Bamboo As A Building Material

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Bamboo has a long and well-established tradition as a building material through out
the world’s tropical and sub-tropical regions. It is widely used for many forms of
construction, in particular for housing in rural areas. Bamboo is a renewable and versatile
resource, characterized by high strength and low weight, and is easily worked using simple
tools. It is widely recognized as one of the most important non-timber forest resources due to
the high socio-economic benefits from bamboo based products. It is estimated that there are
1200 species growing in about 14.5 million hectares area. Most of them grow in Asia, Africa
and Latin America.

Bamboo is the world’s fastest growing woody plant. It grows approximately 7.5 to
40cm a day, with world record being 1.2m in 24 hours in Japan. Bamboo grows three times
faster than most other species. Commercially important species of bamboo usually mature in
four or five years time, after which multiple harvests are possible every second year, for upto
120 years in some species and indefinitely in others. Bamboo also excels in biomass
production, giving 40 tons or more per hectare annually in managed stands. It accounts for
around one-quarter of biomass produced in tropical regions and one-fifth in subtropical
regions.

It has been used successfully to rehabilitate soil ravage by brick making in India, and
abandoned tin-mine sites in Malaysia. It shelters top soil from the onslaught of tropical
downpours, preserves many exposed areas, providing micro-climate for forest regeneration
and watershed protection It is often introduced into the banks or streams or in other
vulnerable areas, for rapid control of soil erosion; one bamboo plants closely matted roots can
bind upto six cubic meters of soil.

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GENERAL USES
a) Soil stabilization, wind break, urban waste water treatment and reduction of nitrates
contamination
b) Creating a fire line in traditional forests-due to the high content of silica.
c) Removing atmospheric carbon- bamboo can capture 17 metric tons of carbon per hectare
per year, i.e., effectively than any other species.
d) The shoots are edible.
e) Building and construction.
f) Small scale and cottage industries, for handicrafts and other products.
g) New generation products as wood substitutes
h) Industrial products
i) Transportation industry- truck bodies, railway carriages etc.
j) Boards and furniture
k) Medicine
l) Paper and pulp industry
m) Long time source of biomass for industry
n) Fuel source- capable of generating 1000-6000 cal/g- for households and small industries is
an age-old, continuing practice.

Chapter 2

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PROPERTIES

2.1 TENSILE STRENGTH:

Bamboo is able to resist more tension than compression. The fibres of bamboo run
axial. In the outer zone are highly elastic vascular bundle, that have a high tensile strenght.
The tensile strenght of these fibres is higher than that of steel, but it’s not possible to
construct connections that can transfer this tensile strength. Slimmer tubes are superior in this
aspect too. Inside the silicated outer skin, axial parallel elastical fibers with a tensile strength
upto 400 N/mm2 can be found. As a comparison, extremely strong wood fibers can resist a
tension upto 50 N /mm2 .

2.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH:

Compared to the bigger tubes, slimmer ones have got, in relation to their cross-
section, a higher compressive strength value. The slimmer tubes possess better material
properties due to the fact that bigger tubes have got a minor part of the outer skin, which is
very resistant in tension. The portion of lignin inside the culms affects compressive strength,
whereas the high portion of cellulose influences the buckling and the tensile strength as it
represents the building substance of the bamboo fibers.

2.3 ELASTIC MODULUS:

The accumulation of highly strong fibers in the outer parts of the tube wall also work
positive in connection with the elastic modulus like it does for the tension, shear and bending
strength. Thehigher the elastic modulus, the higher is the quality of the bamboo. Enormous
elasticity makes it a very useful building material in areas with very high risks of
earthquakes.

2.4 ANISOTROPIC:

Bamboo is an anisotropic material. Properties in the longitudinal direction are

completely different from those in the transversal direction. There are cellulose fibers in the
longitudinal direction, which is strong and stiff and in the transverse direction there is lignin,
which is soft and brittle.

2.5 SHRINKAGE:

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Bamboo shrinks more than wood when it loses water. The canes can tear apart at the
nodes. Bamboo shrinks in a cross section of 10-16 % and a wall thickness of 15-17 %.
Therefore it is necessary to take necessary measures to prevent water loss when used as a
building material.

2.6 FIRE RESISTANCE:

The fire resistance is very good because of the high content of silicate acid. Filled up with
water, it can stand a temperature of 400° C while the water cooks inside.

Fig 1 Fire resistance of bamboo cane when filled with water

Chapter 3

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THE WORKING OF BAMBOO

3.1 METHODS:

1)Splitting

The cane is split in halves and quarters and then driven apart by a wedge. It can also
be split with a knife frame into four or eight segments as shown in (Fig 2(a) and 2(b)). By
means of splitting you get halved canes, strips and battens. To get planks, all the nodes are
smashed and the wall of the pole is split over its entire length and forced open until the wall
of the pole lies flat. Up to the age of 18 months, the canes can be peeled. The strips can be
used as ties or be woven to make strings and ropes.

Fig 2(a) Splitting of a bamboo cane.

Fig 2(b) Splitting bamboo with a knife frame

2)Shaping

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Bamboo available in nature is usually circular in cross section. But if bamboo is made
to grow in a box of square shape it attains the shape of that box, so that it can be better used
for making connections.

Fig 3 Bamboo being forced to grow in a box

3) Bending

Freshly cut, bamboo can be bent by heating and will keep this shape after drying.
When heated above 150° C, bamboo starts changing its shape and remains as such after it
goes cold.

Fig 4 Bamboo being subjected to bending.

Chapter 4

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PRESERVATION OF BAMBOO

Bamboo is subject to attack by microorganisms and insects in almost any construction

applications. The decay and biodegradation of bamboo culms during outdoor storage can be
checked to a great extend by adopting a good storage yard practices. Culms should be stacked
horizontally over raised wall to facilitate water drainage and air circulation. For reed
bamboos, vertical stacking results in a small gain in pulp yield over horizontal stacking
because the former suffers less fungal damage. The service life of bamboo is therefore,
mainly determined by the rate of attack. A variety of methods to improve the durability of
bamboo have however, been developed. Basically, there are two methods for increasing the
durability of bamboo.

4.1 NON CHEMICAL METHODS OR TRADITIONAL METHOD

Non-chemical methods are otherwise known as traditional methods of preservation

are widely used by villagers and is usually done on bamboos used for structural purposes.
However, the treatment cost is almost nothing and thus can be carried out at village level
without special equipment. This method includes curing, smoking, whitewashing and
soaking.

a) Smoking

Traditionally, bamboo culms are placed above fireplaces inside the house so that the
smoke and heat rises up and both dries and blackens the culms. It is possible that the process
produces some toxic agents that provide a degree o protection. Alternatively, the heat
generated by the fire could possibly destroy or reduce the starch content of the parenchyma
cells by pyrolysis. This is considered an effective treatment against insects and fungi.

b) White washing

Bamboo culms and bamboo mats for housing construction are often painted with
slaked lime. This is carried out mainly to enhance the appearance, but there is also an
expectation that the process will prolong the life of the bamboo structure by preventing
moisture entering the culms. It is possible that the water or moisture absorption is delayed or
in some cases prevented which will provide a higher resistance to fungal attack.In Indonesia,
bamboo mats are tarred and later www.studymafia.org sprinkled with a layer of sand. When
this is dry, upto 4 coats of whitewash are applied. Plastering is also a common practice using
cow dung mixed with either lime or mortar.

c) Curing

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Bamboo culms are treated during or immediately after extraction and before stacking
in the storage yard. Curing involves harvested culms, with branches and leaves intact, in open
air. The leaves continue to transpire causing the starch content of the culms to fail.

d) Soaking

The culms are submerged in either stagnant or running water, or mud for several
weeks. This is one of the best methods to preserve bamboo against the attack of
microorganisms and insects.

4.2 CHEMICAL METHODS

Methods that use preservative chemicals are generally more effective than non-chemical
methods in the protection of bamboo under storage, but they are not always economical or
feasible. The penetration of liquids into the culms takes place through the vessels in the actual
direction from end to end. The vessels account for only 5-10% the bamboo cross-section.
Thus even when the vessels are filled to saturated point, the bamboo can still be vulnerable to
fungal insect attack if the preservative does not diffuse sufficiently into the main tissue of the
culms. The chemical treatment techniques are as follows:

a) Butt treatment

The butt ends of the freshly cut culms with the branches and leaves intact are placed
in a drum containing the preservative. The continued transpiration of the leaves draws the
chemical solution into the vessels of the culms. This process is very slow and often the
vessels do not take up enough of the liquid to preserve by diffusion, the surrounding fibers
and parenchyma cells. The preservative in the barrel must be replenished regularly in order
to maintain the desired level. When the treatment has been completed, care should be taken
in the disposal of the contaminated foliage. Butt treatment is usually adopted to bamboo
posts.

b) Open tank method for cold soaking

This method is economical simple and provides good effective protection for bamboo.
Culms, which have been prepared to size, are submerged in a solution of water-soluble
preservative for a period of several days. The solution enters the culms through the ends and
sides by means of diffusion.

c) Boucherie method

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This method requires the culms to be in green condition. Best results are obtained
when the bamboo is used during or shortly after the rainy season. The water transporting part
of the culm can be penetrated completely and the treatment itself is applied by an
inexpensive installation. Preservative is fed by gravity from a container placed at a higher
level than the culms through pipes into the base ends. The treatment is terminated when the
solution at the dripping end shows a sufficiently high concentration of chemicals. Allowing
the bamboo to dry slowly in the shade for a period of at least two weeks after treatment
ensures that the solution diffuses into all of the tissues surrounding the vessels.

d) Pressure treatment

Pressure treatment, using either creosote or water borne preservatives offers the best
method of preservation for bamboo culms. The applied pressure ranges from around 0.5-
1.5N/mm2 and as such requires special plants and equipment. Costs are high, but a service
life upto 15 years can be expected from adequately treated bamboo when used in the open
and in contact with the ground.

e) Hot and cold bath process

The bamboo is submerged in a tank of preservative, which is then heated, either

directly over a fire or indirectly by means of steel coils in the tank. The bath temperature is
raised to 90o C and maintained as such for 30 minutes and then allowed to cool. The bamboo
should be allowed to dry slowly to provide further diffusion of the preservative to take place.

f) Glue line treatment

This is specific to bamboo mat board and involves adding preservatives to the glue
during manufacture. Additives that have been shown to provide effective preservation
treatment without impairing the bond strength of the mat include 1% chlordane or 1%
sodium octaborate tetra hydrate with a 1:2 diluted pH solution containing 17% solid content.

Chapter 5

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BAMBOO HOUSING

The majority of bamboo construction relates to the rural community needs in

developing countries. As such domestic housing predominates and in accordance with their
rural origins, these buildings are often simple in design and construction relying on a living
tradition of local skills and methods. Other common types of construction include farm and
school building s and bridges. Further applications of bamboo relevant to construction
include its use as scaffolding, water piping and as shuttering and reinforcement for concrete.
In addition, the potential number of construction applications has been increased by the
recent development of a variety of bamboo-based panels.

5.1 DOMESTIC HOUSING AND SMALL BUILDINGS

There is a long-standing tradition of bamboo construction, dating back to many

hundreds of years. Different cultures have found in this material an economical system of
building, offering sound yet light and easily replaceable forms of shelter. The methods,
activities and tools are often simple, straightforward, accessible even to the young and
unskilled. Despite human exploitation and unfavorable treatment, trees maintain its
contributively role towards the dwelling of mankind. Man has for centuries enjoyed the
benefits of the free gift of nature.
Housing is one of the priority items and sensing the current shortage of the dwelling
units, the present administrative leaders around the world find tough to hit upon a solution
for. The search for an efficient economical and replicable housing solution based on the
contextual needs is the need of the hour. Apart from the other substances already in practice,
bamboo appears to be the most promising material. Bamboo building construction is
characterized by a structural frame approach similar to that applied in traditional timber
frame design and construction. In this case, the floor, the wall, the roof elements are all
interconnected and often one dependent on the other for overall stability.
Bamboo culms are used in building. The thicker culms or strands made up of several
culms are employed for load bearing materials such as girder, purlin, post or rafter. Bamboo
based materials are widely used too. In its natural condition as solid culms, halved culms or
as www.studymafia.org longitudinally split strips, bamboo has been used in almost all parts
of house construction except for the fireplace and the chimneys.
These are described in detail below:

5.1.1 Foundation

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The use of bamboo for foundation is rather restricted. This is mainly due to the fact
that like timber when in contact with damp ground, they deteriorate and decay very quickly
unless treated with some very effective preservatives. However, in spite of their short life
considerable use of bamboos is made as foundation or supporting posts in case of houses
built on raised platforms. The types of bamboo foundations identified are:

(a) Bamboo in direct ground contact: Bamboo is placed either on the surface or buried. For
strength and stability, large diameter and thick walled sections of bamboo with closely spaced
nodes should be used. Where these are not available, smaller sections can be tied together. It
can decay within six months to two years, and hence preservative treatment is recommended.

(b) Bamboo on rock or preformed concrete footings: Where bamboo is being used for
bearings, it should be placed out of ground contact on footings of either rock or preformed
concrete. The largest and stiffest sections of bamboo should be used.

(c) Bamboo incorporated in to concrete footings: The poles are directly fit into concrete
footing. It can take the forms of single posts or strip footings.

(d) Composite bamboo/concrete columns: A concrete extension is given to a bamboo post

using a plastic tube of the same diameter. The result is a bamboo post with an integral durable
foundation.

(e) Bamboo piles: It is used to stabilize soft soils and reduce building settlement. The treated
split bamboo piles were filled with coconut coir strands wrapped with jute. The sections were
then tied with wire. After installation of the piles the area was covered with a sandy material.

5.1.2Flooring

The floors may be at ground level, and therefore consists only of compacted earth,
with or without a covering of bamboo matting. The preferred solution is to raise the floor
above the ground creating a stilt type of construction. This improves comfort and hygiene and
can provide www.studymafia.org a covered storage area below the floor. The surface of earth
floor is sometimes made more stable by paving it with crude bamboo boards made by
opening and flattening whole culms. The various types used are:

(a) Small bamboo culms: they are directly tied and nailed together.

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(b) Split bamboo: culms are split along their length into strips, several centimeters wide.

(c) Flattened bamboo: formed by splitting green bamboo culms removing the diaphragms,
then rolling and flattening them. The resulting board is laid across the joists and fixed by
nailing or tying. They are screeded with cement mortar for reasons of hygiene and comfort as
they are uneven and difficult to clean.

(d) Bamboo mats: thin strips varying in size from 5-6mm or 10-15mm and thickness of 0.6-
1.2mm. These slivers are then woven into mats of different sizes according to the available
hotpress plates and user’s demands. After drying the mats to 6-10% moisture content,
sufficient glue is applied to ensure enough bonding between the overlapped areas. In
construction using bamboo mats, phenolic resins are employed.

(e) Bamboo plastic composites: it is an innovative technology in which bamboo fiber is the
raw material and compounded with plastic as the core material of the flooring. This has
higher water resistance and dimensional stability properties than those of normal floorings.
The ratio of plastic should be over 30% for higher water resistance and dimensional
stability. Polypropylene is recommended, and if recycled plastic is used it is ideal to reduce
the cost of production. The density of substrate should be higher than 1gm/cm3 to ensure best
mechanical properties. It prevents the floor from swelling and cracking, which is the
disadvantage of other timber based flooring materials.

5.1.3 Walls

The most extensive use of bamboo in construction is for the walls and partitions. The
major elements, the posts and beams, generally constitute part or structural framework. They
are to carry the self-weight of building and loads imposed by the occupants and the weather.
An infill between framing members is required to complete the wall. The purpose of the infill
is to protect against rain, wind and animals, to offer privacy and to provide in plane bracing
to ensure the overall stability of the overall structure when subjected to horizontal forces.

5.1.4 Roofing

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The roof offers protection against extremes of weather including rain, sun and wind,
and to provide shelter, clear and usable space beneath the canopy. Above all it must be strong
enough to resist the considerable forces generated by wind and roof coverings. In this respect,
bamboo is ideal as a roofing material- it is strong, resilient and light weighted. The bamboo
structure of a roof can comprise of purlins, rafters and trusses.
(a) The simplest form consists of a bamboo purlin and beams, supported on perimeter posts.
Halved culms are then laid convex side down, edge-to-edge, spanning from the ridge to the
eaves. A second layer, convex side up, is then laid to cover the joints.
(b) Corrugated sheets made out of bamboo are also used commonly as roof covering. The
bamboo mats are dipped in resin, dried and heat pressed under pressure in a specially made
platen, to give strong, reliable sheets of bamboo, which is lightweight. It has good insulation
properties too.
(c) A layer of bitumen is sandwiched between two mats of bamboo forming a semi rigid
panel. The mats can be fixed to rafters at 200-250mm center to center. A bituminous or
rubberized weatherproof coating is then applied to the finished roof.
(d) Plastered bamboo: A cement plaster, with or without the addition of organic fibres, is
traditionally applied to bamboo roofs, to get stronger roof coverings. Various forms of trusses
are also adopted using bamboo culms of diameter ranging from 40mm-100mm. The king post
trusses are the most common and the simplest

Fig 5(a) Double layers of bamboo shingles Fig 5(b) Lancet shingles.

5.1.5 Scaffolding

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Because of the favourable relationship between load-bearing capacity and weight, bamboo
can be used for the construction of save scaffoldings even for very tall buildings. Even at
their connections the canes are not treated in any way. Only lashed joints are used. The cane
extension is carried out by lashing the cane ends together with several ties. The ties are
arranged in such a way that a force acting vertically downwards wedges the nodes in the
lashing. With larger cane diameters the friction can be increased by tightening the rope
between the canes. The vertical and horizontal canes used for scaffolding are almost
exclusively joined using soft lashing. This technique has the great advantage that the joints
can be re-tensioned to the right degree without difficulty and also quickly released again.

Fig 6 Bamboo canes used for scaffoldings

Chapter 6

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ADVANTAGES OF BAMBOO

The various advantages of bamboo are mentioned below.

1) Light, strong and versatile.

2) Light, strong, versatile.

3) Environment friendly.

4) Accessible to the poor.

5) Self renewing resource

6) Fast growing.

7) Highly productive

DISADVANTAGES OF BAMBOO

The major disadvantages of bamboo are as follows:

1) Requires preservation

2) Shaped by nature

3) Durability- bamboo is subjected to attack by fungi, insects; for this reason, untreated

bamboo structures are viewed as temporary with an expected life of not more than 5 years.

4) Jointing- although many jointing techniques exist, their structural efficiency is low.

5) Lack of design guidance and codes.

6) Prone to catch fire very fast by the friction among the culms during wind, and is seen to

cause forest fires.

Chapter 7

CONCLUSION

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Since time immemorial, bamboo has played an important role in the development of
mankind. It is used for a wide range of day-to-day purposes, both as a woody material and as
food. It has been the backbone of much of the world’s rural life and will remain so as the
population increases. Bamboo will continue to play an important part in the development of
enterprises and the transformation of rural environments, in all regions of the developing
world where it grows.
On account of the enforcement of our natural forest protection project, wood is
becoming increasingly scarce. The realization that bamboo is the most potentially important
nontimber resource and fast-growing woody biomass, has evoked keen interest in the
processing, preservation, utilization and the promotion of bamboo as an alternative to wood.
The properties as top grade building material and increased availability of bamboo in our
country makes it possible to use, bamboo in the field of construction extensively. Its high
valued utilization not only promotes the economic development, but also saves forest
resources to protect our ecological environment as a wood substitute.
As an economic building material, bamboo’s rate of productivity and cycle of annual
harvest outstrips any other naturally growing resource, if today you plant three or four
structural bamboo plants, then in four or five years later you will have mature clumps, and in
eight years you will have enough mature material to build a comfortable, low cost house.

REFERENCE :

1.Bisht, P., Pant, M., & Kant, A. (2010). In vitro propagation of

GigantochloaatroviolaceaeWidjaja through nodal explants. J Am Sci, 6: 1019-1026.

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2. INBAR, 2006. Database on bamboo and rattan trade: Accessed February 2019, available at

http://www.inbar.int/trade/main.asp. Beijing, China, INBAR.

3. Kassahun, T. (2015). Review of bamboo value chain in Ethiopia. International Journal of

African Society Culture and Traditions Vol, 2: 52-67.

4. Lalhruaitluanga, H., and Prasad, M. V. N. (2009). Traditional Uses, Economic Importance

and Ecological Services of MeloccanabacciferaRoxb. in Mizoram, In

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