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Design Standard of Control Structures Against Debris Flow in Japan

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 Design Standard of Control Structures Against Debris Flow in Japan

Paper:

Design Standard of Control Structures Against Debris Flow

in Japan
Nobutomo Osanai∗ , Hideaki Mizuno∗ , and Takahisa Mizuyama∗∗
∗ Erosion and Sediment Control Division, Research Center for Disaster Risk Management,
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0804, Japan
E-mail: [email protected]
∗∗ Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University

Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan

E-mail: [email protected]
[Received January 6, 2010; accepted April 23, 2010]

Countermeasures to prevent or mitigate sediment- shallow landslides or slope failures, ‘Inspection Proce-
related hazards, debris flow in this paper are classi- dure for Steep Slope Failure Hazard Areas’ is applied. As
fied as structural measures or nonstructural measures. warning and evacuation, Sabo department has made the
The structural measures are Sabo dams, leading dikes, following guidelines; ‘Sediment-related Disaster Warning
and channels for debris flow control. The nonstruc- and Evacuation Guidelines’ and ‘Guidelines for Develop-
tural measures are the designation of areas prone to ment of Warning and Evacuation System Against Sedi-
debris flow, proper land use in the areas, the reinforce- ment Disasters in Developing Countries.’
ment of houses, the creation of warning systems and A law concerning the promotion of sediment-related
the evacuation of the inhabitants in case of emergency. disaster prevention in sediment related disaster hazard ar-
A technical standard on debris flow control structures eas (“Sediment-related Disaster Prevention Law”) is the
of Japan was revised in 2007. Major revision is that first law aimed at proper land use in debris flow and land-
check dams called Sabo dams constructed near houses slide areas in Japan. It was enacted in 2000 after sedi-
are changed from closed type Sabo dams to open type ment disasters in Hiroshima, Japan, in 1999. It designates
Sabo dams because the occurrence frequency is low dangerous areas, prohibits housing development in those
as once for longer than one hundred years, natural areas, and moves existing houses in the areas to safer ar-
torrent environment should be conserved in ordinary eas. The law also orders that houses built be sufficiently
days and sediment trap capacity should be kept until strong against debris flow or landslide. However, the law
debris flow occurs. Points changed are explained such was enacted too late. It should have been enacted 20 or
as the opening of open type dams is as equal as the 30 years before, before housing areas were expanded to
maximum stone size. the foots of hills and on the debris flow fans in the ar-
eas that were groves or paddy fields before development.
Keywords: sediment hazard, countermeasures, structural It was impossible, however, to resist the boom in devel-
measures, nonstructural measures, technical standard for opment. The law can be found at the following URL in
debris flow control English: http://www.sabo-int.org/law/index.html
The design standard had not been established in 1982
when Ministry of Construction had been starting the
1. Introduction new policy named “Promotion of Comprehensive Mea-
sures Against Sediment-related Disaster caused by Debris
Countermeasures to prevent or to mitigate sediment Flows.” For that reason, Ministry of Construction started
related hazards are classified as structural measures or studies on the phenomena and measures, and compiled
nonstructural measures. In Japan, the SABO (Erosion the results and issued the “Technical Guideline against
and Sediment Control) Department of the Ministry of Debris Flow” in 1989. However the technical guideline
Construction (present Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, had some theoretical assumptions such as the method for
Transport and Tourism) has made some laws and techni- estimating the peak flow rate, velocity and depth of de-
cal guidelines related to debris flows, shallow landslides bris flow and so on because all features relating to debris
caused by heavy rainfall, and deep seated landslides. A flow were not clarified completely at that time. Ministry
guideline for debris flow prone streams and areas was of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism has been
made in 1999; ‘The guideline for survey of debris – flow- collecting and analyzed the detailed reports on sediment-
prone streams and survey of debris flow hazard area.’ related disasters. By analyzing the details of the both
‘Standard Procedures for Investigation of Potential Land- reports and the research results collected until 2007, we
slide Sites’ has been used for deep seated landslides. For found followings; 1) Not only boulders but also woody

Journal of Disaster Research Vol.5 No.3, 2010 307

Osanai, N., Mizuno, H., and Mizuyama, T.

debris triggered floods by blocked stream, 2) the observed

data of peak flow rate of debris flow was often greater than
the estimated value by using the methods in the technical
guideline, 3) a debris flow flowed to downstream, becom-
ing wider in gullies, and 4) the narrower the open space
was made the larger amount of sediment could be trapped
by the open type dam. Therefore, Ministry of Land, In-
frastructure, Transport and Tourism decided to revise the
technical guideline in order to take into account of the
above-mentioned findings. The main points of the revi-
sion were reported. This report mainly aims to introduce
the technical standard for planning and designing struc-
tural measures and points out the technical problems that
have been still under studies.
Fig. 1. Gradation of mountain stream bed in sediment dis-
placement morphology (rough standard).
2. History of Technical Standards on Debris
Flow Control and Woody Debris Control in tor of the Erosion-and-Sediment-Control Department of
Japan the River Bureau of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,
Transport and Tourism to supersede the draft technical
The first technical standards for planning facilities guidelines for countermeasures against debris flows and
against debris flows were drafted by the Overall Techni- the draft guidelines for countermeasures against woody
cal Study Committee on Countermeasures against Debris debris. Later, guidance on these two guidelines was com-
Flows from 1982 to 1983. Then, the third subcommit- piled primarily by the National Institute for Land and In-
tee of the Overall Study Committee on Enhanced Debris- frastructure Management and published as the Institute’s
Flow Countermeasures from 1984 to 1987 was estab- Materials No. 364 and 365 in March, 2007.
lished in 1985 and modified the above-mentioned tech- Below is intended to describe the modifications and ad-
nical standards for planning facilities against debris flows ditions to the draft technical guidelines for countermea-
on the basis of the results of its practical application to sures against debris flows, modifications and additions
debris-flow-prone torrents. On October 9, 1989 the di- which were made in the course of compiling the guid-
rector of the Erosion and Sediment Control Department ance on the guidelines for the basic planning of counter-
of the River Bureau in the Ministry of Construction, that measures against debris flows and woody debris and the
is now the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport design technology guidelines for countermeasures against
and Tourism, issued the findings of the study commit- debris flows and woody debris.
tee nationally as technical guidelines for countermeasures
against debris flows. 3. Main Points in the Guidance on the Guide-
The draft technical guidelines were then amended on
July 13, 2000 and issued nationally. In March, 2004
lines for Basic Planning of Countermea-
the planning part of the draft technical standards for sures Against Debris Flows and Woody De-
the erosion-and-sediment control and river engineering bris
was revised and published. It stipulates that the basic
plan for erosion-and-sediment control should consist of 3.1. Sediment Transport Modes
the following five areas: erosion-and-sediment control Figure 1 shows the sediment transport mode in the ba-
for river systems; countermeasures against debris flows; sic plan. Basic planning of erosion-and-sediment control
countermeasures against woody debris; measures for vol- shall be based on sediment transport modes. Sediment
canic erosion-and-sediment control; and countermeasures transport modes are largely divided into the debris-flow
against extraordinary landslide disasters caused by natural and the bed-load sections, depending on the gradient of
landslide dams. the mountain stream beds. In the current revision, it is
As for countermeasures against debris flows and woody so stipulated that the boundary between the two sections
debris, the guidelines for the basic planning of erosion- should be the point where the gradient of the mountain
and-sediment control, that is the part on countermeasures stream bed is 2 degrees.
against debris flows and woody debris and set out standard
methods for the basic planning of erosion-and-sediment
control, and the design technology guidelines for coun- 3.2. Control Plan for Debris Flows and Woody De-
termeasures against debris flows and woody debris were bris
issued on March 13, 2007. They were issued under the Control plan for debris flows and woody debris can be
joint names of the Erosion-and-Sediment-Control Plan- expressed by Eq. (1):
ning Section director and the Maintenance Section direc-
V −W − (X +Y + Z) = 0 . . . . . . . . (1)

308 Journal of Disaster Research Vol.5 No.3, 2010

 Design Standard of Control Structures Against Debris Flow in Japan

Fig. 2. Sediments to be calculated in control plan for debris

flows and woody debris for open-type.

Fig. 3. Sediments to be calculated in control plan for debris

where V denotes the total volume of sediment and woody flows and woody debris for closed-type.
debris carried by a plan size debris flows; W , denotes
the planned allowable volume of sediment and woody de-
bris; X, planned captures; Y , planned sediments; and Z,
planned retentions of generated flows. V,W, X,Y and Z,
each representing a sum of debris flows and woody de-
bris, are expressed in the following expressions (2)–(6):
V = Vd +VW . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
W = Wd +WW . . . . . . . . . . . . (3)
X = Xd + XW . . . . . . . . . . . . (4)
Y = Yd +YW . . . . . . . . . . . . (5)
Z = Zd + ZW . . . . . . . . . . . . (6)
where Vd denotes planned debris flow volume; VW ,
planned woody debris volume; Wd , planned allowable
debris flow volume; WW , planned allowable woody de-
bris volume; Xd , planned detentions of debris flow vol- Fig. 4. Sediment to be calculated in control plan for debris
ume; XW , planned detentions of woody debris volume; Yd , flows and woody debris for partially open-type.
planned sediment debris flow volume; YW , planned woody
debris volume; and Zd , planned detentions of generated
debris flow volume; ZW , planned detentions of generated
woody debris volume. where Qsp denotes peak debris-flows; Vdqp , outflow-
In order to incorporate planned captures and planned sediments including voids expected from one wave of de-
sediments in the control plan for debris flows and woody bris flows; Cd , concentrations of debris flows; C∗ , volu-
debris, it is necessary to estimate the volume of X, Y and Z metric concentrations of mountain stream bed sediments
in the Eqs. (4), (5) and (6). Figs. 2, 3 and 4 shows the vol- and the value is usually around 0.6.
umes of X,Y , and Z. The slope of the normal sediment- Vdqp is calculated as follows. First of all, we have to
gradation is half of the tangential value of the original bed determine the section where debris outflows are expected.
slope. And the slope of the planned sediment-gradation Eq. (7) is derived from the past records of debris flow.
is two thirds of the tangential value of the original bed As shown in the Eq. (7), it is important and difficult to set
slope. These values are derived from the past disasters. It the value of Vdqp because the computed value of Qsp is
is necessary to establish and implement a debris-removal proportional to the value of it. At this moment, it is diffi-
plan, comprised of periodic removals of debris including cult to find out a fact that two or more debris flows start
woody debris and contingent removals of debris including flowing down at the same time according to our experi-
woody debris. ences in Japan. Therefore we assume that the sediment
volume transported by one debris flow affects on the peak
debris-flows. Fig. 5 shows a schematic figure of a course
3.3. Peak Debris Flows Discharge and Depth of De-
of one debris flow. As shown in Fig. 5, the expected de-
bris Flows bris outflow area is determined to be a section ranging
Peak debris flow discharge in all cases are to be calcu- from the upstream point circled in Fig. 5 between the
lated by Eq. (7) for peak debris flows based on outflow- point where Qsp is calculated and the most downstream
sediment volume. point in the flow area of debris flows to the farthest water-
0.01C∗Vdqp shed point along the mountain stream, including mountain
Qsp = . . . . . . . . . . . (7) sides called zero-order basins. If there are branch streams
Cd

Journal of Disaster Research Vol.5 No.3, 2010 309

Osanai, N., Mizuno, H., and Mizuyama, T.

Fig. 5. Schematic drawing of expected debris-outflow sections.

Figure 6 shows a cross sectional view of a debris flow.

Originally we assumed that a cross-section of a debris
flow was a rectangle shape with the river bed width in
the former guideline. However we found that debris flows
moved to downstream, becoming wider in gullies in the
2002 debris flow disaster in Mie Prefecture, Japan. There-
fore we assume that cross-section of a debris flow is
like Fig. 6. (Flow discharge rates and depths of the de-
bris flows are obtained from simultaneous equations) The
cross-mean velocity and flow depth corresponding to the
peak flow discharge are obtained by Eqs. (8)-(10):
1 2/3
U = Dr (sin θ )1/2 . . . . . . . (8)
Km
Qsp = UAd . . . . . . . . . . . . . (9)
Ad
Dd = . . . . . . . . . . . . (10)
Bda
where, as in Fig. 6, Dr denotes hydraulic radius of debris
Fig. 6. Cross section of peak debris flows. flow, and the value is approximated to the depth of debris
flow denoted as Dd ; θ , mountain stream bed gradient ; Kn ,
roughness coefficient; and Ad , flow sectional area of peak
in addition to the main mountain stream in the watershed, debris flows; Bda , breadth of debris flow.
more than one area where debris outflows are expected
have to be set up.
In the next place, we calculate “erodible sediments” 4. Main Points of Guidance on Design Tech-
for each such section and “transportable sediments by the
flow due to rainfalls of a magnitude that will exceed the nology Guidelines for Countermeasures
probabilities assumed in the annual planning” that is same against Debris Flows and Woody Debris
as “erodible sediments” described in Paragraph 2.7.3 of
the Guidance on the Basic Planning Guidelines for Coun- 4.1. Openings of Open and Partially Open Type
termeasures against Debris Flows and Woody Debris, and Dams
we choose the smaller value of these two calculations as
“expected sediment outflow volume.” Mizuyama and Mizuno (1997) reported that one of the
Lastly, we choose the greatest value of the “expected key factors that affects whether or not a Sabo dam of the
sediment outflows” in these sections as Vdqp . open type and the partially open type was the dimension

310 Journal of Disaster Research Vol.5 No.3, 2010

 Design Standard of Control Structures Against Debris Flow in Japan

Table 1. Dam openings.

Table 2. Combination of design external forces for open-

type excluding self weight.

Fig. 7. Openings. 4.3. Design of Spillway Section of Open and Par-

tially Open Dams
The opening shall be designed so as to secure stability
when conditions such as the design external forces in Ta-
of the openings shown in Fig. 7 and Table 1. Fig. 7 shows
ble 2 are acting on the dam, in addition to the self-weights
terminologies of the parts of Sabo dam of the open type
of the Sabo dam in Fig. 8. The openings of the partially
and the partially open type. The openings described in
open-type dams shall be designed so that stability is se-
Fig. 7 should be as broad as possible, as broad as the width
cured when conditions such as the design external forces
of the valley in principle, so that the functions of the open
in Table 3 are acting in the way shown in Fig. 9, in addi-
type can be fully exploited and so that no backwater be
tion to self-weights of the Sabo dam.
created on the upstream side of the Sabo dam before the
However, the breadth of the top or crown of the dam in
arrival of debris flows.
the spillway section shall be designed so as to be able to
withstand the impact of large rocks and woody debris and,
4.2. Cross-Section of Opening of Open type and in principle to be able to withstand the impact of boulders
with diameters twice or more the design maximum.
Partially Open Type Dams
As for structural calculations, structural members shall
Mizuyama and Mizuno (1997) reported that the Sabo be designed so as to be safe against the design external
dam could capture debris flows if the (ration) ratio of forces in Table 4. Sabo dams shall have a structure with
height or width of an opening to a maximum size of boul- as high a level of fail-safe redundancy as possible, so that
ders, that were transported by debris flows, was less than any partial breakage of the members will not lead to the
two. On the other hand, it is very difficult to estimate collapse of the entire structure.
the maximum boulder size in real cases. Therefore, in or- Out of the members that are provided to block debris
der to take consideration of uncertainty, the dimension of flows, members that do not constitute structural members
opening sets to half of the size that Mizuyama and Mizuno that maintain the shape of the structure may be allowed
reported as shown Table 1. In principle, the openings plastic deformation, because such members can be con-
should have a cross sectional shape as indicated in Ta- sidered as having served their purpose provided that they
ble 1 to ensure the capture of debris flows and to prevent have successfully captured the sediments in the flows.
the captured debris flows from escaping and continuing And these members are called “functional members.”
downstream. However, the opening may have a shape
other than the one in Table 1 on the condition that the 4.4. Design of Wing Section in case of Open, Closed,
opening has the function of allowing normal sediments and Partially Open Types
to flow downstream and that those sediments fully meet
conditions (a) and (b) below. Designs for the non-overflow section shall be based on
stability calculations in which the following design exter-
(a) The opening shall be closed off, without fail, below nal forces act on the wing section in addition to the self-
the water level of debris flows by large rocks in the weights: for the open type, design external forces shown
debris flows, and this closure must hold during debris in Table 5; for the closed and partially-open types, design
flows. external forces of the overflow section of the closed type.
Figure 10 shows an example of how design external
(b) The opening shall be closed off, without fail, above forces act on a dam of less than 15 m in height. The wing
the water level of debris flows by subsequent debris section shall meet all of the following four conditions
flows, and this closure must hold during these subse- against the three design external forces of “self-weight of
quent debris flows. the wing,” “fluid forces of debris flows,” and “greater im-
pact force between rock and woody debris.”

Journal of Disaster Research Vol.5 No.3, 2010 311

Osanai, N., Mizuno, H., and Mizuyama, T.

Fig. 8. Acting positions of design external forces for open-type.

Table 3. Combination of design external forces for partially open-type excluding self weights.

Fig. 9. Acting positions of design external forces for partially open-type: Dam height
less than 15 m: Upper figure for debris flows, lower figure for flooding.

Table 4. Combination of design external forces for structural calculations.

312 Journal of Disaster Research Vol.5 No.3, 2010

 Design Standard of Control Structures Against Debris Flow in Japan

Table 5. Combination of design external forces for open-type excluding self-weights.

Fig. 10. Acting positions of design external forces for dams of less than 15 m in height:
Upper figure for debris flows and lower figure for flooding.

(a) The angle of inclination of the wing on the upstream 5. Conclusions

side shall be in principle vertical.
The revised technical guideline has still assumptions.
(b) Slope inclination of the wing on the downstream side For example, the control plan mentioned in 3.2 is estab-
shall be either vertical or identical to that of the main lished under an assumption that debris flow and woody
body on the downstream side. debris will be transported from the all gullies in the basin.
(c) If the inclination of the wing on the downstream side However it is reported that traces of debris flows and
is made identical to that of the main body on the woody debris were found in not all gullies in a basin, so
downstream side, the breadth crown of the dam at that we are planning to find out the tendency and revise
the wing shall be 1.5 m at the minimum. the technical guideline in the future.
Recent Sabo facilities are increasingly being expected
(d) The safety factor for shear sliding against design ex- to take into consideration not only disaster prevention but
ternal forces shall not be less than four on the bound- also environmental or landscape issues, as practiced in
ary surface between the wing and the main body. comprehensive sediment control activities. Accordingly,
After that, tensile stress is to be calculated for the cases more and more attention has come to be paid to open
in which the above-mentioned three design external forces or partially open Sabo dams, which can efficiently con-
are acting. In case the calculations should indicate any trol sediment discharges and capture debris-flows/woody-
tensile stress higher than that allowable, such tensile stress debris, while not affecting the continuity of river-bed lev-
shall be undertaken by reinforcing bars or steel frames, els or water currents or unduly obstructing the passage of
which shall be so arranged as to pass the boundary surface animals or fish. As a result, a great number of such dams
between the wing and the main body. have been constructed.

Journal of Disaster Research Vol.5 No.3, 2010 313

Osanai, N., Mizuno, H., and Mizuyama, T.

We have also come to recognize more and more the

true benefits of such dams. Considering the current cir- Name:
cumstances, it is reasonably expected that an increasing Hideaki Mizuno
number of sabo dams will continue to be aggressively
Affiliation:
planned and constructed in the future, and we expect this Senior Researcher, Erosion and Sediment Con-
will require us to seek further advancements in technical trol Division, Research Center For Disaster Risk
standards and guidelines. Accordingly, we intend to in- Management, National Institute for Land and In-
frastructure Management, Ministry of Land, In-
vestigate at sites what kinds of effects may be expected frastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan
of open and partially open dams, so that we may incorpo-
rate accumulated or advanced knowledge into subsequent Address:
revisions of the technical standards and guidelines. 1-Asahi, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-0804, Japan
Brief Career:
1995-1997 Ohsumi Work Office, Kyushu Regional Bureau, Ministry of
References: Construction
[1] Erosion and Sediment Control Division, Research Center for Dis- 1997-2001 Erosion and Sediment Control Division, Public Works
aster Risk Management, “Manual of Technical Standard for estab- Research Institute, Ministry of Construction
lishing Sabo plan for debris flow and driftwood,” Technical Note of 2001- Erosion and Sediment Control Division, National Institute for Land
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, No.364, and Infrastructure Management
2007 (in Japanese). Selected Publications:
[2] Erosion and Sediment Control Division, Research Center for Disas- • “Temporal change in the sediment discharge from the gigantic landslide
ter Risk Management, “Manual of Technical Standard for designing occurred on Mt. Bawakaraeng, Indonesia,” Jour. of the Japan Landslide
Sabo facilities against debris flow and driftwood,” Technical Note of Society, Vol.45-2, pp. 95-105, 2008.
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, No.365,
2007 (in Japanese). • “Experiments on impulsive load of soil collapse to the wall : Effects of
[3] T. Mizuyama and H. Mizuno, “Prediction of debris flow hydrograph displacement of wall on impulsive load,” Jour. of the Japan Society of
passing through grid type control structure,” ASCE, Proceedings Erosion Control Engineering, Vol.59, pp. 3-12, 2006.
of first international conference on debris-flow hazard mitigation, • “An experimental study on the way to induce riparian trees at channel
pp. 74-82, 1997. works,” Jour. of the Japan Society of Erosion Control Engineering, Vol.53,
pp. 4-15, 2000.
More information can be obtained from following web sites; • H. Mizuno, T. Mizuyama, N. Minami, and S. Kuraoka, “Analysis of
http://www.sabo-int.org/law/index.html Simulating Debris Flow Captured by Permeable Type Dam using Distinct
http://www.sabo-int.org/guideline/index.html Element Method,” Journal of the Japan Society of Erosion Control
Engineering, Vol.52, No.6, p. 4-11, 2000.
• H. Mizuno, N. Osanai, T. Shimizu, and T. Inamura, “Development of
Support System for Establishment of Comprehensive Sediment
Management Plan,” Civil Engineering Journal Vol.49 No.7, pp.26-31, 2007.
Name: • H. Mizuno, “Sediment-Related Disaster Forecasting Warning System Pro-
Nobutomo Osanai ject,” World Meteorological Organization, WMO/TD-No.1520, 49pp., 2010.
Academic Societies & Scientific Organizations:
Affiliation: • Japan Society of Erosion Control Engineering (JSECE)
Head, Erosion and Sediment Control Division,
Research Center for Disaster Risk Management,
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Name:
Management, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Takahisa Mizuyama
Transport and Tourism
Affiliation:
Address: Professor, Laboratory of Erosion Control, Divi-
1-Asahi, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-0804, Japan sion of Forest Science, Graduate School of Agri-
Brief Career: culture, Kyoto University
1999-2001 Shikoku Mountainous Region Sabo Work Office, Ministry of
Land, Infrastructure and Transport
2001-2004 Erosion and Sediment Control Research Group, Public Works
Research Institute Address:
2004- Erosion and Sediment Control Division, National Institute for Land Oiwake-Cho, Kitashiraka, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
and Infrastructure Management
Brief Career:
Selected Publications: 1978-1990 Sabo Division, Public Works Research Institute, Ministry of
• “Temporal change in the sediment discharge from the gigantic landslide Construction
occurred on Mt. Bawakaraeng, Indonesia,” Jour. of the Japan Landslide 1981-1982 Visiting researcher, Colorado State University
Society, Vol.45-2, pp. 95-105, 2008. 1990- Department of Agriculture, Kyoto University
• “Experiments on impulsive load of soil collapse to the wall : Effects of
Selected Publications:
displacement of wall on impulsive load,” Jour. of the Japan Society of
• “Structural countermeasures for debris flow disasters,” International Jour.
Erosion Control Engineering, Vol.59, pp. 3-12, 2006.
of Erosion Control Eng., 1-2, pp. 38-43, 2008.
• “An experimental study on the way to induce riparian trees at channel
• “Measurement of bedload with the use of hydrophone in mountain
works,” Jour. of the Japan Society of Erosion Control Engineering, Vol.53,
torrents,” IAHS Publ., 283, pp. 222-227, 2003.
pp. 4-15, 2000.
• “Sediment control with slit sabo dams,” INTERPRAEVENT 2000,
Academic Societies & Scientific Organizations: Villach vol.1, pp. 251-258, 2000.
• Japan Society of Erosion Control Engineering (JSECE)
Academic Societies & Scientific Organizations:
• Japan Landslide Society
• Japan Society of Erosion Control Engineering (JSECE)
• Japan Geoscience Union
• Japan Society for Civil Engineers (JSCE)
• International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and
Research (IAHR)
• International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS)

314 Journal of Disaster Research Vol.5 No.3, 2010

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