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Final Exam Solutions, MATH 2341, Fall 2017

1. The document contains solutions to problems from a final exam for a mathematics course. It includes solutions to problems involving calculus concepts like derivatives, integrals, differential equations, and Laplace transforms. 2. Key steps are shown for finding the amount of a pollutant in a mixing tank over time using a differential equation approach, as well as solutions to other problems involving homogeneous and particular solutions to differential equations, Laplace transforms, and an initial value problem. 3. The solutions demonstrate various techniques for solving mathematics problems involving concepts taught in the course, including setting up and solving differential equations, using integrals and integrating factors, applying Laplace transforms and their shifting properties, and determining transient and steady state solutions.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
323 views10 pages

Final Exam Solutions, MATH 2341, Fall 2017

1. The document contains solutions to problems from a final exam for a mathematics course. It includes solutions to problems involving calculus concepts like derivatives, integrals, differential equations, and Laplace transforms. 2. Key steps are shown for finding the amount of a pollutant in a mixing tank over time using a differential equation approach, as well as solutions to other problems involving homogeneous and particular solutions to differential equations, Laplace transforms, and an initial value problem. 3. The solutions demonstrate various techniques for solving mathematics problems involving concepts taught in the course, including setting up and solving differential equations, using integrals and integrating factors, applying Laplace transforms and their shifting properties, and determining transient and steady state solutions.

Uploaded by

Jack
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Department of Mathematics, Northeastern University

Final Exam Solutions, MATH 2341, Fall 2017


#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 Total

10 pts 10 pts 10 pts 10 pts 15 pts 10 pts 15 pts 10 pts 10 pts 100 pts

1. A 200 liter tank is initially half full of water containing 2 grams of a chemical pollutant. A solution containing
.01 grams per liter of the pollutant flows in at 3 liters/minute and the well-mixed solution is drawn off at 2
liters per minute. How many grams of the pollutant are in the tank when it is full?

Solution:
ri = 3 liters/minute, ci = .01 grams/liter, ro = 2 liters/minute
Let V (t) be the volume of liquid in the tank at time t:

dV
= 1, V (0) = 100 ⇒ V (t) = t + 100
dt
Let x(t) be the amount of pollutant in the tank at time t:

dx x
= (.01)(3) − 2, x(0) = 2.
dt t + 100
Want to solve the linear equation with initial condition:
dx 2
+ x = .03, x(0) = 2.
dt t + 100
Use an integrating factor:
Z
p(t) = 2(t + 100)−1 ⇒ p(t) dt = 2 ln(t + 100) = ln(t + 100)2

2
⇒ I(t) = eln(t+100) = (t + 100)2
Multiply the equation by I(t) to obtain:

d 
(t + 100)2 x = .03 (t + 100)2

dx
Integrate to obtain
C
(t + 100)2 x = .01 (t + 100)3 + C ⇒ x(t) = .01 (t + 100) +
t + 100)2

Use the initial condition to find C:


C
x(0) = 1 + =2 ⇒ C = 104
(100)2

The tank is full when t = 100, and

104
x(100) = .01(200) + = 2.25.
(200)2

So the answer is 2.25 grams of pollutant.

1
2. Find the general solution of y 00 + y 0 − 2 y = 3 x ex .

Solution:
We first solve the homogeneous equation:

y 00 + y 0 − 2 y = 0 ⇒ r2 + r − 2 = (r + 2)(r − 1) ⇒ r = 1, −2

⇒ yh (x) = c1 ex + c2 e−2x
Now we seek a particular solution. Since ex solves the homogeneous equation, our trial solution becomes:

yp (x) = x (A x + B) ex = (Ax2 + Bx) ex

We compute
yp0 = (2Ax + B) ex + (Ax2 + Bx) ex = (Ax2 + (2A + B)x + B)ex
yp00 = (x2 + (4A + B) x + 2A + 2B) ex
We plug into the equation and obtain:

(2A + 3B) ex + 6 A xex = 3x ex .

From this we find:


1 1
A= and B = − .
2 3
Consequently  
1 2 1
yp (x) = x − x ex .
2 3
The general solution is
1 2 x 1 x
y(x) = x e − x e + c1 ex + c2 e−2x
2 3

2
3. Find the Laplace transform of the following function:

0
 0≤t<4
g(t) = et 4≤t≤5

0 5 ≤ t.

Solution using 2nd Shifting Thm:


First we write
g(t) = u4 (t) et (1 − u5 (t)) = u4 (t) et − u5 (t) et ,
then we apply the Laplace transform

L[g(t)] = L[u4 (t) et − u5 (t) et ] = L[u4 (t) et ] − L[u5 (t) et ].

For L[ua (t) et ] we can use either 1st Shifting

e−as e−a(s−1) ea(1−s)


L[ua (t)] = ⇒ L[ua (t) et ] = =
s s−1 s−1
or 2nd Shifting
1 ea(1−s)
L[ua (t) et ] = ea L[u(t − a) e(t−a) ] = ea e−as = .
s−1 s−1
Either way we get
e4(1−s) e5(1−s)
L[g(t)] = L[u4 (t) et ] − L[u5 (t) et ] = −
s−1 s−1

Solution using the Definition of L :


Using the definition, Z ∞ Z 5 Z 5
−st −st t
L[g(t)] = e g(t) dt = e e dt = e(1−s)t dt
0 4 4
Computing the integral,
t=5
1 (1−s)t

= e
(1 − s)
t=4
e5(1−s) e4(1−s) e4(1−s) e5(1−s)
= − = − (either is OK)
(1 − s) (1 − s) (s − 1) (s − 1)

3
4. Solve the initial value problem

y 00 + 2y 0 + 10y = −δ(t − 4π), y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 1.

Solution: Note that

L[y 0 ] = sY (s) − 0 = sY (s), L[y 00 ] = s2 Y (s) − 1, L[δ(t − 4π)] = e−4π

So we take the Laplace transform of the equation to obtain:

s2 Y − 1 + 2 s Y + 10 Y = − e−4πs

(s2 + 2s + 10) Y = 1 − e−4πs


1 e−4πs
Y (s) = − 2
s2
+ 2s + 10 s + 2s + 10
1 1
= 2
− e−4πs
(s + 1) + 9 (s + 1)2 + 9
1 3 1 3
= − e−4πs
3 (s + 1)2 + 9 3 (s + 1)2 + 9

Now apply the inverse Laplace transform, using both Shifting Theorems:
1 −t 1
y(t) = e sin 3t − u(t − 4π) e−(t−4π) sin 3(t − 4π)
3 3
Using the periodicity of sin, we can (optionally) simplify:
1 −t 1
y(t) = e sin 3t − u(t − 4π) e−(t−4π) sin 3t
3 3

4
5. A spring with spring constant 4 N/m is attached to a 1kg mass and a dashpot with damping constant 4 Ns/m.
A periodic force equal to 2 cos(t) N is applied to this system. Assume that the system starts with x(0) = 1 and
x0 (0) = 2,
(a) Find the transient and steady periodic solutions of this system.

Solution: We want to solve

x00 + 4x0 + 4x = 2 cos t, x(0) = 1, x0 (0) = 2

Find the general solution of the homogeneous equation:

x00 + 4x0 + 4x = 0 ⇒ r2 + 4r + 4 = (r + 2)2 ⇒ r = −2 (double)

xc (t) = c1 e−2t + c2 t e−2t


Find a particular solution
xp (t) = A cos t + B sin t
(3A + 4B) cos t + (−4A + 3B) sin t = 2 cos t
6 8
A= and B =
25 25
So the general solution of the differential equation is
6 8
x(t) = cos t + sin t + c1 e−2t + c2 t e−2t
25 25
Use the inital conditions to compute
19 4
c1 = and c2 =
25 25
So
6 8 19 −2t 4
xsp (t) = cos t + sin t and xtr (t) = e + t e−2t
25 25 25 25

(b) Write the steady periodic solution in amplitude phase form.

Solution: We want to write


6 8
cos t + sin t = A cos(t − φ)
25 25
We want to find A and φ satisfying
6 8
A cos φ = A sin φ =
25 25
We find p
(6)2 + (8)2 10 8
A= = and tan φ = with φ ∈ 1st Quadrant
25 25 6
So
φ = tan−1 (1.333) = 0.927
Finally we obtain
10
xsp (t) = cos(t − 0.927)
25

5
6. (a) (3pts) Suppose A is an m × n matrix, then the nullspace N (A) is a subset of Rn . Show that N (A) is a
subspace of Rn .
Solution:
Closure under vector addition: For any two vectors x, y ∈ N (A) we have A x = 0 and A y = 0 so

A(x + y) = Ax + Ay = 0 ⇒ x + y ∈ N (A)

Closure under scalar multiplication: For any x ∈ N (A) and scalar r we have A x = 0 so

A(rx) = rA x = r 0 = 0 ⇒ r x ∈ N (A)

(b) (7 pts) Let  


1 −1 −2 1 0
A = −2 2 4 −1 0
0 0 1 3 −1
Find a basis for N (A) and state its dimension.
Solution:    
1 −1 −2 1 0 1 −1 −2 1 0
A = −2 2 4 −1 0  → 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 3 −1 0 0 1 3 −1
   
1 −1 −2 1 0 1 −1 0 0 −2
→ 0 0 1 3 −1 → 0 0 1 0 −1
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
Free variables x2 = s, x5 = t, x1 = s + 2t, x3 = t, x4 = 0. So
   
1 2
1 0
   
x=s 0 + t 1
  
0 0
0 1

We see a basis of N (A) is


v1 = (1, 1, 0, 0, 0) v2 = (2, 0, 1, 0, 1)
and the dimension is 2.

6
 
1 0 −1
7. Consider the matrix A = 3 1 −1.
0 2 k

(a) Find all values of k for which A is invertible.


Solution: Calculate the determinant using the first row:

1 −1 3 1
det(A) =
− =k−4
2 k 0 2

6 4.
So A is invertible for all k =
 
1 0 −1
(b) Let k = 5, i.e. A = 3 1 −1. Use the Gauss-Jordan method to find A−1 .
0 2 5
Solution:
     
1 0 −1 1 0 0 1 0 −1 1 0 0 1 0 −1 1 0 0
 3 1 −1 0 1 0 → 0 1 2 −3 1 0 → 0 1 2 −3 1 0 
0 2 5 0 0 1 0 2 5 0 0 1 0 0 1 6 −2 1
   
1 0 0 7 −2 1 7 −2 1
→ 0 1 0 −15 5 −2  ⇒ A−1 = −15 5 −2
0 0 1 6 −2 1 6 −2 1

(c) Write down the system of linear equations that corresponds to the augmented coefficient matrix
 
1 0 −1 2
 3 1 −1 0 
0 2 5 −4

Solution:
x1 − x3 = 2
3x1 + x2 − x3 = 0
2x2 + 5x3 = −4

(d) Solve the system of linear equations in (c) using A−1 found in (b).
Solution:     
7 −2 1 2 10
x = −15 5 −2  0  = −22
6 −2 1 −4 8

7
 
−1 4 3
8. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix  0 2 3 and state the algebraic and geometric multi-
0 2 1
plicities of each eigenvalue.

Solution:
−1 − λ 4 3
= −(λ + 1) 2 − λ 3

det(A − λI) = 0 2−λ 3 2 1−λ
0 2 1−λ
= −(λ + 1)(λ2 − 3λ − 4) = −(λ + 1)2 (λ − 4)
So eigenvalues are λ1 = −1 (double) and λ2 = 4.

For λ1 = −1:    
0 4 3 0 1 0
0 3 3 → 0 0 1 ⇒ v1 = (1, 0, 0) ⇒ ma = 2, mg = 1.
0 2 2 0 0 0

For λ2 = 4:    
−5 4 3 1 0 −9/5
0 −2 3  → 0 1 −3/2 ⇒ x3 = t, x2 = 3t/2, x1 = 9t/5
0 2 −3 0 0 0
Take t = 10 to get
v2 = (18, 15, 10) ⇒ ma = 1 = mg .

8
 
−5 −5
9. Consider the homogeneous differential system X 0 = X.
5 −5
 
i
(a) Show that λ = −5 + 5i is an eigenvalue of the coefficient matrix A with corresponding eigenvector .
1

Solution (Derived):

−5 − λ −5 −10 ± −100
det(A − λI) = = λ2 + 10 λ + 50 = 0 ⇒ λ= = −5 ± 5i
5 −5 − λ 2

λ1 = −5 + 5i :    
−5i −5 1 −i
→ ⇒ v1 = (i, 1)
5 −5i 0 0

Solution (Checked):

−5i −5
det(A − (−5 + 5i)) = = −25 + 25 = 0
5 −5i
    
−5i −5 i 0
=
5 −5i 1 0

(b) Find the real-valued general solution of the differential system.

Solution: A complex solution is given by


     
i i − sin 5t + i cos 5t
W (t) = eiλt v = e(−5+5i)t = e−5t (cos 5t + i sin 5t) = e−5t
1 1 cos 5t + i sin 5t

So two real-valued solutions are given by the real and imaginary parts of W (t):
   
− sin 5t cos 5t
X1 (t) = e−5t , X2 (t) = e−5t .
cos 5t sin 5t

So the real-valued general solution is


   
−5t − sin 5t −5t cos 5t
X(t) = c1 e + c2 e .
cos 5t sin 5t

9
Table of Laplace Transforms
(You may detach this sheet if you wish.)
Here a and b are real numbers, and the transforms will exist for sufficiently large s.

Function → Transform
R ∞ −st
f (t) → F (s) = 0 e f (t) dt
f 0 (t) → sF (s) − f (0)
00
f (t) → s F (s) − sf (0) − f 0 (0)
2

Rt
0
f (τ ) dτ → F (s)/s
eat f (t) → F (s − a)
u(t − a)f (t − a) → e−as F (s)
Rt
0
f (τ )g(t − τ )dτ → F (s)G(s)
0
tf (t) → −F (s)
R∞
f (t)/t → s
F (σ)dσ
1 → 1/s
tn → n!/sn+1
ta → Γ(a + 1)/sa+1
eat → 1/(s − a)
n at
t e → n!/(s − a)n+1
cos bt → s/(s2 + b2 )
sin bt → b/(s2 + b2 )
cosh bt → s/(s2 − b2 )
sinh bt → b/(s2 − b2 )
eat cos bt → (s − a)/((s − a)2 + b2 )
eat sin bt → b/((s − a)2 + b2 )
u(t − a) → e−as /s
δ(t − a) → e−as

10

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