Fishes

Agnatha (Jawless) and cartilegenous fish were the first fish to appear

in Chordata.
Fish.

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mouth with jaws is a new innovation.

Types of fish
"natha" =jaws
 Agnatha (lamprey)
– no jaw
 Gnathostomes
– Chondrichthes (cartilage)
• sharks and rays controversial groupings
– Osteichthyes (bone)
• trout, perch

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rare life cycle: adults in oceans, swim up to creeks, mate and spawn
in creeks. Major metabolic demand to handle osmosis.
Agnatha most primitive, jawless
forced to keep mouth open at all times Breath: water constantly flow in BUCCAL CAVITY and across gills
->legacy from CEPHALOCHORDATE ancestor
lack the jaw, vertebrae and paired fins of other Vertebraetes, but do have a
primitive cranium (other name for vertebrates being Craniata)

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 Fishes

very very similar, cephalochordata are the ancestors of the Agnatha

Cephalochordata lamprey's have INDIRECT developement, hatch into

AMMOCOETE larva:
The larval stage of a lamprey. The ammocoete is of particular interest
because it displays the ancestral characteristics of the chordates.
During the life cycle of the lamprey, the ammocoete larval stage is
Larval lamprey found in freshwater streams and later migrates back to the oceans or
large lakes.

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dorsol notocord still the main skeletal element, working with

myomere muscle contractions to produce the tail swimming action.

Ammocoete larva
The mouth remains open as they swim, food trapped and moved by cilia
on the endostyle into the pharynx. Water through gill slits and out body.
Notochord Digestive system
Nerve cord

Heart
Anus
Mouth Gill pouches

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No jaw = no bite and an open mouth.

Lampreys cope by becomin ECTOPARASITES to other fish.
Lampreys
Tongue and circular oral disk covered in teeth to hold on to prey
while it scrapes away with the tongue and feeds on blood/liquid
Gill opening from the wound.

when attached, Lamprey's continue to breath by pumping water in and out of

the gill sacs instead of flowing through mouth -> pharynx -> gill sac -> external

Not a particle feeder, endostyle gone.

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 hagfish breathe using the single nostril (according to digizoo):"n hagfish, water flows in the nostrils,
to the pharynx, into the gill pouches, and out the external gill opening.
Fishes

Beginnings of "eat and breathe at the same time"

Lamprey
Nostril Brain and nerve cord

Notochord
brains enlarging, getting a proper cranium

Mouth with
teeth Rudimentary lateral line system: Line along the side of fishes and
Respiratory tube Gill opening aquatic amphibians that includes underlying canals and sense organs
that detect sound waves and movements in water.

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Hagfish have a pronephric and mesonephric kidney, and their blood

is isotonic with the surrounding seawater so they don't need any
special osmoregulatory structures. Lampreys use an opisthonephric kidney.

Lamprey mouth
Pronephric: The first, or ancestral, kidney that appears in the anterior part
of the coelomic cavity and is connected to the archinephric duct. In
amniotes and bony fish it appears only in the early stages of the embryo
before it disappears

Mesonephric: Replaces the pronephros during development and is

retained as the functional kidney in adult fish and amphibians. Formed
posterior to the pronephros from renal tubules, which ultimately connect
with the archinephric duct.

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Lampreys

Pharynx

Tongue
with teeth

Buccal funnel
with teeth

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 Fishes

diffuse cartilage network to support openings of gill sacs.

Lamprey skeleton
no sign of vertebrae (potential homolog in small cartilage blocks along
Notochord top of notocord)

Cartilage

Gill openings Notocord present in the adult of both Agnathans, retains original function
-> only vertebrates/craniata that have this

Mouth
cartilagenous case reminiscent of a cranium, start of protection
of the brain. Missing dermatocranium.

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JAW: Made of either cartilage or bone, the jaw is a modified gill arch allows to feed more aggressively by sucking up large amounts o
used for feeding. It may be armed with teeth or hardened plates, f substrate, trapping and holding prey in place, or taking a bite
and it forms a part of the vertebrate mouth. out of their prey

occurs in cartilaginous fish

cilia not only way to move water through pharynx: turn the
Evolution of the jaw pharygeal cavity
into a pump. Shrink to force water through slits, expand to pull in.

Many ostracoderms (1st fishes) sucked to feed. Sucked on

substrate,
becoming substrate (not suspension) feeders.

Improve: decrease mouth diameter as cavity shrinks, so more

water forced
through the slits and not out the mouth.
Far anterior arch already capable of bending, bent more and mouth
begins
to close!
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jaw!

DID NOT TURN INTO BONY FISH! 2 GREAT LINEAGES, SEPERATE

Gnathostomes (Chondrichthyes)
Cartilaginous fish early body plan, armoured fish dissapear. But in freshwater systems, still
fish that survive ocean extinction. Return, repopulate as fish like chordate.

2 body plans recolonize: cartilagenous skeleton, bony skeleton.

Chondrichthyes and all other "jawed-mouthed" vertebrates, are collectively

referred to as the gnathostomes.
Their counterparts are vertebrates with a mouth, but no jaws
- the agnathans, hagfish and lampreys.

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 pectoral girdle: Bones in vertebrates that connect the appendages
on the left and right side of the anterior appendicular skeleton to each
other. The pectoral girdles are also attached to the axial skeleton in

Fishes amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Pelvic girdle: connect the appendages on the L/R of the posterior appendicular skeleton to each other.
The pelvic girdles are also attached to the axial skeleton in amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

bony fish more adaptable, explode in diversity. Cartilage still

Gnathostomes (Chondrichthyes) successful, but less so.
Cartilaginous fish Appendicular skeleton: The bones of the arms, wings, legs, and fins of
vertebrates, along with the pelvic and pectoral girdles when present,
that attach the limbs to each other and then in turn to the axial skeleton.

Axial skeleton: The bones, or cartilage, that make up the skeleton of the
main body axis of vertebrates. It includes the cranium, vertebral column,
and the rib cage, although not all of these may be present in each of the
vertebrate groups.

Pectoral girdle: Bones in vertebrates that connect the appendages

on the left and right side of the anterior appendicular skeleton to each
other. The pectoral girdles are also attached to the axial skeleton in
amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
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13 Pelvic girdle: connect the appendages on the L/R of the posterior
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appendicular skeleton to each other.
The pelvic girdles are also attached to the axial skeleton in amphibians,
Greatly improved chordate body plan. Added: reptiles, birds, and mammals
dorsal, pectoral, pelvic fins to stabilize movement
stabilized in all 3 directions!

replace notochord as main skeletal element with cartilaginous skeleton,

that wraps around nerve chord to protect it and around the brain (brain case)
Chondrichthyes
Cartilaginous fish "Craniata"= cranium inside a brain case
axial skeleton Dorsal fins
2 part skeleton:
Caudal fin appendicular: pectoral+pelvic girdle = appendages!
axial: runs length of animal, protects nervous system

Pelvic girdle and fin

Appendicular and axial not really attached, rely mostly on muscle tissue to
Pectoral girdle and fin keep them together
fins broadly attached, not highly manueverable (like a plane). Glide to stop,
appendicular skeleton
wide sweeping turns.
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14 Heterocercal tail: dorsal lobe larger than the ventral lobe and the vertebrae
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of the axial skeleton form part of the dorsal lobe. typical of sharks.

turbulance created, disrupts the suction of water over their surface.

WHEN SCALES ARE PRESENT, THEY ARE PLACOID SCALES

made of inner dentine covered in protective enamel (kinda like teeth!)
Placoid Scales imbedded in surface with backwards pointing spine.

backwards direction disrupts lamilar flow over surface, creating

Dentin little vortexes that stop the resistance created by lamilar flow (lamilar creates
lift in airplanes, turbulance vortexes)

Pulp
Pulp cavity

Epidermis

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placoid scale: Formed from the dermis, the scale is anchored in that layer by a
basal plate composed of dentin and from that a spine, made of toothlike enamel, points backward

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 gas exchange occurs across the gills that surround five gill openings.

Water enters through the mouth, and gill rakers on the inner surface keep food inside the
pharynx allowing water to flow over the gills.
Fishes When the mouth is filled with food, water can enter through the spiracles,
if they are present.
Many cartilaginous fish have no way to pump water across the respiratory surface
and constantly swim with their mouths open to aerate their gills,
a type of breathing referred to as ram ventilation

Pharyngeal gills

Mouth Pharynx
gill raker: Bony structures in the inner gill surface of jawed fishes that keep
ingested food inside the buccal cavity and pharynx
Gill filaments ram ventilation: Movement of water across the surface of the gills by
Cartilaginous support
Gill arch swimming and holding the mouth open.

BIO2135 Animal Form and Function Pharygeal arches ideal place to extract oxygen from water.
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Result in gills with supporting gill arch, a gill raker on the inside of the arch,
and a pair of gill filaments on the outside.

Gill filaments: are made of minute lamella and are the site of gas
exchange. Water flows across these lamellae in the opposite direction to
the blood inside, in a pattern referred to as countercurrent exchange.

Gill surface
stop swimming, stop breathing! RAM VENTILATION

swimming forces water over gills.

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1 circuit. From body, into auricle, to ventrical, and out.

Circulatory system
ventral 2 chambered heart pushes blood across gills to dorsal aorta that branches
over body.

Gills

Ventricle Auricle

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 Fishes
2 chambered and ventral

sinus venosus= blood pools before entering heart.

Fish heart
then to atrium, ventrica;, etc.
Conus
areteriosus

sharks auricle and ventrical?

Atrium

Ventricle Sinus venosus

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collect, pass through auricle to ventrical to aorta, across gill

arches and then to rest of body
Aortic arches
6 gills
arches arches
aorta

ven

au
sv
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ventral heart pumps to ventral aorta, through arches to top systemic arch
Arterial carotid vessels from arches go to front.
circulation systemic arches fuse into dorsal aorta: subclavian supply to pectoral (clavical?)
Iliac
External Subclavian caudal supplies tail, posterior anal segmentation.
carotid
Coelic coelic supplies to wall and tissue of coelom
Ant. and post mesenteric

ventri Caudal messeteries to digestive system

Internal
carotid
renal to kidney.
aur
Gonadal Renal Iliac part pump: ventral, upbranches to systemics that go forward as carotids,
Subclavian
Aortic Ventral Systemic
Dorsal join to dorsal aortic that join to coelic, subclavian, gonadal, etc.
arches aorta arch
aorta

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auricle to receive and pool from veins, ventricle to send out

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 Fishes

Venous
circulation
companions to carotids are jugulars.
Sinus Posterior Subclavian Iliac
venosus Vena cava
Internal Lateral abdomenal
jugular
companions that bring back from pelvic region are Iliads.
Iliac
External Mesonephros
jugular subclavi holds name, caudal too.

Anterior
Caudal
vena Pool in sinus venousus, then back through heart.
cava
Paired abdominals coming back.
Subclavian
Hepatic Hepatic portal Renal portal
NEW, HEPATIC system: connect gut/digestive system to sinus venousis
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connect kidney!
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another one to kidney (nitrogenous waste). Tail muscles create HEPATIC CAPILLARIES AT BOTH ENDS! One set at kidneys, one at liver.
most waste, portal system in tail, blood from tail to kidney to clean, kidney to liver. Food can be toxic, so blood from digestive immediate to body,
then to vessels on way to sinus ven. issue! So end blood from digestive into liver to be cleaned

highly adapted scales, not truly embedded in jaw.

Feeding
can't chew, bite and tear.

Tooth

New tooth forming

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invertebrates inherit this.

Vertebrate digestive system
 Pharynx Pharynx takes in, force back into digestive.
– Salivary glands esophagus just conveys food to stomach
 Esophagous
 Stomach Stomach 1st site of digestion: acidic (protozoans have acidic food vacuoles)
 Small intestine cycle to alkaline. Moving btwn enzymes sets to get complete compliment.
– Pancreas
 Liver intestine switch to alkali, need new enzyme (PANCREAS= ALKALI ENZYMES)
– Gall Bladder potential for toxic elements: HEPATIC PORTAL!
 Large intestine all blood flow from MESSENTERIES (digestive) shunted to liver,clean and store
 Rectum return from haptic vein to sinus venosous and rest of system

GALL BLADDER IN MIDDLE OF THIS: salt, dead RBC's, emulsifying agents

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in large intenstine, scavenge remaining nutrients, compact undigested residue, recover what needed. Pass to rectum and out.

Put in play early in vertebrate systems/

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 Fishes
OILS aid bouyoncy. HUGE LIVER to produce the oils.
large liver means less room for lengthened digestive system. Ridges ins tomache, SPIRAL VALVE, spiral of tissue in small intenstine that
slows food.

very oily.
Digestive system
spiral valve winds through, increases surface area and slows down digestion.
Stomach
Liver

Spiral valve
Liver
SHOWS UP AGAIN IN VERTEBRATES: FROG RESPIRATORY SYSTEM!!!!!!!
BIO2135 Animal Form and Function CAREFUL!!!!!!
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SMALL LITTLE PORES open into channel under dermis.

Lateral line SYSTEM
Little sensory knobs, with sensory hairs. As swimming, if a predator
comes at them movement of swimming creates a BOW wave, compression
Neuromast Lateral line
in the water. Openings sense the pressure.
Detect movement in aquatic environment around them.

in conjunction with crappy eye.

Lateral nerve sharks have series around snout, can pick up electrical fields! Water conducts
Sensory hairs
electricity, so nerves, synapses, etc. leaches low electrical signal.

Sensory cell Nose most sensitive structure: vibration of water, eletrical signals
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dorsohallow nerve cord "shared" trait:

Vertebrate urogenital system pouches filling to form coelom

(But first, a little embryology)
top ridge of enterocoelic poucnhing is endoderm. On contact with ectoderm,
signal sent that causes ecto to differentiate and rise from 2 sides.
Notochord
Neural crest nervous ectodermal in origin.

keep rising, meets in middle with hallow core and epidermal layer on top.
Tissue underneath becomes nerve cord.
piece of original endoderm becomes notocord.
Endoderm

Ectoderm

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 Fishes

Vertebrate urogenital system

(But first, a little embryology)

get little pouches like glomerulus, associated with pouches

Nerve cord

Myomere get blood vessel in close association with coelomic space.

everything repeating down length
Notochord

Kidney

Dorsal aorta Mesentery

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Vertebrate urogenital system

(But first, a little embryology)

Ectoderm
Somite (myomere)
Nerve cord
Archinephric duct
Notochord

Dorsal aorta

Nephron

Endoderm

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normally, metanephridia cleans up coelomic fluid.

metanephridium for every segment,

Evolution of the nephros
Archinephric duct glomerulus in wall, blood vessel under pressure, blood vessel that comes
Glomerulus to wall of cavity, under extreme pressure a thin wall, filtrate leaking into
Nephrostome coelomic space (like hemichordates) ultrafiltrate!

right next door, metaniphridia filtering coelomic fluid!

Dorsal aorta
Nephrostome
Coelom
Coelomic funnel
instead of dumping into coelom and waiting for cleaning, presure point
with the filtrate gets surrounded by metanephridia.

Get blood filtrate falling right into filter of metanephridia eventually.

Wrap up in membrane: NEPHROS = BASIC FILTERING/EXCRETORY
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based on universal metanephridia (coelomic fluid) combined with glomerulus
squeezing blood.

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 Fishes

Nephron

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Vertebrate urogenital system for every segement, muscle block, glomerulus, neprostome.
(But first, a little embryology)
Get a duct collecting all the way down.

Somite In most primitive, and embryology: ARCHINEPHRIC DUCT

Nephrostomes
Archinephric duct

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little funnels collecting from nephrons down length of organism end up

Urogenital system Male Female (in most primitive formation) every entry point into system through kidney and
filtration. (Archi)

Later, instead they specialize. Pronephros, only end do that

Meso, middle ones to that

ours: metanephrid: whole block nephrids mulitplied in 1 area.

metanephric funnels that in original design dedicated to only filtering blood

become available for gametes!

Surrender some of funnels to be used for gamete exit.

Archinephros Pronephros Mesonephros Females still release eggs into funnels of original metanephros of ancestor,
BIO2135 Animal Form and Function
fallopian tube!
33 Males develope seperate dedicated duct system eventually.
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develop exclusivity.

still filtering coelomic fluid, but now have a way to squeeze filtrate from pressurized blood system, right into filter

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 Fishes

embedded calcium salt materials

Osteichthyes (Bony fish)

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improve mobility of pectoral and pelvic fins.

Osteichthyes skeleton
move foreward, articulate with musculature dedicated to this.
Dorsal fins
Agile! Doesn't need full undulations, can do delicate, agile stuff.

Caudal fin

Pectoral fin Anal fin

Pelvic fin

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 Fishes

Fish integument

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turbulance to stop lamilar flow

ctenoid most common. Ganoid more primitive.

Fish scales

Cycloid

Ganoid

Ctenoid
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instead of blocks of muscles, THEY OVERLAP EACH OTHER.

Trunk musculature (cephalocordates too)

pattern different myomers along length.

nice smooth contraction

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 can sit and hover, how aerate?

Fishes

took operculum, outer surface of bone. As it pulls away from fish it

Opercular gills draws water away from the gills. Mouth open.

Gill arch
Gill filaments
Mouth

Operculum

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with mouth closed, buccal cavity can force out.

Opercular gill
constantly pumping water into mouth, and pumping out the sides

can hide and breathe

aeration of gills independant of movement

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artieries and veins pass down and up gill. As water goes over surface
Gill arch

Artery
Vein

Gill filaments

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 Fishes

blood flows in opposite direction within the gill. Water 1 way, blood the
Counter current exchange other.

COUNTERCURRENT exchange, flowing in opposite directions.

Water flow

Blood flow

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saturation on gill surface, concentration gradient evens out

Concurrent Blood Water
exchange
20% 100% far less efficient, left behind usable oxygen, blood not staurated
 Fluids flow in the
same direction 30% 90% at best you get the average
 equilibrium 35% 85%
between the two 40% 80%
fluids occurs
45% 75%
50% 70%
55% 75%
60% 60%

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Counter Current Blood Water

Exchange 20%
 Fluids flow in the
opposite directions 30% 30%
 Equilibrium between 40% 40%
the two fluids never 50% 50%
occurs 60% 60%
70% 70%
80% 80%
90% 90%
100%
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cephalopods: closed circ big mod. Capillaries in gills. In squid, flow of blood CONCURRENT, but mantle cavity so good and system so efficient
they can be sloppy about it.

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 Fishes
6->5(shark)->4 gill arches

unique element: autapomorphy: gut diverticula that's a part of the circulatory syste
Circulatory system

Dorsal aorta Anterior vein

Gills

Ventral aorta Posterior vein swim bladder!

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hooked into circulatory system. Can move oxygen in or out (not air?)
Swim bladder
as lower in water column, pressure above compresses amount of air in bladder

to be neutrally boyount, need to change volumes of air.

if nitrogen, we'd call it the bends.

to get air to stay in bladder, need more pressure.

Able to force oxygen in, remove, depending on depth it's swimming at.

Unlike shark's oils, can use swim bladder and gas,

gas exchange system that allows to compensate for swimming depth.

CAPACITY for gas exchange on internal system becomes lung
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KEY FEATURE
Inner ear

Brain Semicircular
canals
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 Fishes

strong fins
Transition to land

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Transition to land become amphibians

(lobe fins)

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