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2.61 Internal Combustion Engine: ND RD TH TH

The document provides information about a Toyota Camry vehicle and its engine, including specifications, gear ratios, and an engine map. It then poses four problems: 1) It asks for the engine speed and brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) if the vehicle is operating at 65 mph in 5th gear, and requests the operating point on the engine map and related fuel efficiency metrics. 2) It discusses using an internal combustion engine to convert stranded natural gas into synthesis gas by running the engine under fuel-rich conditions, and poses questions about the equilibrium constants and products of reactions involved. 3) It provides heat of formation and equilibrium constant values for species at 1900K and asks about the water gas

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Narendra Tummala
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131 views

2.61 Internal Combustion Engine: ND RD TH TH

The document provides information about a Toyota Camry vehicle and its engine, including specifications, gear ratios, and an engine map. It then poses four problems: 1) It asks for the engine speed and brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) if the vehicle is operating at 65 mph in 5th gear, and requests the operating point on the engine map and related fuel efficiency metrics. 2) It discusses using an internal combustion engine to convert stranded natural gas into synthesis gas by running the engine under fuel-rich conditions, and poses questions about the equilibrium constants and products of reactions involved. 3) It provides heat of formation and equilibrium constant values for species at 1900K and asks about the water gas

Uploaded by

Narendra Tummala
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.

61 Internal Combustion Engine


Quiz 3/16/2017 — Open book

Problem 1 (10 points)

The engine map for a passenger car is shown in the


accompanying figure. (It is the Toyota 3 liter, 6-
cylinder SI engine for the Camry vehicle.) The
vehicle specifications are:

Vehicle weight with passengers= 1500 kg


Frontal width x height = 1.8m x 1.5 m
Gear ratios:

1st 3.60
2nd 1.88
3rd 1.19
4th 0.84
5th 0.64
Final drive 3.89

The overall gear ratio is the product of the gear


ratio and the final drive ratio.
Engine map of Toyota 1MZ-FE 3 liter-6 cylinder
Tire is P205/55R16; tire diameter = 0.63 m. engine. The engine is for the Camry vehicle.
Drag coefficient of the vehicle is 0.3
Ambient air density is 1.2 kg/m3
The coefficient of rolling friction is 0.015
The drive system transmission efficiency is 0.85.

Other useful numbers:


Density of gasoline fuel = 0.78x103 kg/m3; heating value = 44 MJ/kg; 1 gallon = 3.785 L

Consider vehicle operation on a level road cruising at 65 mph (29.1 m/s) at 5th gear.

1. What are the engine speed and brake mean effective pressure (BMEP)?
2. Locate the operating point on the engine map. What are the specific fuel consumption in g/kW-hr,
and gas mileage in miles per gallon?
3. Cylinder deactivation technology is applied to dynamically reconfigure the engine from a 6-cylinder/
3 liter to a 3-cylinder/1.5L one under this cruise condition. Assuming the engine BMEP map is the
same for the new engine configuration, what are the specific fuel consumption (g/kW-hr) and gas
mileage (mpg)? (In practice, the friction of the 3-cylinder engine will be higher because the 3
activated cylinders have to drive the 3 deactivated cylinders.)
4. Explain where the gain in efficiency comes from.
Problem 2 (10 points)

There are a lot of “stranded” natural gas; i.e. natural gas in areas where delivery of the gas to the market is
not feasible. For example, in oil fields in remote areas, natural gas is discovered together with the oil.
The gas is difficult to be transported because of its low density (compared to a liquid fuel) so that the gas
is either flare off or pumped back into the ground. A solution to utilize this natural gas is to convert it to
methanol, a liquid, which can then be readily transported.

The first step in the conversion process is to produce synthesis gas (a mixture of CO and H2) from which
methanol can be synthesized. The process is exothermic. A proposed scheme is to use an internal
combustion engine to process the gas under fuel rich condition to produce the synthesis gas. Then the
mechanical energy extracted by the engine is used to run the conversion plant.

The engine is to be run at significantly fuel rich condition (<1). The exhaust is a mixture of CO, CO2,
H2, H2O and N2. The species composition corresponds to the equilibrium composition of the water gas
shift reaction at 1900K. (This temperature is higher than the conventional value at 1740K because of the
very rich condition.) The water gas shift reaction is H2  CO2  CO  H2O

The measured CO to CO2 molar ratio is Species h 0f Log10Kp


3:1 in the exhaust. To simplify the @1900K
analysis, the natural gas is assumed to be (MJ/kmol)
pure methane (CH4). The heat of CH4 -74.9 -3.281
formations and equilibrium constants for
CO2 (gas) -393.5 10.898
the individual species are shown in the
accompanying table. CO (gas) -110.5 7.631
H2O (gas) -241,8 3.886
(a) What is the equilibrium constant at H2 (gas) 0 0
1900K for the water gas shift reaction? N2 (gas) 0 0
(b) For each mole of CH4, how many
moles each of CO, CO2, H2 and H2O
are produced in the exhaust? (Hint: the
exhaust gas is frozen with the thermal equilibrium composition at 1900K)
(c) What is the air equivalence ratio ()?
(d) What is the heat of reaction (i.e. energy released in converting the reactants to products at 298K and 1
atmosphere, with the H2O in vapor state) per kmol of CH4 consumed?
(e) The lower heating value for CH4 is 50MJ/kg. What is the combustion efficiency of the engine?
MIT OpenCourseWare
https://ocw.mit.edu

2.61 Internal Combustion Engines


Spring 2017

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