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Cell Theory and Cell Structure

The document outlines the history and development of the cell theory from the late 1500s to 1855. It describes key discoveries and contributors, including Hans and Zacharias Janssen inventing the compound microscope in the late 1500s, Robert Hooke using the microscope to observe cells in 1665 and naming them, Antony van Leeuwenhoek inventing an improved single-lens microscope and being the first to observe living microorganisms in 1673, Matthias Schleiden concluding in 1838 that plants are made of cells, Theodore Schwann concluding in 1839 that animals are also made of cells, and Rudolf Virchow establishing in 1855 that new cells are formed from existing cells, completing the cell theory.

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Rosana Beatrix Gualberto
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101 views

Cell Theory and Cell Structure

The document outlines the history and development of the cell theory from the late 1500s to 1855. It describes key discoveries and contributors, including Hans and Zacharias Janssen inventing the compound microscope in the late 1500s, Robert Hooke using the microscope to observe cells in 1665 and naming them, Antony van Leeuwenhoek inventing an improved single-lens microscope and being the first to observe living microorganisms in 1673, Matthias Schleiden concluding in 1838 that plants are made of cells, Theodore Schwann concluding in 1839 that animals are also made of cells, and Rudolf Virchow establishing in 1855 that new cells are formed from existing cells, completing the cell theory.

Uploaded by

Rosana Beatrix Gualberto
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Cell Theory:

A Timeline

With permission: bujols via Slide Share


Late 1500’s
Late 1500’s
• Hans and Zacharias
Janssen
• Dutch lens grinders,
father and son
• produced first
compound microscope
(2 lenses)
Light microscopes date at least to 1595, when Zacharias
Jansen (1580–1638) of Holland invented a compound
light microscope, one that used two lenses, with the
second lens further magnifying the image produced by
the first. His microscopes were collapsing tubes used like
a telescope in reverse, and produced magnifications up
to nine times (9x).
Robert Hooke ( 1665)

• Used light microscope


to look at thin slices
of plant tissues -- cork
• Looked empty, like
monk’s chamber
• Called tiny chambers
“cells”
Englishman Robert Hooke (1635–1703) further refined
the compound microscope, adding such features as a
stage to hold the specimen, an illuminator, and coarse
and fine focus controls. Until 1800, compound
microscopes designed by Hooke and others were limited
to magnifications of 30x to 50x, and their images
exhibited blurry edges (spherical aberration) and
rainbowlike distortions (chromatic aberration).
Anton von Leeuwenhoek (1673)

• Looked at pond water


organisms
• First to see living
microscopic organisms.
• Made careful sketches.
Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) invented a simple
(one-lens) microscope around 1670 that magnified up to
200x and achieved twice the resolution of the best
compound microscopes of his day, mainly because he
crafted better lenses. While others were making lenses by
such methods as squashing molten glass between pieces
of wood, Leeuwenhoek made them by carefully grinding
and polishing solid glass. He thus became the first to see
individual cells, including bacteria, protozoans, muscle
cells, and sperm.
Matthias Schleiden -- 1838

• German Botanist
(studied plants)
• Viewed plant parts
under a microscope
• Discovered that plant
parts are made of cells
• He concluded:
“All plants are
made of cells.”
Theodore Schwann -- 1839

• German scientist who


studied animals -
zoologist
• Saw that all animals he
studied were cellular so
concluded:
“All animals are
made of cells.”
Rudolf Virchow - 1855
• German physician
who studied cell
reproduction
• “Where a
cell exists,
there must
have been a
preexisting
cell.”
Cells
• A cell is the smallest unit that can
perform all the functions necessary for
life.
• All living things are made up of cells.
• Some living things are made up of only
one cell (single cellular).
• Other living things are made up of
many cells (multicellular).
The Cell Theory
• All living things are composed of one
or more cells.
• The cell is the basic unit of life in all
living things.
• New cells are produced from existing
cells.
Cell Similarities
• Cells come in many shapes and sizes with different
duties but …
• All are surrounded with a cell membrane
• All cells have hereditary material (DNA)
• All have cytoplasm and organelles. Cytoplasm
is the fluid within a cell which provides a safe
environment for the organelles. Organelles are
the structures within the cell that have specific
duties to make the cell a functioning unit.
Two Types of Cells
• Eukaryotic
• Are complex and of different types.
• Have a nucleus and many organelles.
• Contain more DNA due to different jobs
within the cell. DNA is linear (in a line).
• Possess a cell membrane or a cell wall.
• All living things other than bacteria.
Two Types of Cells
• Prokaryotic
• Contain no nucleus.
• Have no membrane
covered organelles,
but do have
ribosomes to make
protein.
• Possess circular
DNA.
• Are bacteria.
Cell Parts
Organelles
Surrounding the
Cell
Cell Membrane
• Outer membrane of cell
that controls movement in
and out of the cell
• Double layer

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Cell Wall
• Only in plant cells &
bacteria
• Outer membrane that
supports & protects
cells
• Made of cellulose
Inside the Cell
Nucleus
• Directs cell activities
• Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear
membrane
• Contains genetic material – DNA
• A structure called the nucleolus is also found
in the nucleus.
Nuclear Membrane
• Surrounds nucleus
• Made of two layers
• Openings allow material
to enter and leave
nucleus
Chromosomes
• In nucleus
• Made of DNA
• Contain instructions for
traits & characteristics
Nucleolus
• Inside nucleus
• Contains RNA to build
proteins
Cytoplasm
• Gel-like mixture
• Surrounded by cell
membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Moves materials around in
cell
• Smooth type: lacks
ribosomes
• Rough type (pictured):
ribosomes embedded in
surface
Ribosomes
• Each cell contains
thousands
• Make proteins
• Found on Rough E.R &
floating throughout the
cell
Mitochondria
• Produces energy through
chemical reactions – breaking
down fats & carbohydrates
• Controls level of water and
other materials in cell
• Recycles and decomposes
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
Golgi Bodies
• Protein 'packaging
plant'
• Move materials within
the cell
• Move materials out of
the cell
Lysosome
• Digestive 'plant' for
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
• Removes waste
• Cell breaks down if
lysosome explodes
Vacuoles
• Membrane-bound sacs
for storage, digestion,
and waste removal
• Contains water solution
• Help plants maintain
shape
• Found only in plants
Chloroplast
• Usually found in plant
cells
• Contains green
chlorophyll
• Where photosynthesis
takes place

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