bar BC is supported by the steel rod AC of cross-sectional area 0.25 in2. Find
the vertical displacement of point C caused by the 2000-lb load. Use E = 29 x 106 psi for steel.
SIT H. A reinforced concrete column 200 mm in diameter is designed to carry an axial
compressive load of 300 kN. Determine the required area of the reinforcing steel if the
allowable stresses are 6 MPa and 120 MPa for the concrete and steel, respectively. Use Ec =14
GPa and Es = 200 GPa.
SIT I. The composite rod in the figure is stress-free before the axial loads are applied. (a)
Assuming that the walls are rigid, calculate the stress in each material if P1 = 150 kN and P2 =
90 kN. (b) If the walls will yield 5 mm outward, calculate the stress in each material.
THERMAL STRESS
SIT J. A steel rod is stretched between two rigid walls and carries a tensile load of 5000 N at
20°C. If the allowable stress is not to exceed 130 MPa at –20°C, what is the minimum diameter
of the rod? Assume α = 11.7 µm/(m∙°C) and Est = 200 GPa.
SIT K. The compound bar, composed of the three segments shown, is initially stress-free.
Compute the stress in each material if the temperature drops 25°C. Assume that the walls do
not yield and use the following data:

SIT L. The rigid bar of negligible weight is supported as

shown. The assembly is initially stress-free. Find the stress in
each rod if the temperature rises 20°C after a load W = 120
kN is applied.

SIT M. At a temperature of 80°C, a steel tire 12 mm thick and 90 mm wide that is to be shrunk
onto a locomotive driving wheel 2 m in diameter just fits over the wheel, which is at a
temperature of 25°C. Determine the contact pressure between the tire and wheel after the
assembly cools to 25°C. Neglect the deformation of the wheel caused by the pressure of the
tire. Assume E = 200 GPa and α = 11.7 µm/(m∙°C)
TORSION

SIT N. A stepped shaft ABC consisting of two solid circular segments is subjected to torques
T1 and T2 acting in opposite directions, as shown in the figure. The larger segment of the shaft
has diameter d1 = 2.25 in. and length L1 = 30 in.; the smaller segment has diameter d2 = 1.75
in. and length L2 = 20 in. The material is steel with shear modulus G = 11 x 106 psi, and the
torques are T1 = 20,000 lb-in. and T2 = 8,000 lb-in. Calculate the following quantities: (a) the
maximum shear stress tmax in the shaft, and (b) the angle of twist (in degrees) at end C.

SIT O. A composite shaft is manufactured by shrink-fitting a steel sleeve over a brass core so
that the two parts act as a single solid bar in torsion. The outer diameters of the two parts are
dbr = 40 mm for the brass core and dst = 50 mm for the steel sleeve. The shear moduli of
elasticity are Gbr = 35 GPa for the brass and Gst = 80 GPa for the steel. Allowable shear stresses
in the brass and steel are 48 MPa and 80 MPa, respectively. Determine the maximum
permissible torque in N-m that may be applied to the shaft.
SIT P. The ends of the compound shaft are attached to rigid walls. The maximum shear stress
is limited to 10,000 psi for the bronze segment AB and 14,000 psi for the steel segment BC.
Determine the diameter of each segment so that each material is simultaneously stressed to its
permissible limit when the torque T = 16 kip-ft is applied as shown. The shear moduli are 6 x
106 psi for bronze and for steel 12 x 106 psi.
FLEXURAL STRESS

SIT Q. A steel wire (E = 200 GPa) of diameter d = 1.25 mm is bent around a pulley of radius
R0 = 500 mm. What is the maximum stress in the wire?

SIT Q SIT R SIT S

SIT R. A simply supported wood beam AB with span length L = 4 m carries a uniform load of
intensity q = 5.8 kN/m. Calculate the maximum bending stress due to the load if the beam has
a rectangular cross section with width b = 140 mm and height h = 240 mm.
SIT S. A cantilever beam AB of circular cross section and length L = 450 mm supports a load
P = 400 N acting at the free end. The beam is made of steel with an allowable bending stress of
60 MPa. Determine the required diameter dmin of the beam, considering the effect of the beam’s
own weight. (γsteel = 77 kN/m3)
SIT T. The simply supported beam has the T-shaped cross section shown. Determine the values
and locations of the maximum tensile and compressive bending stresses.
 SIT T SIT U
SIT U. A small dam of height h = 2.0 m is constructed of vertical wood beams AB of thickness
t = 120 mm, as shown in the figure. Consider the beams to be simply supported at the top and
bottom. Determine the maximum bending stress in the beams, assuming that the weight density
of water is 9.81 kN/m3.

SHEAR STRESS

SIT V. A metal beam is simply supported and sustains

a uniform load of 160 lb/in including its own weight.
The beam is rectangular with width b = 1 in. and height
h = 4 in. Determine the normal stress and shear stress
at point C which is located 1 in. below the top of the
beam and 8 in. from the right support.
SIT W. A beam having a T-shaped section is subjected to a vertical shear force of V = 10,000
N. The cross-sectional dimensions are flange width, bf = 100 mm, flange thickness, tf = 25
mm, gross depth of h = 200 mm and web thickness of 25 mm. Determine the maximum and
minimum shear stresses in the junction and the maximum stress in the web.
SIT X. A box beam of wood is constructed of two 260 mm x
50 mm boards and two 260 mm x 25 mm boards. The boards
are nailed at a longitudinal spacing s = 100 mm. If each nail
has an allowable shear force F = 1200 N, what is the
maximum allowable shear force Vmax?

COMBINED STRESS
𝑃 𝑀𝑐
𝜎= ±
𝐴 𝐼
SIT Y. A cylindrical brick chimney of height H weighs w = 825 lb/ft of height. The inner and
outer diameters are d1 = 3 ft and d2 = 4 ft, respectively. The wind pressure against the side of
the chimney is p = 10 lb/ft2 of projected area. Determine the maximum height H if there is to
be no tension in the brickwork.

SIT Z. A plain concrete wall, ideally fixed at the foundation, serves as a small dam on a creek
as shown in the figure. The height of the wall h = 6.0 ft and the thickness of the wall is t = 1.0
ft. Determine the maximum tensile and compressive stresses at the base of the wall when the
water level reaches the top. Assume plain concrete weighs 145 lb/cu.ft. Determine the
permissible depth of water if there is no tension in the concrete.
SIT AA. A short column of wide flange shape is subjected to a compressive load that produces
a resultant force of 60 kN acting at the midpoint of one flange. Determine the maximum tensile
and compressive stresses in the column. Locate the neutral axis under this loading condition.
 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
DETERMINACY
Classify each of the beams and pin-connected structures shown as statically determinate or
statically indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, determine the degree of indeterminacy.

SIT A:

SIT B:

INFLUENCE LINES
Properties of Influence Lines
The value of the function due to a single concentrated moving load equals the magnitude
of the load multiplied by the ordinate of the influence diagram.
The value of a function due to several concentrated moving loads equals the algebraic
sum of the effects of each load described in property number
The value of the function due to a uniformly distribute load (w N/m) equals the product
of w and the area of the influence line under the uniform load.

SIT C: A 10-m beam is simply supported; a moving wheel load of 30 kN is imposed. Using
the concept of influence line. Determine the: (a) maximum reaction at the left support; (b)
maximum positive shear at a point 2 m from the left support; (c) maximum negative shear at a
point 2 m from the left support; (d) the maximum positive moment at the mid span.
SIT D: The beam supports a distributed live load of 1.5 kN/m and single concentrated load of
8 kN. The dead load is 2 kN/m. Determine (a) the maximum positive moment at C, (b) the
maximum positive shear at C.

DEFLECTION AND SLOPES

A. Double Integration Method (DIM)

SIT E: A beam 3 m long is simply supported at its ends. The beam is loaded with a downward
vertical load of 300 N at a point 2 m from the left support. Using E = 180 GPa, I = 160 x 106
mm4.Determine:
1. The rotation (in degrees) of the beam at the left support
2. The deflection at a point 1 m from the left support
3. The maximum deflection

SIT F: A simply supported beam 8 m long carries a uniform load of 24 kN/m from the left end
up to 3 m to the right. Using E = 200 GPa, I = 240 x 106 mm4. Determine:
1. The rotation (in degrees) of the beam at a point 3 m from the left support
2. The deflection at a point 3 m from the left support
3. The maximum deflection.

B. Conjugate Beam Method

INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

A. Three Moment Equation

SIT G: For the given figure below. Using E = 200 GPa and I = 240 x 106 mm4.

1. Determine the reaction at B.

2. Determine the reaction at A.
3. Determine the moment at A.

SIT H: For the given figure below. EI=constant.

4. Determine the moment at B.

5. Determine the reaction at A.
6. Determine the reaction at D.