Final Exam Solutions, MATH 2341, Fall 2017
Final Exam Solutions, MATH 2341, Fall 2017
10 pts 10 pts 10 pts 10 pts 15 pts 10 pts 15 pts 10 pts 10 pts 100 pts
1. A 200 liter tank is initially half full of water containing 2 grams of a chemical pollutant. A solution containing
.01 grams per liter of the pollutant flows in at 3 liters/minute and the well-mixed solution is drawn off at 2
liters per minute. How many grams of the pollutant are in the tank when it is full?
Solution:
ri = 3 liters/minute, ci = .01 grams/liter, ro = 2 liters/minute
Let V (t) be the volume of liquid in the tank at time t:
dV
= 1, V (0) = 100 ⇒ V (t) = t + 100
dt
Let x(t) be the amount of pollutant in the tank at time t:
dx x
= (.01)(3) − 2, x(0) = 2.
dt t + 100
Want to solve the linear equation with initial condition:
dx 2
+ x = .03, x(0) = 2.
dt t + 100
Use an integrating factor:
Z
p(t) = 2(t + 100)−1 ⇒ p(t) dt = 2 ln(t + 100) = ln(t + 100)2
2
⇒ I(t) = eln(t+100) = (t + 100)2
Multiply the equation by I(t) to obtain:
d
(t + 100)2 x = .03 (t + 100)2
dx
Integrate to obtain
C
(t + 100)2 x = .01 (t + 100)3 + C ⇒ x(t) = .01 (t + 100) +
t + 100)2
104
x(100) = .01(200) + = 2.25.
(200)2
1
2. Find the general solution of y 00 + y 0 − 2 y = 3 x ex .
Solution:
We first solve the homogeneous equation:
y 00 + y 0 − 2 y = 0 ⇒ r2 + r − 2 = (r + 2)(r − 1) ⇒ r = 1, −2
⇒ yh (x) = c1 ex + c2 e−2x
Now we seek a particular solution. Since ex solves the homogeneous equation, our trial solution becomes:
We compute
yp0 = (2Ax + B) ex + (Ax2 + Bx) ex = (Ax2 + (2A + B)x + B)ex
yp00 = (x2 + (4A + B) x + 2A + 2B) ex
We plug into the equation and obtain:
2
3. Find the Laplace transform of the following function:
0
0≤t<4
g(t) = et 4≤t≤5
0 5 ≤ t.
3
4. Solve the initial value problem
s2 Y − 1 + 2 s Y + 10 Y = − e−4πs
Now apply the inverse Laplace transform, using both Shifting Theorems:
1 −t 1
y(t) = e sin 3t − u(t − 4π) e−(t−4π) sin 3(t − 4π)
3 3
Using the periodicity of sin, we can (optionally) simplify:
1 −t 1
y(t) = e sin 3t − u(t − 4π) e−(t−4π) sin 3t
3 3
4
5. A spring with spring constant 4 N/m is attached to a 1kg mass and a dashpot with damping constant 4 Ns/m.
A periodic force equal to 2 cos(t) N is applied to this system. Assume that the system starts with x(0) = 1 and
x0 (0) = 2,
(a) Find the transient and steady periodic solutions of this system.
5
6. (a) (3pts) Suppose A is an m × n matrix, then the nullspace N (A) is a subset of Rn . Show that N (A) is a
subspace of Rn .
Solution:
Closure under vector addition: For any two vectors x, y ∈ N (A) we have A x = 0 and A y = 0 so
A(x + y) = Ax + Ay = 0 ⇒ x + y ∈ N (A)
Closure under scalar multiplication: For any x ∈ N (A) and scalar r we have A x = 0 so
A(rx) = rA x = r 0 = 0 ⇒ r x ∈ N (A)
6
1 0 −1
7. Consider the matrix A = 3 1 −1.
0 2 k
6 4.
So A is invertible for all k =
1 0 −1
(b) Let k = 5, i.e. A = 3 1 −1. Use the Gauss-Jordan method to find A−1 .
0 2 5
Solution:
1 0 −1 1 0 0 1 0 −1 1 0 0 1 0 −1 1 0 0
3 1 −1 0 1 0 → 0 1 2 −3 1 0 → 0 1 2 −3 1 0
0 2 5 0 0 1 0 2 5 0 0 1 0 0 1 6 −2 1
1 0 0 7 −2 1 7 −2 1
→ 0 1 0 −15 5 −2 ⇒ A−1 = −15 5 −2
0 0 1 6 −2 1 6 −2 1
(c) Write down the system of linear equations that corresponds to the augmented coefficient matrix
1 0 −1 2
3 1 −1 0
0 2 5 −4
Solution:
x1 − x3 = 2
3x1 + x2 − x3 = 0
2x2 + 5x3 = −4
(d) Solve the system of linear equations in (c) using A−1 found in (b).
Solution:
7 −2 1 2 10
x = −15 5 −2 0 = −22
6 −2 1 −4 8
7
−1 4 3
8. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix 0 2 3 and state the algebraic and geometric multi-
0 2 1
plicities of each eigenvalue.
Solution:
−1 − λ 4 3
= −(λ + 1) 2 − λ 3
det(A − λI) = 0 2−λ 3 2 1−λ
0 2 1−λ
= −(λ + 1)(λ2 − 3λ − 4) = −(λ + 1)2 (λ − 4)
So eigenvalues are λ1 = −1 (double) and λ2 = 4.
For λ1 = −1:
0 4 3 0 1 0
0 3 3 → 0 0 1 ⇒ v1 = (1, 0, 0) ⇒ ma = 2, mg = 1.
0 2 2 0 0 0
For λ2 = 4:
−5 4 3 1 0 −9/5
0 −2 3 → 0 1 −3/2 ⇒ x3 = t, x2 = 3t/2, x1 = 9t/5
0 2 −3 0 0 0
Take t = 10 to get
v2 = (18, 15, 10) ⇒ ma = 1 = mg .
8
−5 −5
9. Consider the homogeneous differential system X 0 = X.
5 −5
i
(a) Show that λ = −5 + 5i is an eigenvalue of the coefficient matrix A with corresponding eigenvector .
1
Solution (Derived):
√
−5 − λ −5 −10 ± −100
det(A − λI) = = λ2 + 10 λ + 50 = 0 ⇒ λ= = −5 ± 5i
5 −5 − λ 2
λ1 = −5 + 5i :
−5i −5 1 −i
→ ⇒ v1 = (i, 1)
5 −5i 0 0
Solution (Checked):
−5i −5
det(A − (−5 + 5i)) = = −25 + 25 = 0
5 −5i
−5i −5 i 0
=
5 −5i 1 0
So two real-valued solutions are given by the real and imaginary parts of W (t):
− sin 5t cos 5t
X1 (t) = e−5t , X2 (t) = e−5t .
cos 5t sin 5t
9
Table of Laplace Transforms
(You may detach this sheet if you wish.)
Here a and b are real numbers, and the transforms will exist for sufficiently large s.
Function → Transform
R ∞ −st
f (t) → F (s) = 0 e f (t) dt
f 0 (t) → sF (s) − f (0)
00
f (t) → s F (s) − sf (0) − f 0 (0)
2
Rt
0
f (τ ) dτ → F (s)/s
eat f (t) → F (s − a)
u(t − a)f (t − a) → e−as F (s)
Rt
0
f (τ )g(t − τ )dτ → F (s)G(s)
0
tf (t) → −F (s)
R∞
f (t)/t → s
F (σ)dσ
1 → 1/s
tn → n!/sn+1
ta → Γ(a + 1)/sa+1
eat → 1/(s − a)
n at
t e → n!/(s − a)n+1
cos bt → s/(s2 + b2 )
sin bt → b/(s2 + b2 )
cosh bt → s/(s2 − b2 )
sinh bt → b/(s2 − b2 )
eat cos bt → (s − a)/((s − a)2 + b2 )
eat sin bt → b/((s − a)2 + b2 )
u(t − a) → e−as /s
δ(t − a) → e−as
10