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UNIT TWO
Topic: Travelling. Means of transport
Grammar: Participle

Talking points:
1. What different ways of travelling by public transport are there?
2. What do you think is the best way of travelling in a city?
3. What is your opinion of cars being allowed in the city?
4. Cars have revolutionised the way we travel but at what cost?
5. What are the environmental problems caused by cars?
6. When you travel to unfamiliar places, do you prefer to travel
independently or to go on a package tour? What are the advantages
and disadvantages of these different ways of travelling?
7. Is there any other form of travel you would particularly like to
experience?
8. Do cars play an important part in your life?
9. Do cars tell us something about the personality of the driver?

Ex. 1. Fill the gaps with an appropriate verb from the ones below in the correct
tense.
arrive brake carry charge drive happen skid take

Three hurt in crash

Three people were injured in a crash involving two lorries and a van on
the A14 near Bury St. Edmunds on Saturday. The accident _______ in a
heavy rain at approximately 2.45 p.m. when a lorry, which _________
grain, _________ on the wet surface of the dual carriageway, spilling its
load across both lanes. According to a police spokesperson, the driver of
the lorry __________ suddenly to avoid hitting a dog, which had run out
into the road in front of him. The drivers of the two other vehicles
involved, Darren Holmes, ages 21, and Brendan Murphy, aged 37,
________ too close behind to be able to stop in time. Ambulances, which
_________ on the scene within minutes, ________ the injured to the
nearby Royal Infirmary. Holmes, of Stanway near Colchester, has three
broken ribs and is still under observation. The drivers of the lorries, John
Peters, 52, of Ipswich, and Brendan Murphy, of Clacton-on-Sea, were
treated for minor injuries and later sent home. The police _________ all
three drivers with dangerous driving.

Ex. 2. The word ‘vehicle’ is defined as something in or on which people

or goods can be carried along roads (usually having wheels) or through
space.
Put the following words into these categories:
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a. - vehicles
b. - other means of transport or carriage, not by land

barge, van, ship, coach, liner, canoe, cart, jeep, boat, truck,
bus, ferry, lorry, taxi, scooter, yacht, carriage, car, cab,
tractor, motorbike, moped, (oil) tanker.

Ex. 3. This leaflet gives tourists information about driving on British

motorways. Must is used for all legal obligations, should for anything
which isn’t law, and need for things that are physically necessary.
Read the leaflet, and fill the gaps with the affirmative or negative form of one of
the three verbs.
Drive carefully...
Although motorways are safer than other roads, nevertheless accidents do
sometimes happen - and they can nearly always be avoided.
Before you leave
· If you are feeling tired, you ___________ drive.
· Learner drivers _________ not use motorways.
· Petrol stations may be up to 80 miles apart on some motorways. You
________ make sure you have enough petrol before joining the
motorway.
As you go
· Drive at a safe speed. You _______ under any circumstances drive
faster than 70 m.p.h.
· If you have a mechanical problem and you _________ stop, pull on to
the hard shoulder and switch on your hazard warning lights. You
_______ use the hard shoulder for casual stops.
· If driving long distances makes you feel sleepy, you _________ stop
regularly at service stations and walk about.

hard shoulder - area at the side of a motorway where drivers are allowed
to stop in an emergency
... arrive safely

Ex. 4. Choose the correct word for the gap in each sentence:

trip; boarded; cyclist; flight attendant; take; journey; ride;

drive; parking ticket; mechanic; on foot; take off; catch; land.

1. The best way to get here from the airport is to ________ a taxi. 2. How
long does the _______ to work take you? 3. We’re going on a three-day
________ to Paris. 4. Hilary was given a _____________ by a traffic
warden. 5. Eddie is a keen ________ and rides his bike to work every
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day. 6. Alison learnt to __________ a motorbike as soon as she was old

enough to get a licence. 7. Before take off, the ___________ told me to
fasten my seat belt. 8. Richard hates travelling by car and goes
everywhere he can _______ . 9. You can _______ a bus at the stop on the
corner. 10. The plane couldn’t __________ until all the passengers had
________ 11. Jim works as a ____________ in a local garage. 12.
Because of the fog, the plane was not able to __________ and was
diverted to another airport forty miles away. 13. Learning to
___________ a car takes most people quite a long time.

Ex. 5. Complete the sentences with one of these words. You will need to use some
words more than once:

trip journey travel travels voyage flight pilgrimage cruise

1. Mr and Mrs Edwards went on a four-week Mediterranean _________

during which they visited several interesting ports. 2. I really enjoyed
reading ‘The __________ of Marco Polo’. 3. When she finished her
________ and Tourism course at college, Lucy got a job as a __________
agent. 4. Joseph loves going on ___________ to places of religious
significance. 5. During the __________ the pilot left the cabin and spoke
to the passengers. 6. Next week Mr Hardy will be away on a business
__________ to Berlin. 7. People say that _________ broadens the mind.
8. Columbus’s first _________ across the Atlantic took just over five
weeks. 9. Alan hated his long _________ to work every day. 10. Bernard
said that the _________ would be quicker if we took the motorway.

READING

Text one
I FLEW TO BRAZIL BY ACCIDENT
Settling into my seat on the plane, I felt tired, ready for a drink and
looking forward to getting home. As I sipped a gin and tonic and pushed
my seat back, I remember thinking, ‘Only a couple of hours and I’ll be
home.’
I’d phoned my girlfriend, Georgina, from Copenhagen before the
plane took off, to tell her I was on my way. She’d said she’d pick me up
at Heathrow Airport but I told her not to bother. I’d make my own way
home.
After another drink, I snoozed until I heard a flight attendant
announce, ‘We will shortly be landing at Heathrow.’ ‘Better get my
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things together,’ I thought. And that was it. I honestly don’t remember
another thing until I woke up again later on.
For a couple of minutes I sat wondering sleepily if we were still on
our way down to Heathrow. Then I began to realize something funny was
going on. The two seats next to me had been empty when I fell asleep.
Now a man was lying across them sleeping. There’d been a little girl in
front, who’d kept grinning at me over the back of her seat. She had gone.
And weirdest of all, all lights were off and everyone seemed to be asleep.
Slowly it began to dawn on me what had happened. I simply
couldn’t believe it and felt increasingly horrified. The plane must have
landed at Heathrow, let off some passengers, taken on others and set off
on the next part of its journey. And I knew where that was to - Rio de
Janeiro, in Brazil.
What on earth was I going to do? Poor Georgina would be
wondering what had happened to me, and by now she was probably
frantic with worry. And I was stuck on the plane with no ticket. Would
they believe it was an accident? Had I really fallen so deeply asleep that
I’d completely missed the plane landing and taking off again? I’d
certainly been tired but this was ridiculous!
Not knowing what else to do, I went to look for a flight attendant
and told her what had happened. I found out it was about 3 a.m. and we
were several hours into the 11-hour flight to Brazil. The flight attendant
thought it was very funny and told me not to worry. There wasn’t much
anyone could do, anyway.
We landed in Rio at lunchtime on the Saturday. I was slightly
worried that I might he hauled off the plane and locked up as an illegal
immigrant. In fact, they took me straight to the departure lounge and told
me that I had to sit and wait for the next flight to London, which was at
10 o’clock.
The first thing I did was call Georgina. She was furious because
she had convinced herself that I’d been in a plane crash which she’d
heard about on the news. Once I’d made the call, I decided it would be a
shame to be in Rio and not see any of it. So, I slipped out of the airport
and jumped into a passing taxi. It was surprisingly easy!
The driver took me round Rio and down to Copacabana beach. It
was great! There I was, sitting on one of the most exotic beaches in the
world instead of being back in gloomy England, hard at work. The
thought of work and the valuable contract I knew I had now lost
depressed me for a moment. But then I decided that since I couldn’t do a
thing about it, I might as well take in the sights.
In the late afternoon I headed back to the airport. I had to confess
that I’d sneaked out. The airline staff were not at all pleased and gave me
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an escort to watch my every move. However, I wasn’t planning on going

anywhere else - I wasn’t going to miss that plane home.
Fortunately, there were no problems or delays and we landed at
Heathrow at lunchtime on the Sunday. I’d set off from Denmark 48 hours
earlier and had spent most of that time in the air. I’d travelled an
unbelievable 11,000 miles across the world and back, had a quick paddle
in Brazil and landed back home again, tired, fed up but none the worse
for the experience.
Georgina recovered from the shock and was able to see the funny
side of it, eventually. As for me, I still haven’t worked out how I slept
through a whole landing and take off.

Notes:
1. flight attendant - стюардесса
2. departure lounge - зал вылета
3. What on earth was I going to do? - (эмоц.) Что же мне было делать?
4. Heathrow - an airport in London
5. be none the worse for - ничуть не пострадать от
6. take in (AmE) - осматривать (достопримечательности)

Vocabulary

accident (n) 1. - несчастный случай, катастрофа, авария He was

killed in a motorway accident. Phr He had/met with an accident. -
попасть в аварию, в катастрофу 2. - случай, случайность by accident -
случайно You might cut yourself by accident; without accident - без
происшествий; accidental (adj) - случайный an accidental meeting
bother (vt,vi) 1. - надоедать, докучать, беспокоить Don’t bother
me with your foolish questions. Phr bother oneself/ one’s head about -
ломать голову / беспокоиться из-за Its not important, don’t bother
your head about it. 2. - трудиться, давать себе труд Don’t bother about
getting dinner for me. I’ll eat out. He even didn’t bother to answer my
question bother (n) - беспокойство, хлопоты, источник беспокойств
We had quite a lot of bother (in) getting here because of the fog. His lazy
son is quite a bother to him
stick (vt,vi) (stuck) 1. - втыкать, вонзать She stuck some pins into
the material. I found a nail sticking in the tyre;2. - приклеивать,
приклеиваться stick a stamp on a letter. The paper stuck to the wall.3.
застревать, оставаться The door has stuck and I can’t get out. I’m stuck
with the job of clearing this mess.4. - засунуть, вставить he stuck his
hands in his pockets Phr stick out - торчать, высунуть She stuck out her
tongue at them. His ears stick out
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completely (adv) - совершенно, полностью completely

successful; complete (adj) - полный; совершенный, абсолютный He is
a complete stranger to me; complete (vt) - заканчивать, завершать The
railway is not completed yet.
worry (vt,vi) - беспокоить(ся), волновать(ся) What’s worrying
you? - Phr worry about/over sth Don’t worry about trifles. What’s the
use of worrying?
convince (vt) - убеждать, уверять convince sb of sth I’m
convinced of his honesty/ that he is honest
sight (n) 1.[U] - зрение lose one’s sight; have good/poor
(eye)sight; 2. - вид; поле зрения Phr know sb by sight - знать кого-
либо в лицо; catch sight of - заметить If I catch sight of the children in
my garden again I’ll have their blood; keep sb/sth in sight - держать в
поле зрения; lose sight of sb - потерять из виду He lost sight of his
friend in the crowd. She lost sight of her school friends over the years;
at first sight - с первого взгляда At first sight the problem seems
insoluble; He fell in love with her at first sight; at the sight of - при виде
They all laughed at the sight of the clown dancing with a dog;
in/within/out of sight of sth- - в (вне) поле зрения Stay out of sight; 3.
[C] - красивый вид, прекрасное зрелище, (pl) достопримечательности
The grand Canyon is one of the sights of the world. Come and see the
sights of London. Phr go sightseeing - осматривать
достопримечательности 4. - неприглядное, смехотворное зрелище
What a sight she looks in that old dress!
experience (n) -1. [U] - опыт (жизненный) We all learn by
experience. He has not enough experience for the position. 2. [C] -
случай, приключение; переживание, впечатление an unpleasant/
trying/ unusual experience; experience (vt) - испытать, знать по опыту;
испытывать, переживать experience pain/ pleasure/ difficulty/ great
hardships; (in)experienced (adj) - (не)опытный
be fed up with sth (sl) - надоесть I’m fed up with your grumbling
set off - отправляться They’ve set off on a journey round the
world

Ex. 6. Answer the following questions about the text.

1. What did Nigel Hughes feel like when he settled in his seat on the
plane in Copenhagen? 2. How did it happen that Nigel fly to Rio? 3.
What worried Nigel when he realised that he was well on the way to
Brazil? 4. Why did Nigel decide to sneak out from the airport for a few
hours? 5. How did he spend the afternoon in Rio? 6. Did he regret falling
so deeply asleep on the plane on his way from Copenhagen to London?
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Ex. 7. Find in the text the English for the following phrases and use then in
discussing the text.
устроиться на своем месте; откинуть спинку кресла назад; быть в
пути; заехать за кем-л. в аэропорт (встретить); не беспокоиться; свет
был погашен; доходить до сознания; почувствовать ужас; выпустить
пассажиров и взять других; отправиться; обезуметь от беспокойства;
застрять; совершенно не заметить (пропустить) посадку; запереть
как нелегального иммигранта; быть в гневе; убедить кого-л.;
выскользнуть из аэропорта; упустить (потерять) ценный контракт;
осмотреть достопримечательности; персонал авиакомпании;
задержка (рейса); надоесть; не пострадать от данного испытания;
придти в себя от шока; понять (вычислить).

Text two
THE CAR THAT WAS
Christine and Andrew went into the sitting room. ‘Sit here.’ She
stretched out her arm. ‘I want to tell to you something.’
He went over to seat himself beside her, when suddenly there came
the loud braying of a Klaxon from outside.
‘Krr-krr-krr-ki-ki-krr.’
‘Damn!’ said Christine concisely. Only one motor horn in
Aberalaw could sound like that. It belonged to Con Boland.
Hearing the car slow down and pull at the gate, Christine and
Andrew came out to meet the Bolands. The family had arrived in the
reconstructed motor car - Con at the wheel in a bowler hat and enormous
new gauntlets, with Mary and Terence beside him; the three other
children sat close around Mrs. Boland, who had the infant in her arms, in
the back, all packed like herrings in a tin.
Suddenly the horn began again: ‘Krr-krr-krr-krr ---‘ Con had
accidentally pushed the button in switching off and now it was stuck. The
Klaxon wouldn’t stop.
‘In the name of God,’ Con cried, ‘I’m wastin’ juice.’ What’s
happened?’
‘It’s the button, Father,’ Mary told him calmly. She took it out with
her little fingernail. The racket stopped.
‘Ah! That’s better,’ Con sighed. ‘How are ye, Manson, my boy?
How d’you like the old car now? I’ve had her lengthened a good two feet.
Isn’t she grand? Mind you, there’s still a little trouble with the gearbox,
but she never broke down. We didn’t quite manage the hill, as ye might
say!’
‘We only stuck a few minutes, Father,’ said Mary.
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‘Ah! Never mind,’ said Con. ‘I’ll soon put that right when I repair
her again. How are ye, Mrs. Manson? Here we all are, to wish ye a merry
Christmas and take our tea with ye!’
‘Come in, Con,’ Christine smiled. ‘I like your gloves.’
‘Christmas present from the wife,’ Con answered, admiring the
gauntlets. ‘Ah! What’s gone wrong with this door?’
Unable to open the door he threw his long legs over it, climbed out,
helped the children and wife from the back, looked over the car with care
- fondly removing a lump of mud from the windscreen, - then tore himself
away to follow the others to Vale View.
They had a cheerful tea party. Con was in high spirits, proud of his
car. ‘You’ll not recognise her when she has a coat of paint.’ Mrs. Boland,
as was her habit, drank lots of strong black tea. The children began upon
the chocolate biscuits and ended with a fight for the last piece of bread.
They cleared every plate upon the table with lightning speed.
After tea, while Mary had gone to wash the dishes, - she insisted
that Christine looked tired, - Andrew took the baby from Mrs. Boland
and played with it on the hearthrug before the fire. It was the fattest baby
he had ever seen, a Rubens infant. It tried repeatedly to poke a finger into
his eye. Every time it failed a look of solemn wonder came upon its face.
Christine sat with her hands in her lap, doing nothing - watching him
playing with the baby.
But Con and his family could not stay long. Outside the light was
fading and Con, worried about his ‘juice’, had doubts which he didn’t
care to express about the functioning of his lamps.
The Bolands were on the point of leaving when Con delivered the
invitation: ‘Come out and see us start.’
Again Andrew and Christine stood at the gate while Con packed
the car with the children. After a couple of swings the engine obeyed and
Con, with a triumphant not towards them, pulled on his gauntlets. Then
he raised himself proudly into the driving seat.
At that very moment the car gave out a groan and sank to the
ground. The wheels shot outwards, there was the sound of pieces
dropping off; then the body of the car came to rest on street level. In the
front was Con clutching the wheel, in the back his wife, clutching the
baby.
Andrew and Christine gave out a shriek of laughter. Once they
began they could not stop. They laughed till they were weak.
‘In the name of God,’ Con said, rubbing his head and picking
himself up, ‘she failed me’. Seeing that none of the children were hurt,
that Mrs. Boland remained, pale but undisturbed, in her seat, he looked
with sadness at the car lying in pieces. For a moment he seemed at a loss.
Then his face brightened. He took Andrew by the arm and pointed with
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melancholy pride to the bonnet, beneath which the engine still made a
few convulsive beats. ‘See that, Manson! She’s still runnin’.’
Somehow they dragged the remains into the back yard of Vale
View. The Boland family went home on foot.
‘What a day!’ Andrew exclaimed when they had calmed down at
last. ‘I’ll never forget that look on Con’s face as long as I live.’
They were silent for a moment; then, turning to her, he asked: ‘You
did enjoy your Christmas?’
She replied oddly: ‘I enjoyed seeing you play with Baby Boland.’
He glanced at her.
‘Why?’
She did not look at him. ‘I’ve been trying to tell you all day. Oh,
can’t you guess, darling? I don’t think you’re such a smart physician after
all.’
(from The Citadel by Archibald Cronin)
Notes:
1. braying (of an ass) - ослиный рев
2. Aberalaw - an imaginary mining town in South Wales.
3. Along with heavy Irish accent Con Boland had a carelessness of
speech which the author gives through the exact letter expression of
the pronounced words: ‘ye’ for ‘you’, ‘wastin’’ for ‘wasting’,
‘runnin’’ for ‘running’.
4. Vale View - a name of the house. In England it is a tradition for
suburban houses to have names, not numbers.
5. The car didn’t have a starter and Con Boland would start the engine
running with the help of a special handle (заводная ручка).
6. like herrings in a tin - как сельди в бочке
7. In the name of God - ради бога
Vocabulary

belong (vi) 1. - принадлежать, быть собственностью; быть

частью This car belongs to him. What club do you belong to? After years
of living here I feel that I belong. belongings (n) - вещи,
принадлежности I hope you’ve left none of your belongings in the hotel
waste (vt,vi) sth (on sth) тратить (попусту, зря) waste one’s
time and money; one’s words All his efforts were wasted waste (n) -
пустая трата (времени, денег и т.п.) It’s a waste of time to wait any
longer. What a waste of energy! waste-paper-basket - корзина для
мусора
repair (vt) - ремонтировать, чинить repair a car/ a road/ a
watch, repair (n) - ремонт The road is under repair. The shop will be
closed during repairs
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care (n) 1. - внимание, осторожность You should take more care

over your work. This is made of glass so take care not to break it. She
worked slowly and with great care. Phr take care - будьте осторожны;
take care of sth -(по)заботиться о, присматривать за; 2. - забота,
попечение The child was left in his sister’s care. The library in under
the care of Mrs. Brown care (vi) 1. - заботиться; беспокоиться,
тревожиться (about) he doesn’t much care about what happens to me.
He failed in the examination but he doesn’t seem to care. I don’t much
care about going. 2. (for) - интересоваться, любить What would you
care for a drink? He doesn’t much care for football.
habit (n) - привычка habit of smoking; She has many bad habits;
be in/fall into the habit of - иметь обыкновение, привычку; He smokes
out of habit not for pleasure; get into the habit of/ bad habits -
приобрести привычку;
speed (n) - скорость, быстрота travelling at full/top speed; at the
speed of thirty miles an hour; Phr speed-limit - ограничение скорости;
with lightning speed; speed (vt,vi) 1. (sped) - спешить, идти быстро,
мчаться He sped down the street. 2. (speeded) (up) - ускорять,
увеличивать скорость They speeded up production. The train soon
speeded up.
insist (vi) (on/that) - настаивать, утверждать He insisted on the
importance of being punctual. I insisted that you should come with us /
on his coming with us insistence (n) - настойчивость; insistent (adj) -
настойчивый; insistent demands
deliver (vt) 1. - доставлять, вручать (почту, сообщение) A
postman is a person employed to deliver letters and parcels. Did you
deliver my message to your father? 2. - произносить, читать (лекцию)
deliver a sermon/ a course of lectures; delivery (n) - доставка We
guarantee prompt deliver of goods; pay on delivery - оплачивать при
доставке
obey (vt) - слушаться, повиноваться, подчиняться obey an
officer; obey orders; (dis)obedient (adj) - (не)послушный a
(dis)obedient child (dis) obedience (n) - (не)послушание
point (n) - 1. - пункт a point of departure; a turning point in my
career; a point of view - точка зрения; Phr be on the point of doing sth
- собираться немедленно что-либо сделать; 2. - главное, суть; цель,
намерение What was his first point of argument? Phr come to the point
- дойти до сути; His answer was not to the point. There is very little
point in protesting; point (vt,vi) - указывать, показывать He pointed to
the door.; point a gun at sb; point out a mistake; He pointed out the best
photos to me. I must point out the delay is unwise; pointless (adj) -
бессмысленный, бесцельный It seemed pointless to go on further
 11

run (vi) 1. - работать (о механизме, машине) Don’t leave the

engine of your car running. The machine doesn’t run properly. 2. -
ходить, курсировать (о транспорте) The buses run every ten minutes. 3.
- вести, управлять, возглавлять run a business/ a theatre/ a company;
Phr run risks - рисковать ; run sb down - сбить кого-либо (машиной);
run into sb - столкнуться с кем-либо;
doubt (vt) - сомневаться (в ком/чем-либо) I doubt the truth of
this report. Do you doubt my word? I don’t doubt that he will come;
doubt (n) - сомнение I have no doubt that you will succeed. I have my
doubts about this being true. There is no doubt about it. She is in doubt
(about) what to do. Phr without doubt - без сомнения, наверняка; no
doubt - нет сомнения He meant to help, no doubt, but in fact he has
been a hindrance
cheer (vt,vi) - приветствовать громкими возгласами, поощрять
одобрительными восклицаниями Everyone was cheered by the good
news. He cheered up at once when I promised to help him. The boys
cheered their football team. Phr. cheer-leader (US) ; Cheers!; cheerful,
cheerless
sink (sank, sunk) (vt,vi) - тонуть, идти ко дну; опускаться,
погружаться Wood does not sink in water. It floats. The ship sank
slowly. Her heart sank at the thought of failure. His voice sank to a
whisper
drop (vti,vi) 1. - падать, ронять, обронить The cup dropped out of
her hand. She dropped the cup. 2. - падать, спадать, The
wind/temperature has dropped. His voice dropped/he dropped his voice
to a whisper.3. - опускать(ся), бросать; прекращать; высадить (из
машины) She dropped into a chair, utterly worn out. Phr drop sb a hint
- дать намек, намекнуть; drop a bad habit - бросить плохую
привычку; drop in on sb/at some place - зайти к кому-л./ куда -л.
Please, drop me at the post office. They dropped the subject.
fail (vt, vi) - провалиться, терпеть неудачу; подводить, не
оправдывать ожиданий; ослабевать; рухнуть (о банке) All our
plans/attempts failed. He failed (in) an examination. His eyesight is
failing. The light was failing. He never fails to write to his mother every
week. Several of the biggest banks failed during the depression; failure
(n) - неудача, провал; неудачник All his efforts ended in failure.
Success came after many failures. He was a failure as a teacher.

Word combinations

stretch out one’s hand /arm(s) - протянуть руку

slow down - замедлить ход (темп и т.п.)
 12

pull up (at the door, gate, etc.) - остановиться у, подъехать к двери

(подъезду, воротам и т.п.)
break down - сломаться, выйти из строя (о машине, механизме)
put sth right - исправить что-либо
go wrong - 1. -испортиться (о механизме и т.п.); 2. - провалиться (о
планах и т.п.); выйти, получиться не так (как было задумано)
tear oneself away (from) - оторваться (от)
be in high (low) spirits - быть в приподнятом (подавленном)
настроении
a coat of paint (dust, etc.) - слой краски (пыли и т.п.)
be at a loss - быть в недоумении; растеряться
after all - тем не менее, все же, в конце концов

Comprehension and vocabulary exercises

Ex. 8. Answer the following questions about the text.

1. What did the Mansons see when they came out to the gate to welcome
their guests? 2. What did Con say about his car? What was the state of the
car? 3. How did the party go? 4.What happened when Con raised himself
into the driving seat? 5. Why couldn’t Christine and Andrew help
laughing when they said good-bye to the Bolands.

Ex. 9. Find the English for the following phrases and use them in discussing the
text:

гостиная; с ребенком на руках; как сельди в бочке; пожелать

веселого рождества; окинуть взглядом; веселое чаепитие; быть в
приподнятом настроении; затеять драку из-за последнего куска
хлеба; съесть все до последней крошки; с быстротой молнии;
сомнения, которые он не пожелал высказать; торжественно
пригласить; победоносно кивнуть; натянуть краги; испустить стон;
медленно осесть на землю; истерически захохотать; потирать голову;
подняться с земли; взять за руку; отправиться домой пешком.

Ex. 10. Learn the following phrases and a) recall the sentences in which they are
used in the text, b) use them in sentences of your own:

stretch out one’s arm; beside sb; belong to; slow down; pull up at; at the
wheel; in sb’s arms; in the back/ front; have trouble with; break down;
go wrong with; climb out; with care, in high spirits, be proud of; fight
for; worry about; have doubts about sth; on the point of doing sth; with
a nod; pull on gloves; give out a groan (a shriek of laughter); sink to the
 13

ground; on street level; with sadness; at a loss; take sb by the arm; point
to; with pride; on foot; calm down.

Ex. 11. Fill in the blanks with prepositions.

1. The driver stretched ______ his hand, pulled the hand brake and the
car stopped half-way ______ the hill. 2. I see no point ______ your
wasting time _____ going there, ring them ____ . 3. If you want to have
an evening out, the child is sure to be quite safe ______ the care ____ a
baby sitter. 4. Being afraid to disturb the other sleeping patients, the
nurse’s voice sank ______a whisper, ‘The doctor insists _____ your
taking this pill, it’ll ease the pain.’ 5. I ran _____ an old school-mate of
yours the other day and he promised to drop _____ ____ our place one of
these days. 6. Say something to cheer her _____, she is _____ low spirits
today. 7. I called the wrong number ______ accident. 8. You needn’t
worry _____little things, it’s big things that are important. 9. ‘You can
use my telephone’, the secretary said ____ a nod _____the telephone
____ her desk. 10. Something went wrong ______my car the other day, I
couldn’t get it started. 11. Pointing _____a comfortable chair, he said,
‘Make yourself at home’. 12. He stuck _____his story which didn’t
change after many repetitions. 13. The baby calmed ______as soon as he
was ____his mother’s lap. 14. If you are _____ doubt _____ the route,
have another look at the map. 15. He no longer seems to care
______football as he once did. 16. She was _____ the point _____saying
something, but changing her mind remained silent. 17. The car was going
_____ full speed. 18. Don’t bother _____the tea, I’ve just had one. 19.
There is no better way ____ learning than _____experience. 20. You are
to pay ____the goods _____delivery. 21. _____the sight _____the police
all the men rushed out.

Ex. 12. Fill in the blank with suitable words in the correct form:

belong, care v (2), n (2), convincing, doubt v, n (3), drop n (2),

experience n habit, point n, insist, obey (2), run, sink, sight,
speed v, n, speedy, stick (2), take care, waste v (2), worry (2)
1. Orders are given to be _______ . 2. Five minutes before the end of the
experiment, we were still in _______ about the results. 3. He wouldn’t
________ his time on people who refused to help themselves. 4. The train
________ through the night, taking us farther and farther from home. 5.
She didn’t really _______ what people said about her as long as she felt
she was doing the right thing. 6. When she heard that the plane was
reported missing, her heart _______ . 7. He started up the engine to see if
it was ________ properly. 8. We all had free use of the bicycle as it
 14

didn’t seem to _________ to anyone in particular. 9. I’ve always known

him to be a truthful person and have no reason to ________ his words.
10. He chose his words with ________ as he didn’t feel quite safe on the
subject. 11. Though unexpected questions were asked and ______ openly
expressed, he ________ to his story. 12. He had never ________ for
football or any other of the noisy outdoor games. 13. He had been hoping
for a ________ decision and was disappointed to learn about another
week’s wait. 14. The car was picking up ________ . 15. We hadn’t heard
from him for some time and were beginning to get ________ . 16. If
there‘s no hope of reaching understanding it’s always better to _______
the subject than ________ time arguing. 17. The child had the most
upsetting ________ of staring at people. 18. She _________ over the least
thing that goes wrong. 19. He was given the name in fun, but somehow
it _________. 20. That night the temperature ________ sharply to five
below zero. 21. The producer _________ on their strictly __________ his
instructions. 22. For one who has spent his life in town a trip into the
mountains could prove and unforgettable ___________ . 23. He felt
restless, though he knew that every was _________ of and there was no
need to ________. 24. Though the story may have sounded __________
enough, I still had my ________ . 25. The scientist’s ________ of view
though exactly opposite to mine, was not without interest. 26. They all
laughed at the _______ of old Green dancing with a girl of sixteen.

Ex. 13. Paraphrase the following, using words and word combinations given
below. Make all the necessary changes.

bother v, care v (2), drop v, drop in (at), obey, stick (to) (2),
cheer up, put right, slow down, take care of (2), from habit,
without doubt, experience n, put it right, in low spirits, at a loss, in
the habit (of), no point (in), go wrong, at first sight

1. He seemed to have little liking for modern jazz. 2. It was no use

trying to change the arrangement. 3. She continued getting up early
because she had always got up early. 4. He realizes that it will take
much time to put his affairs in order. 5. Approaching the turn the car
started moving slowly. 6. The difficulties were dealt with one by one.
7. It was all the same to him whether he won or lost the game. 8. Her
kind words raised my spirits. 9. Not every habit is easy to get rid of. 10.
He promised to let me know if things turned out badly. 11. She said she
would pay me a short visit some afternoon. 12. The woman was warned
to keep to the facts of the accident. 13. He said he would arrange
matters with the tickets, luggage and all the rest of it. 14. It was most
certainly the most difficult assignment I’d ever had. 15. She was used to
 15

taking a cup of tea in the afternoon. 16. He was uncertain what to do or

say. 17. He wouldn’t change a word in his story. 18. She was gloomy
and depressed, not like her usual self at all. 19. Children are expected to
do as they are told. 20. I recognized him the minute I saw him. 21. It
had not been an easy job, but the practical knowledge he got as a result
proved well worth the time and effort. 22. He was warned to be careful
with the apparatus since there was a danger that if it broke down, there
would be no one to repair it. 23. The thought of the children, alone in
the house, gave her no peace.

Ex. 14. Modal verbs ‘won’t’/ ‘wouldn’t’ can be used to express

unwillingness to do something.
Complete the following sentences using ‘won’t/wouldn’t’ .

1. There is something the matter with the car engine, it ______(run). 2.

Give me your pen please, the one I have _______(write). 3. There is
something wrong with the door, it ______(open). 4. The child was told
not to make a noise, but he ______(obey). 5. The doctor told him to stop
smoking as it was harmful to his health, but he ________(listen). 6. He
was trying hard to build up a fire, but the wood _______(burn). 7. She
wanted to write down on paper what she thought and felt, but the right
words _______(come). 8. What’s gone wrong with the suit-case? It
_____ (lock). 9. We asked him to slow down, but he _______(listen) to
us. 10. She was tired and needed a rest, but she ________(hear) of it. 11.
We wanted to know the reason for his absence, but he
_________(discuss) it.

Ex. 15. Translate the following sentences, using ‘won’t/wouldn’t’ .

1. Ему следовало бы серьезно заняться своим здоровьем, но он и

слышать об этом не хочет. 2. Зная, что ему одному трудно
справиться с заданием, мы решили помочь ему, но он ни за что не
хотел принять нашу помощь. 3. С ней было бесполезно
разговаривать на эту тему, она ни за что не хотела говорить. 4. Я ни
за что не заговорю с ним первый. 5. Его что-то беспокоило, но он ни
за что не хотел объяснять причину волнения. 6. Его несколько раз
предупреждали, чтобы он не ездил на такой скорости, но он и
слушать не хотел, пока не попал в аварию. 7. Девочек просили не
шуметь, но они были очень взволнованы и никак не переставали
разговаривать. 8. Ребенок испугался при виде незнакомца и никак не
хотел выходить из своей комнаты.
 16

Ex. 16. Translate the following sentences, using ‘finally’ or ‘after all’ according
to the sense.

1. Он долго спорил, но, в конце концов, нам удалось убедить его, что
он не прав. 2. Почему вы сердитесь на них? В конце концов, вы сами
виноваты в том, что произошло. 3. Не нужно беспокоится. В конце
концов, он взрослый человек и сам может позаботиться обо всем. 4.
Мои аргументы оказались по существу, в конце концов. 5. Она
перемерила дюжину платьев и, в конце концов, купила самое
первое. 6. Оставьте все как есть, не исключайте последний пункт. В
конце концов, это ничего не изменит. 7. Работа оказалась, в конце
концов, не такой ух сложной, как я представлял себе. 8. После
долгих поисков он, в конце концов, нашел то, что искал.

Ex. 17. Change the meaning of the following sentences to the opposite, using the
vocabulary of the lesson. Make all the necessary changes.

1. Everything seemed to be working out perfectly. 2. There is hardly

any sense in speeding up things. 3. As we approached the gates, a car
pulled away. 4. A light push and the door came open. 5. The watch is in
perfect working order. 6. The witness kept changing his story. 7. She
was calm and determined. She kept her head. 8. The book was dull and
boring, and the boy hated reading it. 9. She felt low and depressed.

Ex. 18. Phrasal verbs: ‘to set’

set about - 1) begin to do, 2) attack
set aside - 1) save for a special purpose, 2) stop sth for some time
set back - 1) delay progress of sth (hinder), 2) delay an event till a later
date, 3) cost (sl)
set out/off - 1) begin a journey, 2) start a course of action with a clear
aim in mind
set in - start and seem likely to continue
set on - (cause to) attack
set up - 1) start a business, 2) build, erect, 3) establish (a record, etc.)
set sb up - cause sb to receive blame

Complete the following sentences with a phrasal verb based on ‘set’.

1. He rolled up his sleeves and ............... clearing the garden of leaves. 2.
Jim is determined to ...............his own business as soon as he is qualified.
3.The bad weather .................the day we arrived at the resort and
completely spoiled our holiday. 4. The coach ..............the conditions
which would apply to anyone who was chosen to be a member of the
team. 5. The rescue party ................ on their search for the missing
climber. 6. John couldn’t get the information he wanted from his parents
 17

and ..............getting it himself. 7. ‘What time do we ..............tomorrow?’

the travellers asked the guide. 8. He ................ fixing the door while she
cleaned the house. 9. We .............. at 6. 00 a.m. in order to reach
Birmingham by lunch time. 10. She ............ £20 a week to buy a car. 11.
It took only a few weeks to .............the business. 12. ’Don’t worry about
your university fees. We’ve got some money .............. for your
education’,
said David to his son. 13. He .............. a new record time for the men’s
championship. 14. We usually ..........the clock........... one hour at the
beginning of autumn. 15. She had to .......... the report .......... until she had
dealt with the correspondence. 16. He left his job to ............... his own
business. 17. The fire has .......... our plans ........... . 18. He threatened
to ............ the dogs ......... us if we didn’t leave. 19. The rain seems to
have ............... . 20. Although he knew someone had ............him ..........
he couldn’t prove it.

Ex. 19. Translate into English.

(А) 1. Неосторожность шофера часто ведет к аварии. 2. Раз он

обещал позаботиться о багаже, то вам нечего волноваться. 3. Работая
в саду, он имел обыкновение напевать что-то. 4. Когда ей задали
вопрос по существу, она растерялась, не зная, что ответить. 5.
Вернувшись из командировки на Ближний Восток, журналист
согласился прочитать лекцию о ситуации там. 6. Трудно сказать,
почему он ни за что не хотел починиться приказу. 7. Не желая
тратить ни минуты, он перешел к сути дела. 8. Почему вы
сомневаетесь в его словах? Разве у вас есть причины не верить ему?.
9. Он настаивал на своем предложении. Он ни за что не хотел менять
ни одного пункта. 10. Случилось так, что во время тумана мы попали
в аварию. 11. Дверь заклинило и она никак не открывается. 12.
Осторожно обращайтесь с этими часам, они - старинные и, если они
сломаются, их трудно будет починить. 13. Мы попросили каждого
выступающего придерживаться темы, иначе мы потратим попусту
много времени. 14. Не каждую привычку легко бросить. 15.
Родители настаивали, чтобы он пошел учиться в университет, но он
ни за что не хотел подчиняться. Он не проявлял интереса к наукам.
16. Среди товаров, доставленных ему утром, он обнаружил
несколько, которые ему не принадлежали. 17. Мы думали, что они
попали в аварию, но оказалось, что их машина сломалась и застряла
в снегу. 18. Он с ужасом указывал на яркий свет, двигающийся все
ближе и ближе с огромной скоростью. 19. Давайте оставим эту тему,
говорить об этом - пустая трата времени. 20. Она жизнерадостный
человек, всегда в приподнятом настроении.
 18

(В) Когда Даг попытался открыть чемодан, тот никак не открывался.

Он подумал, что замок заело. Он понял, что единственное, что
можно сделать, это сломать замок. Это была пустая трата времени
пытаться открыть его ключом. Он был уверен, что замок сломался во
время транспортировки. Когда, в конце концов, ему удалось открыть
чемодан, оказалось, что он принадлежит кому-то еще. Он, должно
быть, взял его в аэропорту по ошибке (случайно). В первый момент
он был в растерянности, не зная, что делать дальше. Его сердце
упало, когда он осознал, что перепутал чемоданы. Он сомневался,
что человек, которому принадлежит чемодан, будет искать Дага,
чтобы вернуть чемодан. Приехав в Швейцарию Даг был в
прекрасном настроении, а теперь он был вне себя от отчаяния.

Ex. 20. Parts of vehicles

windscreen / AmE windshield - ветровое стекло

bonnet / AmE hood - капот
boot / AmE trunk - багажник
numberplate / AmE license plate - номер (регистрационный)
bumper / AmE fender - бампер
headlight - фара
rear light - задний свет
tyre / AmE tire - шина, покрышка
wing mirror - боковое зеркало
rear-view mirror - зеркало заднего вида
windscreen wiper - дворники
steering wheel - руль
horn - сигнальный гудок
dashboard - приборная панель
glove compartment - бардачок
ignition switch - ключ зажигания
speedometer - спидометр
gear lever / AmE gear shift - переключатель скорости
clutch pedal - педаль сцепления
brake pedal - тормоз (педаль)
accelerator pedal / AmE gas pedal - газ (педаль)
petrol tank / AmE gas tank - бак для бензина
gear box - коробка переключения скоростей
motor / engine - мотор
battery - аккумулятор
sparking plug / AmЕ spark plug - свечи зажигания
seat belt - ремень безопасности
 19

Ex. 21. Translate into English.

Вчера Джон должен был отправиться самолетом из Лондона в

Париж. Он встал рано утром, положил багаж в багажник своей
машины и попытался завести мотор. Но мотор никак не заводился.
Джон поднял капот, но не мог понять в чем было дело. Он
немедленно позвонил в ближайший (местный) гараж, чтобы
попросить прислать механика немедленно. К счастью, в гараже был
свободный механик и он был у Джона через десять минут. Он сразу
же увидел, в чем дело. «У вас кончился бензин», сказал он.
Джон почувствовал себя глупо. «Почему я не проверил все
вчера вечером?» спросил он себя.
Несмотря на задержку, он добрался до аэропорта, вовремя
зарегистрировался и затем направился прямо в зал вылета, чтобы
прочесть газету, пока он ждал рейса. Вскоре он услышал
объявление: «Информация для пассажиров рейса ВА 282 в Париж.
Все рейсы в Париж и из Парижа откладываются из-за сильного
снегопада.»
«Если бы я решил поехать морем,» - подумал Джон, -«я бы
возможно был там быстрее. В конце концов, и даже, если я иногда
испытываю морскую болезнь (be seasick) на пароме при переезде
через Ла-Манш, все равно приятнее сидеть на палубе в креслах,
наблюдая за чайками (seagulls) и другими пассажирами. И кухня
(galley) на корабле кажется предоставляет гораздо лучшую еду, чем
на самолете.»

Grammar
PARTICIPLE
Present Participle (Participle I)
Active voice Passive voice
Present writing being written
Perfect having written having been written

Participle I (present) may denote an action simultaneous to that

expressed by the finite form of the verb, closely preceding it and
following it.
Participle I (perfect, passive) is rather uncommon.
Examples:
 20

He sat in a comfortable armchair reading a newspaper.

Arriving at the station she found no one to meet her.
She went out closing the door behind her quietly.
Seeing that it was useless to argue with him I dropped the subject.
Being busy with his work, he refused the invitation to the party.
She turned to him for help, not knowing how to deal with the
situation.
Not being fit for the job, he decided to quit it.
They stood on the doorstep watching the car drive away.
Having repaired the car, they drove on though it was past midnight
The experiment being made in the laboratory will be very
important.
He asked for additional information, not being satisfied with the
account of the events.

Past Participle ( Participle II)

Participle II may describe how somebody feels.
Participle II may also be used in the function of an adverbial modifier of
time, reason and concession.
Examples:
The girl seemed frightened.
The boys looked at the broken window with frightened faces.
Here is a letter addressed to you.
When asked, he answered that he didn’t know anything about it.
Pleased with himself, he left the office in high spirits.
Though frightened, he didn’t show it.

Ex. 22. Compare Participle I and Participle II in the following attribute phrases,
translate them into Russian:
1) disturbing silence, disturbed silence; 2) a hurting remark, a hurt look;
3) a sinking ship, a sunk ship; 4) a pleasing smile, a pleased smile; 5) a
stopping train, a stopped train; 6) a surprising expression, a surprised
expression; 7) a frightened look, a frightening look; 8) an exciting film,
an excited child.

Ex. 23. Underline the correct Participle.

(А) 1. They found the film excited/exciting. 2. He was
exhausting/exhausted after the marathon. 3. They were worrying/worried
that they would be late. 4. Her behaviour is extremely annoying/annoyed.
5. We were shocking/shocked by his behaviour. 6. She told us a very
entertaining/entertained story. 7. They were all surprising/surprised
when he turned up at the party. 8. The book is very interested/interesting.
9. They were fascinated/fascinating by the view.
 21

(В) On Sunday, I took my children to the circus. I thought I would have a

boring/bored time, but actually I was quite astonishing/astonished by the
amazing/amazed acts. We were stunning/stunned by the acrobats. They
balanced on top of each other with incredible ease. We were really
impressing/impressed by their performance. The children found the lion-
tamer’s act exciting/excited. I felt terrifying/terrified when he put his
hands into the lion’s mouth, but the children were amusing/amused and
the clapped loudly. A magician performed many incredible tricks; it was
fascinating/fascinated to watch him make various objects disappear and
reappear. The children were more interesting/interested in the elephant
act. When the huge animals came into the arena, the audience cheered.
The elephants were well-trained and their tricks were
entertaining/entertained. Some children from the audience were invited
to ride on the elephants’ backs. My children were
disappointing/disappointed when were not chosen, but their
disappointment faded when the clowns took the centre ring. It was quite a
captivating/captivated show. By the time we got home we all felt
exhausting/exhausted.
Ex. 24. Paraphrase the parts in bold type using the Participle .

1. They passed a group of workers who were repairing the road. 2.

While she was clearing the table she thought of the uselessness of such
parties. 3. He saw his mistake and stopped arguing. 4. She answered all
the questions calmly and tried to look indifferent. 5. For an hour or so
he watched a film he knew by heart, as he had seen it at least half a
dozen times. 6. They looked at the bridge which was being built across
the river. 7. When they reached the top of the mountain, they sank to
the ground, too tired to do anything. 8. As she was very tired, she fell
asleep the moment her head touched the pillow. 9. When I saw that it
was useless to argue with him I dropped the subject. 10. The windows
that faced the garden were open. 11. Then she dropped her voice to a
whisper, as she remembered the presence of the children. 12. She
couldn’t fall asleep because of the noise that was coming from the
street. 13. They were old friends, they had been at school together.
14. As she was certain that she was right, she felt calm and unworried.
15. He asked for additional explanation as he was not satisfied with the
answer. 16.As he pulled up at the house, he was surprised to see no
light in the windows. 17. Near the dock he ran into a sailor who was
returning from town. 18. When he packed all his things, he still had
enough time to make a few phone calls. 19. When he caught sight of his
friends he stopped to let them catch up with him. 20. When he drank
his second cup of coffee he folded his newspaper and rose. 21. There
 22

were a lot of foreign quests at the conference that was held in May. 22.
The first thing that attracted his attention was a big vase that was filled
with beautiful roses. 23. We sat down on the ground that was covered
with dry leaves. 24. I reached for the glass that was held out to me.
25. He looked around the coffee-shop that was packed with people and
moved to the table that was marked ‘Reserved’. 26. Entering the station
I saw a hurrying man who was followed by a porter. 27. They all had to
obey the instructions that were given by the head clerk. 28. He acted on
a plan that had been worked out a long time ago. 29. She didn’t want to
see him for reasons that have already been mentioned.

Ex. 25. Put the verbs in brackets into the Participle or the Infinitive without ‘to’.

1. I saw her _______(turn) the corner and _________(disappear). 2. Can

you hear the dog _______(bark) outside? 3. I watched the plane _______
(take off) and then I left. 4. He was listening to the rain ________ (patter)
on the roof. 5. Paul noticed a woman ________ (stare) at him while he
was waiting at the station. 6. When she opened the door she saw someone
_________(try) to steal her car. 7. I watched her ________(get up) and
________(walk) slowly out of the room. 8. I heard the phone _______
(ring) twice and then _______(stop). 9. John saw Kate ______(stand)
outside the bakery as he was driving to work. 10. Jill stopped to watch the
river ________(flow) down the mountainside. 11. Listen to the wind
________(blow) through the trees. 12. We heard the workmen
_________ (drill) in the road as we were eating breakfast. 13. The
witness saw the burglar ________(break into) the house and
_______(steal) the television. 14. Listen to her _______(sing) the song
and then tell us what you think of it.

Ex. 26. Open the brackets, using the correct form of Participle I.

1. The house _______(built) at the corner of the street will be a cinema.

2. He sat in a comfortable chair _______(smoke) a pipe. 3. _______(put)
aside the newspaper, she raised her eyes at me. 3. _________(visit) the
museum before, I knew my way easily. 4. __________(stop) at the traffic
lights, he saw to his surprise it was almost eight o’clock. 5. _________
(work) as a taxi-driver for twenty years, he knew every little corner of the
town. 6. I felt the car pick up speed. _______ (look) at the speedometer, I
saw we were making a hundred. 7. As a child, I spent so much time
________(swim) that people used to call me ‘the Fish’. 8. _______ (live)
in the country, we had few social visits. 9. He wrote his greatest novel
while _________(work) as an ordinary seaman. 10. ________ (put) down
the newspaper, I walked over to the window and looked out. 11. The men
 23

__________(work) on the site were in some danger. 12. Mr. Turner

caught George _________(imitate) the headmaster. 13. _________(not
know) what to do, I telephoned the police. 14. I can see several people
_________(stand) at the back. 15. _________(not wish) to continue my
studies I decided to become a dress designer.

Ex. 27. Open the brackets using either a present participle or a past participle.

1. The man _______(injure) by the bullet was taken to hospital. 2.

_________(stand) here all day, I see some very strange people. 3. Most of
the people _________(invite) to the party didn’t turn up. 4. I like the girl
_______(sit) on the right. 5. Though _________(defeat) he remained a
popular leader. 6. _________(live) in the country, we had few
amusements. 7. Deeply _______(shock), I decided never to speak to her
again. 8. _________(reject) by all his friends, he decided to leave the
town. 9. I didn’t enjoy the party because I was _______ (bore). 10.
Sheila’s party was pretty _________(bore). 11. I was very ________
(interest) in the lecture, I thought it was quite ________(interest). 12. If
the explanation is __________(confuse) you get __________ (confuse).
13. You may be _________(worry) if you have a _________ (worry)
problem. 14. There’s a woman _______(cry) her eyes out. 15. Did you
see that boy _______(question) by the police. 16. They sat on a _______
(fall) tree that made a convenient seat. 17. For a moment there was a
________ (shock) silence. 18. I sat _______(smoke) and _______
(wonder) what to do. 19. I looked up at the ceiling _________(paint) by
some XVIII century Venetian now _________(forget). 20. There was no
evidence _________ (leave). 21. The two boys exchanged quick
___________(embarrass) glances.22. _________(feel) rather tired I
telephoned and said I couldn’t come. 23. I made my way towards the
________(park) car.

Ex. 28. Join each of the following pairs of sentences, using the Participle .

1. He got off his horse. He began searching for something on the ground.
2. I had seen photographs of the place. I had no desire to go there. 3. The
speaker refused to continue. He was infuriated by the interruptions. 4. I
knew he had no money on him. I offered to pay his fare. 5. We barricaded
the windows. We assembled in the hall. 6. She became tired of my
complaints about the programme. She turned off the TV. 7. He found no
one at home. He left the house in a bad temper. 8. She hoped to find the
will. She searched everywhere. 9. The criminal removed all traces of his
crime. He left the building. 10. He realized that he had missed the last
train. He began to walk. 11. He was exhausted by his work. He threw
 24

himself on his bed. 13. He had spend all his money. He decided to go
home and ask his father for a job. 14. He escaped from prison. He looked
for a place where he could get food. 15. She didn’t want to hear the story
again. She had heard it all before. 16. They found the treasure. They
began quarreling about how to divide it. 17. She entered the room
suddenly. She found them smoking. 18. I turned on the light. I was
astonished at what I saw. 19. We visited the museum. We decided to have
lunch in the park. 20. She was lost in thought. She did not hear the knock
on the door. 21. The old man settled himself comfortably in his chair. He
picked up the newspaper. 22. The tickets were delivered too late. They
were of no use to them. 23. I was left alone. I could consider the matter
more calmly. 24. She became tired of the loud music. She turned off the
player. 25. He was left alone. He stood motionless for some minutes.

Ex. 29. Translate the following sentences, using Participle I in the correct form.

1. Подъезжая к дому, он вспомнил, что забыл опустить письмо. 2.

Дав ей обещание, он не мог не зайти к ней ненадолго. 3. Прослужив
в армии два года, он вернулся повзрослевшим. 4. Она сидела молча,
уставившись на огонь. 5. Будучи сам жизнерадостным человеком, он
умел поднять настроении другим. 6. Чтобы успеть на поезд,
прибывающий в 8 утра, ей пришлось встать очень рано. 7. Домик,
который стоял в стороне от дороги, принадлежал школьному
учителю. 8. Поняв свою ошибку, он перестал спорить. 9. Подходя к
дому, он увидел, что свет на первом этаже погас. 10. Дорога, которая
сейчас ремонтируется, будет значительно шире. 11. Войдя в
комнату, она сразу заметила какую-то перемену. 12. Будучи в
хорошем расположении духа, он был весел и разговорчив. 13. Она
отвечала на вопросы рассеянно, все время думая о случившимся. 14.
Так как он очень устал, он решил продолжить работу на следующий
день.

Ex. 30. Translate the words given in brackets using a participle where possible.

1. At that moment a man __________(державший) a letter in his hand

came in. 2. There is a man __________ (вернувшийся) from the trip all
over the world. 3. The air __________ (идущий) through the open
window smelled of the sea. 4. The sidewalks were crowded with people
__________(пришедших) to see the parade. 5. He lifted
__________(плакавшего) child and began comforting him. 6. I envied
these boys __________(гулявших) in the garden. 7. There were a few
large pictures _________(висевших) on the walls. 8. The picture
____________ (висевшая) here last year is at the exhibition now. 9. The
 25

two men looked at the people ____________(проходивших) along the

pale grey pavements. 10. We went to see our friends ___________
(возвратившихся) from a far voyage. 11. He had a massive gold watch
______________ (принадлежавшие) to his father.

Ex. 31. Translate the following sentences, using Participle II.

1. У него был испуганный вид. 2. Это письмо пришло вместе с

почтой, доставленной утром. 3. Он с трудом нес чемодан, набитый
книгами. 4. Он ни за что не хотел тратить деньги, отложенные на
поездку. 5. У него был взволнованный вид. 6.Она оглядела сад с
довольной улыбкой. 7. Подойдя к столу, он увидел письмо,
адресованное ему. 8. Когда я вошел в комнату, она собирала кусочки
разбитой чашки. 9. Хорошо одетый незнакомец сразу привлек наше
внимание. 10. Фильмы, сделанные этим режиссером, всегда очень
интересны. 11. Сделанный на заказ костюм сидел на нем очень
хорошо.

Causative Form
have/get something done
This typically describes a service performed for us by someone else.
I’ve just had/got my car serviced. I have/get it done every winter.
It can also describe something unfortunate that happens to someone.
We had/got our car broken into last month.
The verb ‘have’, when used in the causative, forms its negations and
questions with ‘do/does/did’
She doesn’t have the flowers arranged.
Did you have the brakes checked?

Ex. 32. Answer the questions, using the causative form.

1. If he doesn’t drive more carefully, the police will take away his license.
What will happen to him? 2. I didn’t use to employ someone to do the
housework for me. What didn’t I use to do? 3. The mechanic is repairing
her car. What is done to her car? 4. She will get someone to deliver the
computer. How will she get the computer? 5. Our cooker is being
repaired after the accident when the lights went off. What is being done to
our cooker? 6. Someone will repair our leaking roof. What will we do? 7.
The mechanic had serviced their car before they went on holiday. What
had they done? 8. His car was badly damaged during the accident. What
happened to his car? 9. He got someone at the office to send the fax.
What did he do? 10. I should have someone look at the painting, it might
be valuable. What should I do?
 26

Ex. 33. Continue the following sentences, using the causative .

1. He has a terrible toothache. (pull out). 2. The machine has broken
down. (repair) 3. The suit is unfit to be seen in. (dry-clean) 4. There is
some trouble with the gear-box. (repair) 5. The kid’s teeth are uneven.
(straighten) 6. The house looks ugly. (paint) 7. The dress is far too long
(shorten) 8. I don’t like my hair-do. (do it in a different style)

Ex. 34. Translate into English.

1. Когда мы пришли все ее вещи были упакованы. 2. Тебе
необходимо постричься. 3. Вам следует отремонтировать тормоза. 4.
Ей хочется сшить вечернее платье. 5. Я не могу сейчас говорить.
Мне только что вырвали зуб. 6. У вас что-то серьезное с рукой. Вам
надо, чтобы врач осмотрел ее. 7. Мы должны обсудить этот вопрос в
понедельник. 8. Мне бы хотелось, чтобы мои распоряжения
выполнялись немедленно. 9. Где ты сшил этот костюм. Он на тебе
прекрасно сидит. 10. Мне нужно отремонтировать квартиру.

Ex. 35. Open the brackets, using the Participle.

1. __________ (look) out of the window, she saw there was a man
____________(work) in the garden. 2. __________(read) a few pages, he
fell asleep. 3. The wind _________ (come) from the North was bitterly
cold. 4. She didn’t pay any attention to the _________ (ring) phone.
5._________ (do) all that was required he was the last to leave the office.
6. _________ (know) that she couldn’t trust Jim, she sent Peter instead.
7. I noticed him give a __________ (surprise) look. 8. They sat around
the fire ________ (stare) at it. 9. ________ (finish) his work, he seemed
more ________ (please) that usual. 10. In the middle of the night he woke
up ________ (shake) with cold. 11. ________ (confuse) by his joke, she
blushed. 12. He wants to have his luggage ________ (pick up) on the way
to the station. 13. I don’t really see what can be done about the ________
(ruin) picture. 14. The path _________ (lead) to the house was covered
with yellow leaves. 15. He walked out of the room, _______ (leave) the
door open. 16. They were worrying about the child _______ (leave) alone
in the house. 17. __________ (look) forward to that moment for a long
time, he felt no pleasure now that it had arrived. 18. __________
(inform) of their arrival the day before, he was better prepared to meet
them. 19. Not __________ (find) me in the postman left the parcel with
my next-door neighbours. 20. ‘I don’t know if I see what you mean’, he
said with a _________ (hurt) expression. 21. __________ (remember) the
episode I couldn’t help laughing. 22. ___________ (elect) to sit in
Parliament, he started upon his administrative career. 23. He will hardly
be able to accompany the singers, not ________ (play) the piano for
about three years.
 27

Ex. 36. Translate the following, using the Participle.

1. Прослушав внимательно его отчет, я понял, какую большую
работу он проделал. 2. Слушая внимательно все, о чем он говорил, я
одновременно наблюдал за аудиторией. 3. Беспокоясь о его
будущем, она думала о том, как ему помочь. 4. Она отвечала на
вопросы рассеяно, все время думая о случившемся. 5. Будучи новым
сотрудником, он пока не высказывал свою точку зрения на перемены
в работе, боясь сделать ошибку. 6. Увидев, что машина замедлила
ход, я понял, что они меня подвезут. 7. Успокоившись, она начала
рассказывать о несчастном случае, который произошел на ее глазах.
8. Повинуясь, приказу инструктора, водитель замедлил ход. 9. Мы
прислушались к тишину, изредка нарушаемой пением какой-то
птицы. 10. Услышав ее имя, он тотчас же вспомнил, где они
встретились впервые. 11. Его обиженный вид рассмешил всех. 12.
Будучи расстроенным, он повернул не в ту сторону. 13. Мне бы
хотелось укоротить пальто. 14. Фильмы, сделанные этим
режиссером, всегда очень интересны. 15. Подходя к дому, я
услышал чьи-то шаги за спиной. 16. Войдя в комнату, она сразу
заметила большую коробку, стоящую на столе.

Ex. 37. Open the brackets, using the participle. Tell the story in narrative form.
It was reported in the press that certain car dealers have been
bugging their showrooms so that they can hear what people, who have
come to buy a car, are saying while the salesman is in the back office,
_________ (make) it easier for the salesman to know what the intentions
of the buyers are.
A couple _______ (leave) alone in the showrooms have been
looking at a brown Panda for some time when the salesman comes out of
the back office _______(say). ‘Well, Fanny, how do you like our new
Panda?’ ______ (point) at the car.
_________(look) at the salesman in great surprise the woman asks,
‘How did you know my name was Fanny?’
‘Your husband McKinley told me.’
The husband says, ‘I never told you her name. And how did you
know my name was McKinley never ________ (meet) me before?’
The salesman says, ‘Well, honestly, I didn’t know but I took a wild
guess. You look like a Fanny and a McKinley. Now let’s talk about the
car. You want to have a brown car with brown leather seats.’
Fanny says _________ (look) at the salesman, ‘You must be a
mind reader.’
‘_______ (be) in the business for many years I know that certain
people like certain colours.’
 28

‘Let’s get out of here,’ says Fanny _______ (feel) nervous.

‘Can I talk to my wife alone?’ McKinley asks ________ (turn) to
the salesman.
‘Of course,’ the salesman answers _________ (walk) off to the
back office and _______ (leave) the couple alone.
‘Let’s tell him we’ll think it over and be back next Tuesday,’
McKinley starts whispering to his wife. __________ (rush) out of the
back office the salesman shouts, ‘Could you make it Wednesday? I don’t
work on Tuesday, and I’d hate to lose the sale.’
(after Bugging Showrooms by Art Buchwald)

Reading and speech exercises

Ex. 38. Read the following article about young people and cars. Five paragraphs
have been removed from the article. Choose from paragraphs A-F the one which
fits each gap (1-5). There is one extra paragraph that you do not need to use.

FRIDAY NIGHT BURNOUT

Teenagers and cars are a volatile combination.
Three young Australians talk about their
attachment to the automobile
Rick started work at sixteen. In the three years since then he has
owned five cars. Two were stolen and stripped (Australia has the highest
rate of car theft in the world). Another was damaged beyond repair after a
drinking session with his mates.
(1).......................
Even though he’d upgraded each machine, Rick also lost
financially on each deal. He kept the car - and the repayments - even
when unemployed for six months. ‘I spend around a third of my pay on
my car, and I still owe $6,000.’ Rick calls his car a ‘mean-looking custom
V8,’ a phrase which his insurance company translates as ‘high-risk’.
(2) ....................
Rick is a skilful driver, probably more skilful than he is with the
machinery at work. And there’s the additional benefit of not having a
factory supervisor to tell him when he’s made an error. The feeling of
control both excites and frees him. Driving and cornering quickly -
especially with passengers - gives him a thrill.
(3)......................
Sharon bought her wheels of independence when she was
seventeen and still at school. ‘I couldn’t afford to move out of home but
the car’s the next best thing.’
(4).......................
 29

Sharon’s two brothers also have their own cars but she doesn’t see
much point in sharing. ‘That’d be like wearing hand-me-down clothes or
eating leftovers all the time. There’s no way I could do that and still save
face with my friends.’
(5).......................
‘I’ll need it for work,’ he says bluntly. ‘It’s not a luxury. I need an
impressive-looking car to impress potential employers.’ Riding in
Kevin’s car is about as quiet as the office he hopes to call his own.
There’s an air of silent efficiency and of luxury, an image he’s happy to
display.

A. She drives a small yellow two-door which is kept tidier than her
room but demands a good deal more pocket money. ‘I
couldn’t survive without a car. I don’t want to be depending
on guys for lifts. I don’t want to give them that advantage. All
my friends have cars and mine’s probably the cheapest.’
B. It also makes him a sure target for the highway patrol. ‘All the
guys at work drive hot cars. There’s a regular burnout on
Friday nights.’ And Rick’s convinced the girls love it too. ‘A
lot of them wouldn’t go out with you if you were driving a
pram or a shopping trolley.’
C. The highway patrol is busiest on Saturday nights and they say
that female drivers are increasingly forming part of their
workload. The number of speeding offences committed by
females in the 17-25 age-group is fast approaching that of
young males.
D. Kevin has just enrolled on an accountancy course at college. He
bought an imported sports coupé on credit (with a little help
from his parents) - a car costing twice his probable starting
salary.
E. His car has a loud exhaust which is almost as deafening as the
factory where he works, but totally within his control. And of
course he’s got a car stereo that can also deafen. Not
surprisingly, his usual way of driving is ‘windows down’.
Rich isn’t easily amused, but he says with a smile ‘I turn
heads. Yeah. I know that.’
F. Rick is one of the statistical ‘high-risk under 25’s. Last year, car
accident cost Australians almost $6,000 million. Almost 3,000
people were killed, and more than 29, 000 were injured.

a) Find in the article the English for the following and use them in discussing the
text:
 30

разбить полностью (не подлежит ремонту); улучшить машину;

искусный механик; иметь долг в 6 000 долларов; дополнительное
преимущество; оглушительный; не вижу смысла пользоваться
машиной вместе с братом; записаться на бухгалтерский курс;

b) Answer the questions about the three young Australians.

1. What kind of cars do they own? 2. What’s their attitude to their cars?
3. Why did they buy such cars?

Ex. 39. Read and discuss the text.

IS YOUR CAR REALLY NECESSARY?

All over Britain vast areas of land are being covered with cement
for bigger motorways, car parks and garages. That land used to give us
fresh air, oxygen from grass and trees; fruit and vegetables; a rest and
beauty for weary eyes; a relaxation; an escape. Today that land gives
lead-poisoned and polluted air; noise; more nervous tension; and injury,
damage and death. No one anywhere is safe now. In country lanes which
were quiet, isolated and peaceful, children and old people are knocked
down and murdered by holiday cars tearing arrogantly along to get back
to the nearest motorway. We are told to expect more and more cars every
year, and more and more acres of land under deadening cement. What are
all these cars used for? For urgent and important purposes, essential to
our modern life? No of course not. The majority of cars are mostly used
to take Mr Smith to the tobacconist for a packet of cigarettes or to the
pub; to take Mrs Smith to the supermarket for a packet of cornflakes or
the hairdresser; to take Mr and Mrs Smith and the two little Smiths and
the dog for an aimless drive anywhere at all.
I do not accept the proposition that we must have more cars. We do
not really need all the cars we have now. I propose that no more new cars,
whether British or foreign, should be sold in Britain for a period of ten
years. There are already plenty of cars to last us for ten years. Look at all
the thousands of unsold second-hand cars in dense rows around the
garages all over Britain. Some people take pride in driving ‘old crocks’
and today’s new and second-hand cars can last for another ten years. if
some cars fall irreparable to pieces from old age or are totally smashed in
road accidents during the ten years, all the better. And we may at last
regain a little fresh air and relaxation and sanity. What do you think?
(from Modern Reading by J. Bentley)

a) Answer the questions about the text

 31

1. What does the author think is the impact of cars on the environment? 2.
What are the author’s arguments against the car? Are they convincing?
3.What are the author’s propositions that might improve the situation? 4.
Do you believe the solution offered by the author is capable of making a
radical chance? 5. What arguments would you suggest in favour of the
car or against the car?

Ex. 40. Read the texts and discuss the environmental problems caused by cars.

Text 1
Leave your car at home
In the last hundred years, cars have revolutionised the way we
travel... but at what cost? If you’re a driver, using your car less is one of
the most important things you can do to help the environment - and help
make it easier for everyone to get around. Here’s why.
It’s a choke
Car fumes are the leading cause of smogs, which are choking our
towns and cities, and a major contributor to poor air quality in rural areas,
threatening the health of one in five people.
Pregnant women, young children and people who suffer from heart
and lung disease are most at risk.
Going nowhere
With 21 million cars already clogging up UK roads, travelling can
be a slow and frustrating experience. If we don’t do anything to cut car
use, there could be more than 30 million cars competing for road space by
the year 2025. Road congestion already costs our environment £15 billion
every year.
Climate catastrophe?
Road traffic is the fastest growing cause of carbon dioxide, the
main ‘greenhouse gas’. Rising levels of greenhouse gases in our
atmosphere threaten to make the Earth hotter leading to disastrous
changes in the world’s climate. Cars pump out 14% of all the UK’s
carbon dioxide pollution.
Carmaggeddon
Making cars, producing fuel and building roads gobbles up
precious natural resources, destroys and poisons huge areas of land. In the
UK, road building threatens to damage or destroy over 50 of our finest
wildlife reserves.
What a waste!
When cars are scrapped, many materials end up in the ground or
burnt, poisoning our air, water and soil with harmful chemicals. Each
year 1,4000,000 cars are scrapped worldwide.
 32

Text 2
Most big cities were built long before the heyday of the private car.
As a result they rarely have enough space for moving traffic or parked
vehicles, and long queues of stationary vehicles are a common sight.
Indeed some cities end up being almost permanently congested during the
day. Those that have a relatively free flow of traffic at non-peak periods
of the day do not escape either. The rush hour of early morning or early
evening can easily see traffic brought to a standstill. The effect of exhaust
fumes on air pollution in cities has been well documented. Buses might
be seen as the solution, but they move slowly because of the sheer
volume of other traffic, thus encouraging more commuters to abandon
public transport.

Text 3
Bicycles
Why don’t the British cycle? Only a quarter of the estimated
twenty million bicycles in the country are thought to be in regular use. In
Denmark which is flatter but no darker or rainier than Britain twenty per
cent of all journeys are made by bicycle, while in Britain the figure is
only 5%. The government are trying to improve this. It is hoped that a
grant of millions of pounds from the National Lottery will encourage
more people to use their bikes. The money will be used to pay for a 6,500
mile national network of cycle tracks. Britain needs to introduce
environmentally friendly schemes such as this. The southern third of the
country is one of the most crowded areas of the world. Environmentalist
make it difficult to build new roads, and existing roads are very
overcrowded. One official committee described the growth of motor
transport as ‘’possibly the greatest environmental threat to the UK’’. The
aim of building the cycle tracks is to motivate people to use their bicycles
instead of their cars. However, the new tracks are being built between
cities and not though them. This means that only long distance journeys
may be easier and safer. Those cyclists who want to travel inside cities
will still be in danger of losing their lives on busy roads every time they
use their bicycles.

Ex. 41. Open the brackets using either an infinitive or a participle and discuss
the text.

Women Drivers
For years women drivers have traditionally been seen as bad
drivers. However, a survey _______ (carry out) for the British television
network, the BBC, seems ________(tell) a different story. Over three
times as many men as women confess to bad _______(drive) habits.
 33

According to a survey, men are more likely ________(drive) too close to

the car in front or read a map while _______ (drive)! More men appear
______(drive) when they are tired and in danger of falling asleep. Women
stop at red traffic lights and have fewer serious accidents. Is this due to
traditional female characteristics such as gentleness ________ (compare)
with typical male characteristics such as aggression or a difference in the
intelligence? According to the Royal Automobile Club, things change as
men get more older. After the age of 30, they tend ______ (become)
safer!.

Ex. 42. Read the text and speak about the advantages and disadvantages of
travelling by train.

THE RAILS THAT NARROW THE MIND

By the time the boat had left Dover, the class division between the
passengers was clearly visible. Cross-legged on the deck were the
backpackers, the Interrailers, the young and poor, making do with stale
baguettes and warm beer. The owners of the expensive cars below, the
yuppy tourers and families on their way to their villas, were crammed into
the restaurant, or consuming picnics at round plastic tables outside. They
were elevated both physically and in status from the hardier folk on the
deck. The only thing the two groups had in common was their footwear,
the ubiquitous nylon training shoe.
I was with the young and poor, armed with paperback novels and a
moneybelt containing the essentials: passport, travellers cheques and the
all-important Interrail pass, which gives freedom of Europe’s railways at
an economical price. I had eight days and planned to head for the Alps,
then Italy, before swinging back through Southern Germany and Holland.
In the following days, I was to travel 3,000 miles, spending four out of
seven nights on the move. Twice, the demands of this schedule were to
make me fork out extra money for a couchette, something that hard core
backpackers generally begrudge. ‘We try,’ explained Patricia, from
Canada, squatting on deck with her two companions, ‘not to go above
$20 a day. Budgeting is a state of mind ... you don’t use restaurants but
grocery stores.’
Patricia and her friends had already been travelling for nine weeks,
including five days in Britain. There, alas, their passes were invalid. ‘We
wanted to visit friends in Leeds but the fare was too expensive.’ What had
been the highlight so far? ‘Munich’ they chorused in unison. ‘We found
our first MacDonalds. We ran so fast! You know the food is basically
good there - it’s kind of regulated’. Europe, they added, had many
attractions. In Munich again, they had found themselves inadvertently
taking part in an American TV series.
 34

Alison, a student from Manchester was making her sixth

consecutive trip. ‘I’ve seen every country in Europe except Romania. I’ve
never spent more than three nights in a row on the train, even though it
saves you such a lot of accommodation bills.’ ‘Sometimes,’ she added,
‘Interrail holidays could seem more fun in retrospect.’ Some of those I
met might have agreed, like the three lads I met on the train from
Salzburg to Trieste. They were hoping to make their passes really pay by
taking part in a competition to record the highest mileage. Unmistakeably
in need of a bath, they explained, ‘If we get to the end and we haven’t got
quite enough, we’ll take a train to the North of Norway, and then catch
another one straight back.’
Most travel in twos and threes, but some can be found on their
own. The trains and stations of Europe are buzzing with strangers
meeting each other and exchanging information. Off the boat, the
youthful human stream headed for the train to Paris. Holly and Paula, 17,
stood sharply out from the crowd - each had scarlet-painted fingernails
and hair that had clearly been done very recently in a top London salon.
The cash for the trip had been raised by long hours after school in a pizza
restaurant. In the autumn they would be going to university in Los
Angeles. ‘What we’ve enjoyed most,’ said Holly, ‘is the British Grand
Prix’.
Then the Paris Metro and the Gare du Lyon, with Kate, Mark and
Paul, deeply depressed at finishing their studies at Cambridge, now
heading for the Mediterranean. ‘We don’t want to go everywhere,’ said
Mark, as the humble pizzas - actually very humble indeed - arrived. It is
supposed to be a holiday.’ Kate described the sad end to Cambridge that
they would remember for the rest of their lives. ‘It was a wonderful party.
We fed each other jelly, blindfolded.’
Making my way to the Chamonix train I noticed that the first
unlucky station sleepers were already bedding down for the night, having
arrived too late to find a bed anywhere. With any luck they would fare
better than travellers in Venice, where as several Interrailers told me, the
police are in the habit of arriving at four in the morning and blowing
whistles until everyone gets up. I looked again at the Interrail pass,
divided into thirty sections. Thirty journeys in a month: that would not be
bad going. At the end of the last space, the pass informed me: ‘To obtain
a booklet of additional pages, please apply to the nearest station.’
Somehow, I didn’t think I would be doing that.

a) Explain and give the Russian for the following phrases:

the class division
cross-legged
make do with stale baguettes
 35

elevated both physically and in status

hardier folk
armed with paperback novels
the fare was too expensive
highlight
three nights in a row
saves you a lot in accommodation bills
in retrospect
travel in twos and threes
on one’s own
stand sharply out from the crowd
the cash was raised by ...
humble pizzas

b) Give the English for the following:

поглощать (съедать) завтрак; иметь общее с кем-то; билет
недействителен; привлекательность (соблазны); самостоятельно;
кормить друг друга; иметь привычку (обыкновение) делать что-либо;
приобрести книжечку с дополнительными страничками; обратиться
с просьбой куда-либо;

Ex. 43. Translate into English.

1. Моя машина потребляет очень много бензина. Она не
экономична. Если бы я был искусным механиком, я бы ее улучшил
(модернизировал). 2. Я была бы признательна, если бы ты выключил
свое стерео, так как музыка просто оглушительная. 3. Он понимал,
что ему не хватало опыта, чтобы открыть (начать) свое дело. 4. Ваша
лицензия будет недействительна с нового года. Вам следует
приобрести новую. 5. Она записалась на бухгалтерские курсы. Она
хочет научиться (получить профессию) экономиста. 6. Его машина
была полностью разбита (не подлежала ремонту), и он не имел
представления, как убедить родителей одолжить ему денег на
новую. 7. Он так модернизировал свою обычную машину, что она
теперь может участвовать в авторалли. Он очень искусный механик.
8. После окончания университета ему очень хотелось приобрести
новую машину. Ему осточертела его старая развалина. Поэтому он
воспользовался возможностью купить машину в кредит. 9. Он
обожает машины. Сейчас он обладает пятью машинами. Ему
нравится приобретать старые подержанные машины и
ремонтировать их. 10. Он очень неосторожный водитель. Машина
была совершенно разбита и не подлежала ремонту. К счастью он сам
не пострадал. 11. Чтобы купить новую машину ему пришлось занять
 36

денег у друзей. Он уже выплатил часть долга, но он еще должен

около 3 000 долларов. 12. Она не хочет быть зависимой от друзей и
просить их подвести ее, и особенно давать преимущества молодым
людям. 13. Он не хочет пользоваться машиной вместе с братьями
(делить машину). Он не видит в этом никакого смысла. Это подобно
тому, как носить обноски от старших братьев. 14. Она записалась на
экономический курс, так как она очень хочет получить работу (быть
нанятой) в крупном банке. 15. Он заметил (обратил внимание) на
девушку, сидящую в углу, поглощающую довольно скромную
(жалкую) пиццу. 16. Его лицензия была недействительна, и чтобы
приобрести новую ему пришлось провести несколько дней, собирая
необходимые документы.