Page 2

CONTENTS

Working out quantities ............................................................ 2

Working with Fibreglass .......................................................... 3
Catalyst Mixing Ratios ............................................................ 4
Conversion Chart .................................................................... 4
Polyurethane Liquid Foam ...................................................... 5
Topcoating ............................................................................... 7
Pattern & Mouldmaking hints .................................................. 8
Pond Lining ............................................................................. 9
Roofing .................................................................................... 13
Repairs to boats ...................................................................... 17
Casting ..................................................................................... 21

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WORKING OUT QUANTITIES

RESIN TO FIBFEGLASS RATIOS
For an effective laminate, it is essential that the fibreglass material is thoroughly ‘wetted-out’ with Lay-up Resin
(Resin A). The amount of resin needed to do this varies from one fibreglass material to another. The following
table shows the amount of Resin A needed per square meter of material.

MATERIAL SPREAD RATES

(Note: CSM = Chopped Strand Mat)

RESIN Priming Plywood Resin = 500g per m2.

Laminating, for each layer 300g CSM Resin = 650g per m2.
Laminating, for each layer 450g CSM Resin = 1.1kg per m2.
Laminating, for each layer 600g CSM Resin = 1.5kg per m2.
For multiple layers of CSM Resin = 2.5 x CSM weight.
Laminating with Fabrics Resin = 1 x Fabric weight.
Casting, unfilled. For each litre Resin = 1.16kg per litre

GELCOAT Gelcoating on mould surface 550g per m2.

Topcoating after laminating 650g per m2.

PIGMENT PASTES Add 10% by weight to Gelcoat 100g per kg

CATALYST Add 2% by weight to Resin or Gelcoat. 20g per kg

WAX SOLUTION Add 2% by weight to Gelcoat ,

to make “Topcoat” 20g per kg

STYRENE Add 2% by weight for thinning resin. 20g per kg resin.

2 PART PU FOAM Expands 25 times its original volume. 1kg per cu ft.

PVA RELEASE AGENT On non porous surface 200g per m2.

G4 SEALER Sealing porous surfaces 250g per m2.

CARBORUNDUM GRIT Spread onto wet gelcoat 1.6kg per m2.

Estimating quantities is very simple using this information and a few calculations.
The important information you require is the surface area you wish to cover, expressed as “m2” and the total
weight of Chopped Strand Mat (CSM) used, expressed as “grams per m2”.

CALCULATING QUANTITIES
Example; Area to be covered is 1m2.
Thickness of CSM required is 3 layers of 600g
Therefore, the total weight of CSM = 1.8kg (3 x 600g).
Resin required for this laminate would be 4.5kg (1.8kg CSM x 2.5)
Please note that the information given is as a guide only. Allowances should be made for overlaps and errors
during laminating.

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 Page 4

WORKING WITH FIBREGLASS

WORKING AREA of these mixes is also determined by temperature.
Whether laminating or casting you should work in an The higher the temperature the faster the cure. As
ambient temperature around 20ºC, as this ensures a general guide 2% addition at 20ºC gives 15-20
that the resin will cure correctly. Resin will not cure mins pot life. The resin will always cure quicker if left
adequately below 15ºC, and at temperatures above in a mass such as the mixing bucket or in castings.
300 C, they will cure too quickly! You must not use
oil heaters or electric fires (see below), so maintain APPLYING THE LAMINATE
the temperature with convector heaters, ‘Dimplex’ Until you have experience do not mix up too much
radiators, or similar. You will need trestles to support resin at a time certainly no more than 2kgs, enough
the mould at a comfortable working height for small for between 1 and 1.5 m2 of fibreglass.
jobs, of course, you can use a normal workbench or For large flat areas it is quicker and easier to apply
trestle table. For protection cover with polythene, the resin using a medium pile roller. Roll on a coat
polyester film or brown wrapping paper. of catalized resin to the surface and then lay on
the first section of fibreglass, apply more resin to
PREPARING RESIN FOR CASTING OR “wet out” (saturate) the fibreglass. As the binder
LAMINATING holding the fibreglass dissolves it will become
All resins, whether for casting or laminating, require translucent. Then apply the next layer which should
the addition of catalyst (hardener) to initiate the be cut slightly smaller to create a built in staggered
curing process. Use a safety dispenser to add overlap and again apply more resin. Once the
20ml of catalyst per kilo of resin. Stir thoroughly. fibreglass has been ‘wetted out’ it is necessary to
The hardening process begins immediately, so only consolidate the two layers of fibreglass and this is
catalize a working quantity or your mixing containers done using a metal roller. The roller can either be
will soon be full of solidified resin. of the aluminium ridged variety, “paddle roller” or a
If pigments are being used these should be stirred metal “washer roller” but used vigorously it not only
into the resin before adding the catalyst. Add up to forces the two layers of fibreglass together but it
10% of pigment, depending on the depth of colour removes any trapped air, this appears in a laminate
required. To maintain consistent colour on a large as a white blister, and care must be taken to ensure
project, it is often a good idea to pigment all the that this is done.
resin and then decant working quantities to be Having completed this section move on to the next
catalysed as required. and with the overlap built in full widths.
Once catalized the resin gradually cures, taking Unless the corners are radiused do not attempt
on a jelly-like consistency in about 10-20 minutes to take the fibreglass around the corner since it
before becoming hard in about 30-40 minutes at is difficult to “persuade” fibreglass to lay into right
room temperature (about 20ºC). The curing process angled bends, start again with a built in overlap.
generates heat (known as ‘exotherm’) within the Since there will be a butt joint at the corner it is
resin. Too much catalyst or large volumes of resin then recommended that a strip of fibreglass some
increase this heat, so a thick laminate or a large 200mm is cut with the edges frayed out and then
casting should preferably be built up in stages. applied as a tape would into the corner. You will find
that this is easier since the fibreglass can be bent
MIXING CATALYST into shape. Once the fibreglass has been “wetted
Thorough mixing of catalyst into resins and gelcoat out” it is easier to work into corners and around
is very important. Also the correct additions should more complicated and compound shapes.
be observed to maintain good results. Dispensers For this purpose a brush is used with a stippling
are advised for accuracy. The table below gives action and if required the fibreglass can be pre-
the correct ratios of catalyst to resin and gelcoat by wetted out on a flat board before being stippled into
weight. 1% is considered a slow mix, 2% is ideal, position.
3% is a fast mix. Additions outside these bands in
not advisable for proper curing, in fact adding more
than 4% may result in a failure to cure. The pot life

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CATALYST MIXING RATIO

1cc = 1mg = 1cc

RESIN WEIGHT
Addition of Catalyst (ml) 50g 100g 250g 500g 1kg 5kg
1% 0.5 1 2.5 5 10 50

2% 1 2 5 10 20 100
3% 2 3 7.5 15 20 150

CONVERSIONS
Metric Units Imperial Units

Length Millimetre (mm) 1in = 25.4mm 1mm = 0.0394 in.

Centimetre (1cm = 10mm) 1in = 2.54cm 1cm = 0.3937 in
1 ft = 30.48cm
Metre (1M = 100cm) yd = 0.9144m 1m = 1.0936 yds
Kilometre (1Km = 100M) 1 mile = 1 609 km 1km = 0.6214 mile
Weight Gram (g) 1oz = 28.35g 1g = 0.0353 oz
Kilogram (1 Kg = 1000g) 1 lb = 0.4536kg 1kg = 2.2046 lbs
Tonne (1T = 1000kg) 1 ton = 1.016 tonne 1 Tonne = 0.984 ton
Volume Cubic centimetre (cm3) 1 cu.in = 16.387 cm31 fl.oz 1cm3 = 0.061 cu.in
Millilitre 1(ml = 1 cm3) = 28.41ml 1ml = 0.0352 fl.oz
Litre (1L = 1000ml) 1 pint = 568ml 1L = 1.76pints
Area Square Foot (sq.ft) 1 sq.yd = 0.929m2 1M2 = 1.1960 sq.yds
Square Metre (M2)

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 Page 6

POLYURETHANE LIQUID FOAM

A two-part liquid yielding a high strength, rigid, Apart from the permanent buoyancy the foam
closed-cell foam for cavity filling and buoyancy provides it also has good thermal insulation
applications. The foam may be used to fill cavities properties as well as reducing noise levels.
from 50mm to 300mm wide.
Polyurethane foams are resistant to benzine, diesel
The liquid is extremely simple to use. Immediately oils, acids and alkalis in normal concentrations.
after mixing, it is poured into the cavity to be filled,
then left to foam and cure. Deep cavities should be PRODUCING THE FOAM
filled with layers of foam about 25mm deep, as the Use two plastic cups to measure out an equal
exotherm (internal heat) generated during the curing volume of each part, then pour both components
process increases with greater volumes. into a mixing container. Stir thoroughly but quickly-
the mixture will begin to thicken in 25-35 seconds,
The foam imparts considerable stiffness with only and must be poured into the cavity to be filled up to
a minimal increase in weight and is very useful approximately 25 times its original volume, reaching
for filling masts and booms for extra rigidity. its maximum rise in about 150 seconds. It should be
Polyurethane foam is extremely buoyant - one left to set. It will reach a sticky condition in about 4
kilo of mix will produce enough foam to support minutes and will be completely cured in about half
about 27 kg in water. To produce enough buoyancy an hour .
chambers on most small craft, the foam mix is
poured into previously prepared box sections - i.e., The uncured mix is highly adhesive and should bond
under the seats. to most materials. Whilst the mixture is foaming take
On canoes, the mix is simply poured into the bow care not to inhale the fumes.
and stern sections, then covered with “bulkheads”
of fibreglass. Insufficient foam may be generated due to incorrect
proportions of components, inadequate mixing,
The foam can also be used (with a suitable release too low working temperature (optimum working
agent) to produce lightweight moulded items. Wood, temperatures is 20ºC) do not use below 10ºC or
fibreglass or metal moulds can be used and are using a restricted mould.
produced in the same way as those for fibreglass
laminating. However, due to the pressure generated Polyurethane foam can be used for structural
by the foam, the mould needs to be considerably stiffening in masts and booms- with minimal
stronger than is normally the case, and with a split increase in weight; accoustic and thermal insulation,
mould, the separate parts must be securely bolted rapid prototype shapes in fibreglass and lightweight
together. A typical use for this technique is in the foamed shapes produced in wood, fibreglass or
construction of sailboard hulls although it should metal moulds.
only be employed in conjunction with a suitable
laminated shell designed to provide the necessary Each liquid kilo of polyurethane yields approximately
strength. 0.08m2 (1 cu.ft.) of rigid foam and will support 27 kg
in water.
The foam mix, being designed to produce maximum
buoyancy, is of comparatively low density and lacks
any great inherent strength.

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Page 7

STORAGE AND HANDLING FOAM BLANKS

The two components will remain stable for at Polyurethane foam blanks are available ready-
least six months, if stored in sealed cans in dry formed for use as surfboards or sailboard hulls. The
conditions. Storage temperatures should not exceed blanks are shaped to individual requirements by the
20ºC. user, sanded down and sheathed in a fibreglass
Contamination of the materials by moisture must be skin. They are constructed from white foam which,
avoided. The part 2 compound is an isocyanate - whilst retaining a reasonable degree of buoyancy,
care must be taken to avoid contact with the skin or gives greater strength and rigidity.
eyes. You should also avoid breathing the fumes.
Always work in a well ventilated room or in the open CALCULATIONS
air. PU foam is supplied in several pack sizes and
If the foam mix is in contact with the skin or eyes, it is necessary to calculate the volume of the
flush IMMEDIATELY, with copious amount of water. foam required so as the correct pack size can be
If irritations persists, consult a doctor. Medical aid selected. This can be done by multiplying length by
should also be obtained if excessive inhalation width by height in metres and dividing by .0283. This
occurs or if any material is swallowed. gives the total amount of foam required in kg.
Always exercise care when opening cans, as Example:
pressure can build up in the container. A bouyancy tank measuring, length 0.5m x width
0.5m x height 0.5m = 0.13m3.
SPILLAGE AND DISPOSAL Divide this figure by .0283 = 4.59
Spillage should be soaked up in rags or cotton Total liquid foam required is 4.59kg (1 x 5kg pack)
waste, and the area sprinkled with sand or sawdust. .0283m3 (1 cu.ft) of hollow buoyancy tank provides
This should be left for at least ten minutes, then 28kg of positive buoyancy in fresh water and about
swept up and the area washed. 30kg in sea water.
The waste should be soaked in water before Polyurethane foam gives about 27kg per m3 of
disposal. When dealing with large spillage, buoyancy.
protective clothing and respirators should be worn The calculations on buoyancy are complex since
because of the danger of fumes. many materials have a buoyancy factor that has to
be deducted from the total theoretical requirement.
FIRE As a very rough guide including crew, motor and
Always use dry powder extinguishers. equipment the following can be used:-
2.4m’ dinghy requires 70kg approx. 0.08m3
3.6m runabout requires 198kg approx. 0.23m3
4.2m sailing dinghy requires 88kg approx. 0.10m3
6m sailing cruiser requires 830kg approx. 0.93m3

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 Page 8

TOPCOATING
Topcoat, also known as flowcoat is the term used CATALYST Hardener
for gelcoat which has had wax solution added to Catalyst is added and stirred to activate the topcoat.
allow it to be used as a topcoat. Add catalyst at the rate of 2%-3% but never less
All polyester gelcoats suffer from inhibited cure than 1.5%. Mix enough topcoat for no more than
when in contact with the oxygen in the atmosphere. 2m2 to avoid wasting material. Application can
Topcoats contain a low percentage of wax, which is be made by brush or short hair roller resistant to
not really soluble in the gelcoat and floats to the polyester resins. Apply briskly. Once applied the
surface. This blocks out the air and ensures a full topcoat will start to skin fairly quickly so avoid
surface cure. fiddling after application. Level the surface as you
Gelcoat is normally applied to a mould surface go.
which is not exposed. Wax Solution is added to
the gelcoat at 2% by weight to prevent surface COVERAGE
tackiness. The gelcoat has now become topcoat Approx. 600g per m2 of topcoat is required.
and should never be used for anything other than
topcoating as resin & gelcoat will not adhere to it. CURING
Topcoat is not a high finish paint but it does make When activated with catalyst at 2% in temperatures
a very waterproof hard wearing surface. When of 20ºC pot life is approx. 20 mins. Higher temper-
dry some brush marks may be evident. When atures and higher catalyst additions will reduce pot
fully cured it can be sanded with wet & dry paper life.
followed by polishing with cutting compound.
WORKING IN HOT CONDITIONS
PREPARATION OF SURFACE Unfortunately at very high temperatures, especially
Existing GRP mouldings must be abraded with under direct sunlight, the wax becomes more
at least 100 grit sand paper so that the topcoat soluble and does not rise to the surface leading to
will adhere. A new fibreglass laminate does not an inhibited and poorly cured surface area.
need any preparation. Old fibreglass laminates
This under-cured area can remain tacky to the
will benefit from a quick sanding. Painted surfaces
touch and is also prone to soften and swell when
usually react badly with topcoat so it is advisable
exposed to water leading to a white bloom.
to remove all paint by sanding. Only paint strippers
designed for use on fibreglass should be used. All
surfaces should be clean & dust free. Finally wipe If possible use a temperature sensor to measure
with acetone solvent and allow to dry. the surface temperature of the laminate before
applying the topcoat. It is not recommended to
MIXING apply topcoat on surfaces above 35ºC.
Correct mixing is important to achieve the best
results. Wax Solution should be stirred into the Apply the topcoat out of direct sunlight or wait until
gelcoat at the rate of 2% by weight. Because of the the laminate and working conditions have cooled.
slippery properties of wax solution extra care should To gain a good bond to the laminate the topcoat
be taken to ensure thorough mixing. Alternatively should be applied within 24 hours. If this is not
you can buy premixed topcoat from CFS. possible the surface should be abraded with 100
grit sand paper then wiped with acetone before
COLOUR PIGMENT application.
Pigment can be added to the topcoat at the
maximum rate of 10% by weight and again Always use low activity catalyst in hot conditions.
thoroughly stirred. It is preferable to add pigment Stir topcoat well before use to ensure good mixing
to the total batch of topcoat required for the job of topcoat and styrene.
in hand to avoid possible shade differences.
Alternatively you can buy coloured premixed
topcoat from CFS in a wide range of colours.

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Page 9

PATTERN & MOULDMAKING HINTS

Professional Mould 6. Apply the skin layer of chopped strand mat taking
1. Produce stable pattern from timber, fibreglass, particular care to remove all air bubbles. Air bubbles
or any material that will produce a stable shape at this stage will cause the mould surface to blister.
observing release angles to allow a rigid mould to Allow to dry hard, lightly sand any rough areas then
come off the pattern easily. apply more layers to the desired thickness (Approx.
twice the thickness of the finished product to be
2 Brush or Spray ‘Polyester Spray Filler’ (Available made). 2 layers at a time can be laminated together
from auto paint suppliers as a 2 pack system). This wet.
highbuild product is quick drying & easy to rub down
which makes it ideal for resurfacing the pattern to 7. Extra reinforcement can be added to mould
achieve a smooth even surface ready for gloss coat edges along with timber or foam ribs to help avoid
if rubbed down to 1000 grit wet & dry paper. distortion during use of the mould. Allow to cure
preferably for 1 week in average temperatures.
3. Gloss coat for high finish should be done
with any good quality 2 pack paint system such 8. Release mould & allow 2-3hrs for vapours to
as polyurethane “International 709”. Follow the escape, wash surface with warm soapy water, rinse
manufacturers instructions and always allow the & dry thoroughly. Apply PVA release agent by spray
paint to fully cure before proceeding. Cellulose or sponge for the first few pulls to “break the mould
paint is best avoided. If specs of dust or other in”, The surface finish with PVA is not as good as
imperfections are present the surface can be with waxes but does guarantee successful release
carefully rubbed with 1000 wet & dry or finer then on new moulds. A release agent wax system can
buffed with a fine grade buffing compound taking then be used following manufacturer’s instructions
care not to rub through the gloss layers of paint. A to produce high gloss finish mouldings.
foam polishing head attached to low speed machine
will speed up this process. All compound residue 9. Temperatures in the work area should be kept as
should be polished off. Wash surface with warm even as is possible. Do not work in very hot, cold
soapy water, rinse & dry thoroughly. or damp conditions. Inexperienced moulders should
not try to rush the work or cut corners. Catalyst
4. Apply release agent wax system following levels should be kept at 2% by weight throughout.
manufacturers instructions after all paint has fully Follow manufacturer’s instructions of all materials.
cured (3 - 7 days). The same materials as used for making repairs
to cars and other vehicles are used for making
5. Making the Mould. This should be done in stages repairs to boats. CFS resins and the fibreglass are
building up the layers slowly to avoid heat build up approved by Lloyds.
and distortion. The first coat to be applied is gelcoat
which can be pigmented. A minimum amount should
be added as pigment degrades the gelcoat slightly.
Better still is to keep the gelcoat clear. Standard
isophthalic brushing gelcoats are suitable for
general moulding & mouldmaking. Catalyst should
be added at the rate of 2% by weight and stirred
thoroughly. Apply an even coat by brush and allow
to dry. Touch the gelcoat in the lowest part of the
surface, it should be dry but slightly tacky.

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 Page 10

FIBREGLASS POND LINING

FIBREGLASS FOR FISH PONDS is a general purpose - pre-accelerated resin with a
It is provocative to say the fibreglass and polyester slight thixotropy to enable it to “hold up” on vertical
resin is as easy to apply as wall paper. Given the surfaces and the other a highly thixotropic resin
correct materials and the proper preparation and - referred to as a Gelcoat - both of which, as stated
advice - it is no more difficult. Should you have earlier, contain styrene monomer. Most general
the pond professionally built and fibreglass lined purpose resins contain some amine - 0.1% to 0.2%
ensure that the firm carrying out the work has (by weight) which is required for the proper curing
wide experience of pond construction as opposed of the resin.
to general fibreglass work. At the very least they
must be fully aware of the toxic effects of solvents GELCOAT - TOPCOAT
and chemicals on fish and therefore the absolute A high quality Lloyds approved isophthalic &
necessity of proper curing (hardening) of the thixotropic gelcoat resin with excellent weather
laminate and topcoat system. resistance also known as “Resin B”. Gelcoat forms
the smooth outer surface of the finished laminate
FIBREGLASS and therefore is usually applied to the prepared
Fibreglass is an excellent and very suitable mould first but cannot be used to coat a finished
material for use in lining fish ponds. It is resistant to laminate. Wax solution must first be thoroughly
weathering and temperature variations and provides stirred into the gelcoat at 2% by weight (20ml per
a water tight, smooth and easy to clean surface. kilo) to eliminate surface tackiness. This is now a
These instructions are primarily concerned with the topcoat. Activate with catalyst added to the gelcoat
materials that should be used and the application of at 2% by weight, minimum. Working time at 20ºC is
the fibreglass. approximately 20 minutes. Supplied clear or white,
pigment colour pastes can be added.
TYPE OF STRUCTURE
It is important that the structure which is to be PIGMENTS FOR FIBREGLASS
lined with fibreglass is capable of withstanding the The usual colours for ponds, particularly Koi
soil and water pressure in its own right. Whilst the ponds, are either black or British Racing Green
fibreglass will naturally add to the strength and since Koi show up particularly well against dark
rigidity it is not, in this case, being used for this colours. It is possible to pigment Topcoat in a wide
purpose. Normally the pool is constructed from range of colours. This is done by using polyester
brick, lightweight block or concrete block. With the pigments specially made for polyester resins with
exception of brick built ponds it is necessary for a saturated resin that will not harden on its own.
a cement render to be applied and for sufficient No more than 10% of pigment by weight should
time to be allowed for it to dry. Bear in mind that a be added but in practice because dark colours
half inch cement render should be kept damp for 3 have high opacity less than 10% can be added.
days and at least a further 10 days at reasonable British Racing Green does contain some lead,
temperatures and in dry conditions before it will be 4.6%, of which 0.4% is soluble lead. However
possible to apply the G4 primer coat. since this is locked into the topcoat system
it is safe as water will not leach out the lead.
POLYESTER RESIN To further dispel any concerns we know that British
There are many formulations of polyester resin Racing Green has been used as a topcoat colour by
but all contain around 35% styrene monomer several of the leading Koi stockists in the country.
which can, unless the laminate is properly cured
or hardened, have a toxic effect on fish. However HOW TO DO IT
the fact that there are many fibreglass lined There is no need to laminate the whole pond at
ponds, including the ready made ones, means that one time, as some think, it can be done in stages
providing the correct materials and methods are providing each stage is left in the correct state for
followed a fibreglass lining is non-toxic to fish. There the next to be applied.
are two types of polyester resin that are used. One

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Page 11

ORDER YOUR MATERIALS Polyester resins do not cure properly (unless

Your supplier needs to know the surface area specially treated) at low temperatures (below 10ºC)
either in square feet or square metres that are to or high humidities. More of a potential disaster is
be coated. Everything required can be worked out rain falling on the laminate during hardening. This
from that figure. Should you wish to work it out for can spoil a laminate so it is necessary to watch
yourself then it is straight forward - all you have to the weather and if at all suspect make provision for
know is:- protecting the laminate during the early stages of its
The weight of the fibreglass that you will be using, cure.It is not advised that fibreglass work is carried
normally 450g per m2 and that the resin usage is out below 15ºC although the preferred temperature
2.5 times the weight of the fibreglass. would be 18ºC. Conversely too high a temperature
For example a m2 of 450g fibreglass mat will use 25ºC will cause problems with the working times of
approximately 1.13kg of polyester resin. (450g x 2.5 the resin.
= 1.125kgs). It is unlikely that you will use less and
depending on your expertise it might be a little more WORKING TIMES OF RESIN
- allow say 5% for wastage. General purpose resins are mostly pre-accelerated,
For the topcoat a consumption of 500g per m2 can requiring only the addition of the M.E.K.P. (Methyl
be used with a 10% maximum, by weight, addition Ethyl Ketone Peroxide) catalyst or hardener. The
of pigment. Apart from the catalyst and the G4 normal addition is between 1 and 2% by weight.
Primer Sealer, the only additional costs are for tools Therefore for every 1000grams of resin 1% addition
and cleaning materials. A typical list of materials is means adding 10 grams. This can be measured
given at the end. by using a catalyst dispenser. It is not advised that
more than 2kg is mixed up at a time until you have
THE FIBREGLASS LAMINATE experience of the working times. The amount of
In our experience two layers of 300g/m2 fibreglass catalyst can then be adjusted to suit the size of mix/
mat is the minimum. A two layer laminate will working time/ambient temperature, typical catalyst
provide a thickness of around 2mm. Anything less addition and working times are shown below:-
is asking for problems! Under ideal laminating
conditions one layer of fibreglass mat can provide a CATALYST GELTIME GEL TIME
non-porous laminate but under practical conditions at 20ºC at 15ºC
it is highly unlikely it will do so. This is due to the 0.75% by weight 40 mins 60 mins
consideration that the fibreglass is being applied to 1.00% by weight 25 mins 40 mins
rendered surfaces and with few exceptions there 2.00% by weight 15 mins 30 mins
will be exposed aggregate or sharp particles of
cement render projecting above the surface that CURING TIMES - RESIN
can penetrate easily through a single layer causing Consideration should also be given to temperature
a hole and possible leak. The other consideration but it is more difficult to be accurate with times
is that with one layer it is also possible to have “dry as the temperature can vary The higher the
areas” or areas that are not sufficiently saturated temperature the more rapid the cure rate and it
“wetted out” with resin. By using two layers this risk is considered that at 15ºC to 18ºC a reasonable
is reduced since the second layer is consolidated cure time is three weeks. At higher consistent
into the first and the risk of voids is substantially temperatures 18ºC to 24ºC two weeks would be
reduced. Three layers is the optimum but normally sufficient.
two are satisfactory. Once cured the pond must be thoroughly flushed,
preferably with hot water and drained. The pond
WORKING TEMPERATURES/CURING TIMES should then be filled, left several days and then
There are two principal influences on the working drained.
and curing times of polyester resins - the quantity
of catalyst added and the ambient temperature. The
more catalyst added the shorter the working time
and the quicker the cure “hardening”.

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 Page 12

G4 POND SEAL angled corners. Therefore both the internal and

In this instance G4 is being used not only to seal external corners, where possible, should have
the cement render but also to provide a bonding radiuses.
primer for the polyester resin. Its use as a sealer The fibreglass - two or three layers - must be
is to prevent any residual moisture in the cement applied “wet on wet”. This means that while the first
render, from affecting the polyester resin, which layer of fibreglass can be the full width 920mm the
reacts unfavourably to moisture. second should be cut to 750mm inches to allow for
Polyester resins are not adhesives, in the accepted an overlap for the next section when laid. If three
sense, and whilst they do bond to many substrates layers are being applied then of course the third
G4 increases the adhesion due to its chemical layer should be cut to 60cm again to allow for an
similarity. It is important that the catalysed polyester overlap. When cutting fibreglass where there are
resin is applied as soon as the G4 is “finger tacky” to be joints always fray out the edges since when
(like sellotape) and it must be applied within four overlapped the frayed edges will allow an almost
hours. Being a moisture cured material the G4, in undetectable joint to be made. Fibreglass can be
practice, will be finger tacky in some 45 - 60 minutes cut with a trimming knife, scissors or with a little
(depending on humidity) but no longer than 4 hours practice torn which “builds in” the frayed edges. If
should elapse before polyester resin is applied. cut, tease or tear the edge to fray it.
Therefore do not apply G4 over a larger area than
you are likely to laminate within a four hour period. PIPEWORK AND FITTINGS
Should this, for some reason, be impossible simply Fittings for ponds are usually in stainless steel, PVC
apply a coat of catalysed polyester resin to the G4 or UPVC (unplasticized PVC). Normally UPVC is
and this will enable the laminate to be continued at used for groundwork pipes and polyester resin will
a later time. bond to it reasonably well.
With stainless steel adhesion of the polyester
THE METHOD resin presents a problem as does PVC. G4 will
The process was likened to hanging wall paper. The improve the adhesion on both stainless steel and
difference between the two systems is that with wall UPVC. In this case the G4 is applied, allowed to
paper you paste it first then hang it, whereas with become finger tacky and then the resin and mat
fibreglass you “impregnate” it after it has been laid applied. With PVC, G4 does not have much effect in
into position. However as with wallpapering, material improving the adhesion, even if the PVC is roughly
preparation is of paramount importance. keyed.
The fibreglass should be cut to the required lengths As a general rule it is sensible when laminating
and the edges to be overlapped frayed out (see into rebates, for instance drainage sumps, to take
later section). the fibreglass down into the rebate so that there
Initially the resin should be measured out and the is no possibility of water penetrating beneath the
catalyst addition decided and tools should be to laminate. A good edge is provided so that fittings
hand. It sounds simple and it is but by carrying out can be bedded down firmly and if necessary either
these preparations you will find that the laminating sealed into position with a suitable mastic or bolted
work is made easier because you are able to pick down. Provisions must therefore be made for the
up the correct length and shape of fibreglass rather aperture to be oversize to allow for the fibreglass
than cut and tear halfway through the operation. laminate.
With PVC pipework (if primer is not being used)
If you have not worked with fibreglass before carry ensure that firstly it is thoroughly keyed and
out a trial, on an old piece of board, so as to get secondly that a generous “collar” is allowed round
some practical experience. the pipe where it emerges from the wall or bottom
It is suggested that the walls are coated first starting of the pond. Once cured it is recommended that a
at a corner. Therefore cut the fibreglass mat to the mastic sealant, which adheres to PVC, is applied
correct length allowing for say a 150mm to 200mm round the joint between PVC and fibreglass to
overlap at both the top and bottom of the wall. When ensure a watertight seal.
you are designing or building a pond do remember
that it is difficult to laminate into or around right

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Page 13

APPLYING THE LAMINATE THE TOPCOAT

With the G4 at the finger tacky stage, mix a quantity The topcoat can be applied at a later time, but is
of resin with the catalyst, mixing it in thoroughly. best applied as soon as the laminate is hard or can
(see section on catalyst addition) be walked upon.
Until you have experience do not mix up too much The pigment, no more than 10% by weight, should
resin at a time certainly no more than 2kg, enough be well stirred into the topcoat and then the catalyst
for about 1.5m2 of fibreglass. added. It is necessary to add 2% of catalyst by
For large flat areas it is quicker and easier to apply weight and the minimum application temperature
the resin using a medium pile roller. Roll on a coat should be 15ºC although it is preferable to work at
of catalized resin to the G4 and then lay on the first 18ºC. The working time will be limited, a maximum
section of fibreglass, apply more resin to “wet out” of 20 minutes, so do not mix up more Topcoat than
(saturate) the fibreglass. As the binder holding the you can use within this time. Topcoat can only be
fibreglass dissolves it will become translucent. Then applied once because it contains wax (which would
apply the next layer (750mm wide in this case) and act as a release barrier) therefore apply it evenly
again apply more resin. Once the fibreglass has and with the recommended coverage.
been “wetted out’” it is necessary to consolidate
the two layers of fibreglass and this is done using CLEANING
a metal roller. The roller can either be of the Once the catalyst is added to the resin the curing
aluminium ridged variety or a metal washer roller process begins and cannot be halted. Tools will
but used vigorously it not only forces the two layers need to be kept workable between applications -
of fibreglass together but it removes any trapped air, mixing up batches of resin - and this is best done by
this appears in a laminate as a whitish blister, and immersing the tools in a cleaner such as acetone.
care must be taken to ensure that this is done. On completion of the project, clean the tools again
If a third layer is being applied the procedure is the in acetone, then wash them out in strong detergent
same although the width of the fibreglass is only and hot water and allow to dry. Do not work with
600mm to allow for an overlap. Having completed rollers or brushes which have water on them.
this section move on to the next and with the
overlap built in full widths can be used. MATERIALS CHECKLIST
Unless the corners are radiused do not attempt G4 Primer - Sealer
to take the fibreglass around the corner since it Fibreglass 450g m2
is difficult to “persuade” fibreglass to lie into right Polyester Resin
angled bends, start again with a built in overlap. Gelcoat
Since there will be a butt joint at the corner it is Wax Solution
then recommended that a strip of fibreglass some Polyester Pigment
200mm is cut with the edges frayed out and then MEKP Catalyst (Hardener)
applied as a tape would into the corner. You will find Laminating Brushes
that this is easier since the fibreglass can be bent Medium Pile Roller Refills 6”
into shape. Once the fibreglass has been “wetted Short Pile Roller Refills
out” it is easier to “work” into corners and around Roller arm
more complicated and compound shapes. For this Aluminium Roller
purpose a brush is used with a stippling action and Mixing Buckets
if required the fibreglass can be pre-wetted out on a Catalyst Dispenser
flat board before being stippled into position. Acetone
The base of the pond is usually done last. Protective Gloves
Hand Cleaner

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FIBREGLASS ROOFING

This diagram shows

A TYPICAL COLD ROOF
CONSTRUCTION
Simulated Lead Flashing
C100

Topcoat Fillet Trim

D240
(pigmented)

Timber deck fibreglass Laminate

18mm ply or (clear)
Sterling Board

Corner
Moulding
(C1)
Insulation

Raised Edge Trim

(B230)
Timber Joist

A200 Drip Fascia

allows drainage into
gutter

Fibreglass Bandaged Deck

Joint and Trims
(450 g CSM)

INTRODUCTION
A properly laid fibreglass roof will last for at least 30 years with no measurable deterioration.

The roof must be laid onto a dry deck in dry conditions at a temperature not below 10ºC. The resin and topcoat
should be suitable for use in roofing.

This guide relates only to the application of the fibreglass laminate and topcoat. The deck should be of 18 mm
exterior plywood or sterling board and be well fixed to the underlying joists. Typically two men can strip, re-deck,
laminate and topcoat a roof of about 20 square metres in one day. Always try to plan starting the roof when a
settled period of weather is forecast.

The deck may be a new deck, or may be formed over an existing roof. You should ensure that the new deck
is laid to adequate falls in order to allow good drainage, so that there is no standing water on the roof after
completion.
Page 15

MATERIALS
Once the new deck has been formed you will need the following.
Resin: allow 1.5kg/m2 for 450g fibreglass or 2 kg/m2 for 600g fibreglass.
Topcoat: allow 0.5kg/m2.
Fibreglass: Emulsion bound chopped strand mat (CSM). The minimum should be a single layer of 450g or
for a heavier laminate a single layer of 600g mat.
You will also need Acetone, which is the solvent for the resin.
Catalyst or hardener along with a safety dispenser.
Brushes, consolidation rollers and application rollers.
Trims: You will need to form the edge detail with various
preformed edge trims

TYPICAL WARM ROOF

Aggregate non-slip covering (optional)

Topcoat
Fibreglass layer (450 or 600 g)
Fibreglass bandage deck joint (450 g csm)

Upper deck
18mm ply or 18 - 15mm Sterling Floor T-G

APPLICATION 50mm PU Foam panels

Once you have prepared the new Vapour check & reflective layer
following
Sub Deck (12mm Sterling Boards)
sequence.

1: Trimming: Fitting the edge trims.

2: Bandaging: Reinforcing the board joints.
3: Laminating: Applying the fibreglass membrane.
4: Topcoating: Applying the final topcoat.

TRIMMING
The trims are supplied in 3m lengths and should be fitted as shown by nailing the bonding edge to the deck.
The facia, drip and upstand trims should be bonded to an underlying slate batten (as shown) in order to
support the edge.
The A trim can be offset in order to ensure that the drip stands over the gutter. Preformed corners may be
used, or if preferred, mitres can be cut into the trim to form the corner then sealed on site with a patch of
fibreglass.

THE CHOICE OF TRIMS IS AS FOLLOWS:-

A200 - Drip facia, used wherever the roof drains into a gutter.

B230 or B260 - Used along any free standing edge wherever no drainage is required.

C100 - Used in place of lead wall flashing, usually used with fillet trims.

D240, D270 - Fillet trims used wherever a roof meets an abutting wall.

E280 - Expansion joint used only on roofs over 100m2.

F300 - Flat flashing used mainly as a slate flashing where a pitched roof meets a fibreglass flat roof.

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BANDAGING
All the board joints and all the trims must be “bandaged “to the roof to ensure
that no stress cracking can occur at the joints. This is done by applying a 75mm
wide fibreglass bandage to each joint and to all the trim edges. These bandages
must be well consolidated.
The procedure for bandaging is the same, on a smaller scale as that used for
the main laminate. A small amount of resin, usually about 1kg is decanted into a
small bucket and mixed with catalyst. (See catalyst addition chart for a guide to
the correct amount of catalyst). The resin is the applied to the board edges and
to the trim edges with either a 75mm brush or small roller. The pre-cut bandage is
then rolled out over the resin and a further amount of resin is then applied to the
fibreglass bandage, which is allowed to wet out before consolidating with a small
consolidation roller. All the detail work may also be completed at this stage, drain
outfalls, channels, pipes and roof fittings can all be sealed with fibreglass You will
find that a brush is more useful to form complex shapes and to consolidate the
fibreglass than a roller for these details.

LAMINATING
The main laminate may be applied before or after the bandage has cured. The
laminating must be planned depending on the air temperature. Long runs may be
attempted in cooler conditions while short runs must be used in hotter conditions.
Remember that the resin will always cure faster in hotter conditions and an
allowance must be made for this when deciding how much fibreglass to lay in one
mix. (The fibreglass : Resin ratio should be 1:2.5). Before the laminate is applied
the fibreglass must be pre-cut to the desired length., shorter lengths in hotter
conditions. The laminate need not be laid to falls, i.e. it does not matter in which
direction the joints are lapped. Clear all unnecessary items off the roof and mix
sufficient resin and catalyst to complete the first run. Wet out the first area to be
done and roll out the fibreglass. Apply the remainder of the resin to the fibreglass,
allow to wet out for a few minutes, then consolidate the fibreglass with the consoli-
dation roller ensuring that no dry patches of fibreglass remain and that no air is
trapped in the laminate.
Continue with the next run of fibreglass overlapping the first by 5Omm. Do not step
on the wet fibreglass and resin. Continue this until the roof has been completely
covered and the laminate has been well consolidated.

TOPCOATING
The laminated roof must be topcoated as soon as possible - Try not to leave the
laminate overnight. Test the laminate for cure by using slight finger pressure. The
laminate is about half cured when it is impossible to move the fibreglasss within the
resin matrix. At this point it will withstand light foot traffic so that you may stand on
the laminate to complete the topcoating. Mix up sufficient topcoat to complete the
roof with the same amount of catalyst used on the main laminate. Decant a small
amount to finish the edges and all details work with a small paint brush and apply
the rest to the main roof area with a clean 175mm lambswool roller.
Ensure that the topcoat is even and not more than half a mm thick. If the topcoat is
applied too generously, there is a danger that it will crack. The roof is then complete
and will take several days to fully cure. It will not deteriorate and maybe cleaned
occasionally with soap and warm water. DO NOT USE BLEACH or any strong
alkali on the roof. The roof will withstand foot traffic and may have planters or tiles
or other decorative finishes applied to it with no detrimental effects. The edge trims
may be painted if required.

% Catalyst Addition 5ºC 10ºC 20ºC

1 10ml / litre resinn 4hrs 2hrs 30mins
2 20ml / litre resin 3hrs 1hr 20mins
3 30ml / litre resin 2.5hrs 30mins 10mins
4 40ml / litre resin 2hrs 25mins 5mins
*These times may vary according to mix type and catalyst activity used
CATALYST ADDITIONS
1) Never use less than 1% even in summer. Just mix less at a
time.
2) Never use more than 4% - the cure time will not reduce with
more catalyst beyond 4%.
3) Never underestimate the effect of temperature. Resins will
not cure at or below freezing and will always cure much
faster in direct sunlight.
4) Remarks - when topcoating late in the day - add more
catalyst to allow for the lack of sunlight.
5) You can buy catalysts of different strengths, to partially
compensate for winter and summer conditions.
6) Remember any catalized resin left in the bucket will
exotherm. Heat is generated as it cures and
it should be left well away
from other stored materials.

TROUBLESHOOTING
You may encounter some problems when laying
the roof or after its completion. If these instructions
have not been followed.
1) Delamination of the laminate from the boards: Moisture in the deck
when laminating.
2) Flaking and Cracking of the topcoat: topcoating onto a wet laminate
or applying the topcoat too thickly.
3) Resin cures too fast: Conditions are too hot to lay resin or addition of
too much catalyst.
4) Topcoat cures too fast: See No.3.
5) Resin cures too slowly or not at all: No catalyst addition or
temperature too low. The cure will stop and temperature drops to
freezing.
6) Patch or streaky cure of resin or topcoat: Insufficient catalyst and
inadequate mixing.
7) Resin does not cure and appears milky white: Water contamination.
8) Excessive fibre pattern: Too little resin and insufficient consolidation.

Rough Price Guide

Roof Size Total Cost Cost per m2.
10 m2 £96.00 £9.60
15 m2 £144.00 £9.60
25 m2 £225.00 £9.00
40 m2 £285.00 £7.12
80 m2 £520.00 £6.50
100 m2 £630.00 £6.30
Prices do not include delivery, trims, timber & equipment. VAT must
also be added. Trim costs are approx. £3.68 per running metre.
 Page 18

FIBREGLASS REPAIRS TO BOATS

REPAIRING A HOLE IN A FIBREGLASS HULL Topcoat is the term used for gelcoat which has
Cut away the damaged laminate until sound had Wax Solution added to allow it to be used as a
fibreglass is reached and smooth the rough edges topcoat. Wax Solution is added to the gelcoat at 2%
with wet and dry paper. If the damage is severe it by weight to prevent surface tackiness. The gelcoat
may be necessary to penetrate through the hull. has now become topcoat and should never be used
Prepare a generous margin around the damaged for anything other than topcoating as resin & gelcoat
area so that the new fibreglass can be laminated will not adhere to it. Topcoat is not a high finish paint
onto firm material. If it is a large hole or fracture but it does make very waterproof hard wearing
through the hull it may be necessary to fix a plate or surface. It will dry to a matt finish & some brush
former on the outside to form a firm surface against marks may be evident. When fully cured it can be
which to laminate. If necessary bolt the former down sanded, painted then finished with wet & dry paper
so that it is firmly in contact with the surrounding Final polishing can be done with cutting compound.
laminate. Before fixing the former in place treat it
with release agent or cover it with Polyester film. REPAIRING GELCOAT CRACKS
Then brush apply a coat of gelcoat which can be Cracks in the gelcoat should be treated to prevent
pigmented if required. Leave this until it is “touch the ingress of water which through capillary action
dry”and then laminate in the normal manner. Use can cause delamination of the fibreglass. For the
450g/m2 (1.5oz) fibreglass mat and 3 or 4 patches reasons given above it is sensible to use topcoat.
of graduated size should be applied with the Remove all damaged gelcoat and rub the edges of
smallest having an overlap of at least 10mm. It is sound gelcoat plus a 10mm margin, with wet and dry
also possible to add extra reinforcement by using paper (600 grade) then clean with acetone. Pigment
a length of paper rope or a wooden profile. If this sufficient topcoat for the repair and add the catalyst.
is done then it may be necessary to allow the first Carefully brush or knife the topcoat over the area
layers to cure and then bond the reinforcing profile to be repaired leaving the surface smooth. Allow to
onto the laminate using a polyester filler to hold it harden and feather in the edges with fine wet and
in place and then overlay this profile with further dry paper before polishing. Very fine cracks will have
layers of fibreglass. When it is cured any damage to be carefully “chased” out with a small drill bit.
on the outside can be filled and in this case it is
preferable to use Marine fibreglass Filler. This has FIXING BOLTS AND FITTINGS
been specially formulated for filling and repairing Any bolts or fittings that require fixing through the
fibreglass and has three times greater water hull should be well supported to spread the load
resistance when compared with normal fillers. Bring over a wide area. After cutting the wooden plate
the repair to nearly level with the existing laminate sand down the area and bond the plate onto the
because it is then possible to give it a layer of laminate with bodyfiller or polyurethane sealant.
gelcoat which will provide a smooth and waterproof Make sure that the edges are filleted to provide a
finish. If however the area is too large for the radius. Then apply several layers of fibreglass over
application of gelcoat (see gelcoat repair section) the block and on to the existing laminate leaving a
then it will be necessary to sand the surface smooth generous margin. Allow to cure.
and level with the surrounding surface.
G4 AS A BONDING AGENT FOR FIBREGLASS
IF YOU CANNOT GET INSIDE LAMINATES AND POLYESTER RESINS
Remove all the damaged laminate as before. Cut G4 is probably the best primer for ensuring a good
a supporting plate larger than the rectangle hole bond between polyester resin (fibreglass) and
but leaving the shorter dimension of the rectangle materials such as metal, wood and concrete. It is
smaller than the diagonal dimension of the hole. recommended by several leading manufacturers
This will allow the plate to be passed through the of polyester resins for this purpose. G4 should
hole in the hull and apply tension using a tourniquet. always be used when applying a fibreglass coating
Leave the backing to cure and then trim back the to a wooden or metal hulled boat. On a clean bare
wires. Now build up the laminate in the normal way. substrate brush on the G4, as soon as it becomes

Sales: 01209 821028

Page 19

finger-tacky but within 4 hours apply the polyester Mix a quantity of resin and hardener and brush (use
resin and fibreglass. a stippling action) or a lambswool roller (for larger
areas) on to tacky G4. Lay the mat carefully over the
SHEATHING A BOAT wet resin and stipple more resin into the fibreglass.
Sheathing wooden or metal hulled boats reduces Do not use more resin than needed to “wet out”
maintenance and the G4/fibreglass system has the fibreglass. When working “upside down” wait
proven to be a very practical and effective method. until the first coat of resin has become tacky
Polyester resins are not adhesives in the commonly before applying the mat as this will make it easier
accepted sense and therefore it is vital that G4 is for the mat to stay in place. When “wetted out” the
used as a bonding primer between the polyester fibreglass will become translucent and at this stage
resin and the wood or metal. it is much easier to laminate into curved or rebated
sections. Make sure that there are no air bubbles in
CALCULATING THE SURFACE AREA the laminate, these appear in unpigmented resin as
In order to estimate the material requirements it is white patches, by using a metal roller. No more than
necessary to calculate the surface area. Use the 4 layers should be applied at any one time.If there
following formula:- is insufficient time to apply the fibreglass sheathing
length of keel in metres x beam x 1.5 = m2 over the area coated with G4 then coat remainder
with catalysed resin. Further layers of fibreglass
SYSTEM OF WORKING can then be applied safely at a later stage. Properly
Remove all paint and varnish otherwise the bond applied a fibreglass sheathing should result in a
strength of the sheathing will be dependant on the reasonable surface finish.
bond of the existing material rather than of the G4
primer. It is important that any oil or grease is also G4 PRIMING CAST IRON BALLAST KEELS
removed and if this cannot be done physically then When anti-fouling cast iron ballast keels G4 has
Bondacleaner can be used. The hull should be dry proved, in practice, to be a first class bonding
before any work is started. Any rubbing strakes primer. This is because G4 has excellent adhesion
on the sides or gunnel should be removed and to metal and secondly since it forms a non-porous
replaced when the sheathing has been completed. film it helps to prevent further rusting. G4 can be
Order your materials allowing a 10% wastage factor. applied in conditions when it would be impossible to
Use a resin to fibreglass ratio of 2:5 to 1 by weight. use other systems, down to 0ºC and in high relative
We advise the use of chopped strand mat and the humidity. The keel must be oil and rust free and this
number of layers depends on the length of the hull. is best achieved by shot or sand blasting. A coat
0 to 3 metres, one layer 450g mat of G4 is then applied allowing approximately 165g
4 to 6 metres, two layers 300g mat per m2. It is most important that the first of the anti-
7 to 9metres, one layer 450g mat and two layers fouling or topcoats is applied while the G4 is finger-
300g mat tacky or touch dry in order to ensure good chemical
9 metres and over, two layers 450g mat and two adhesion between the topcoat and the G4. This
layers 300g mat time varies according to humidity but it is usually
within 30 to 60 minutes of application, but no longer
Laminating into right angles is difficult and therefore than 4 hours should be allowed to elapse. There
with clinker built boats the edges of the planks can be a reaction between some anti-foulings and
should be rounded off, either radiused with strips G4 and it is therefore advisable to carry out a test
of wood or filled with filler. With carvel built boats all before the major application is made. Internationals
caulking should be replaced and any nail, screw or cruising co-polymer antifoul applied when the G4
other holes filled. Before laminating cut all materials is finger-print dry has been tested and there is no
into the required lengths and shapes allowing 50mm reaction. This result is likely to hold good for co-
to 75mm overlap. Fray out all edges in order to allow polymer based anti-fouling systems. In general of
joins to merge neatly. Pieces longer than 100mm course it is necessary to follow the anti-fouling paint
are awkward to handle. Prime the wood or metal manufacturers recommendations on the application
with G4 and leave until finger tacky but no longer conditions for the anti-fouling.
than 4 hours. Allow approx. 200g per m2 for the G4.

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 Page 20

WOOD SEALS G4 PRIMER - SEALER FOR FIBREGLASS

As always the key to successful sealing is surface HULLS-GELCOAT BLISTERING
preparation and this applies both to G4 and One of the major problems affecting fibreglass
Bondamarine Wood Seal. All existing varnish or hulls is water penetration of the immersed gelcoat,
paint must be removed and the wood must be particularly a pigmented gelcoat. This can result
given a good key by sanding. Any oil or other in the formation of blisters behind the gelcoat or
contamination must also be removed. Dense or in the case of a double gelcoat between them.
particularly oily woods such as mahogany do In many cases however the blistering is not
present a problem unless they are well weathered. sufficiently severe to warrant the removal of the
In general we do not advise the use of either sealer entire gelcoat which is only necessary in extreme
on this type of wood although it is possible to assist cases. Should there be any doubt as to the type
penetration by thinning the first coat of the sealer by or extent of the osmosis or blistering it is advised
the addition of 20% (by volume) of G4 thinners. that a marine surveyor is consulted. At this lesser
stage of blistering it is advisable to take some
G4 FOR WOOD SEALING remedial action to prevent the blistering from
G4 can be satisfactorily used for sealing or becoming worse and one of the most effective
varnishing wood and since it is a moisture cured means is to apply a coating so as to restrict, if not
material it does have advantages over more actually stop, water penetration and thus reduce or
conventional systems. In particular G4 can be eliminate any further deterioration of the gelcoat. G4
applied in conditions unacceptable to other Primer Sealer has so far proved to be an effective
varnishes, at low temperatures and high humidity. primer sealer for treating blistered gelcoats. This
However G4 is affected by UV light which tends to information is intended for guidance and we feel it
yellow it although in general terms G4 will perform advisable to make our position clear on the use of
better than most other varnishes. However because G4 in the treatment of gelcoat blisters. We do not
of this it is advisable for external varnishing to use claim G4 as a cure, nor do we, or any boat yard,
Bonda Marine Wood Seal. offer any guarantees. However, over the years
many boats have been treated using the G4 system
BONDA MARINE - WOOD SEAL and inspection of the hull after varying periods
Wood seal is formulated from high performance of immersion has shown that the use of G4 has
moisture cured resins and provides a clear non- been effective in the prevention of the recurrence
porous seal with excellent non-yellowing properties. of blisters. It indicates that the G4 has provided an
Wood seal has good gloss retention and forms a effective water barrier with no breakdown of the
tough flexible coating that can be applied in poor coating and no noticeable water penetration.
conditions and at low temperatures. Each coat
cures quickly and since the next coat can be applied G4 PRIMER AND SEALER
as soon as the first coat is finger-tacky, three or G4 is a moisture cured sealer and because of
four coats can be applied easily in a day. This will this property it is not inhibited from cure by the
provide a smooth high gloss surface but if super presence of small amounts of moisture in the
smooth glass like finishes are required then allow substrate to which it is being applied, in this case
each coat to harden, lightly flat down, remove dust fibreglass. We do however recommend that any
and apply another coat. Either way Wood Seal gives substrate including fibreglass is thoroughly dry
a super seal to wood. prior to application in order to enable maximum
adhesion. Being a polyurethane, G4 has excellent
BONDA MARINE 15 YEAR WHITE PAINT adhesion to materials such as fibreglass, steel, cast
A one component, moisture cured, white gloss paint. iron, wood and concrete. Providing a continuous
Using highly UV light stable resins and premium surface film is built up a non-porous film is formed
quality white pigment 15 Year White gives a long which is flexible as well as being tough. G4 is also
term non-chalking and high gloss protection to wood tolerant of the levels of acidity found in many small
and metal. It is possible to paint with 15 Year White blisters containing liquid. G4 is simple to apply by
when it would be impossible with other coatings, at brush and because it cures in most conditions and
low temperatures down to 0 ºC and at high relative temperatures it does not require carefully controlled
humidity. workshop conditions for application.
Sales: 01209 821028
Page 21

SURFACE PREPARATION NEW HULLS

As always, surface preparation is of paramount With new hulls, particularly if they are being treated
importance. before immersion, it is necessary to not only ensure
1. Remove all anti-fouling either by hand or that the gelcoat is abraded to the required mat
preferably wet sand blasting. surface but also that additional care is taken to
2. The surface of the gelcoat must be well abraded ensure that all traces of wax or release agent are
to produce a coarse mat surface, use paper with removed. In this case whilst mechanical methods
80 to 120 grit. This is necessary to provide a good can initially be employed it is advised that wet and
mechanical key for the G4. dry paper is used as a final sanding treatment. The
3. Any small voids in the gelcoat or the fibreglass reason for this is that unless the sandpaper on a
laminate should be filled using marine fibreglass mechanical sanding system is changed regularly it
filler since this has over three times the water can re-apply any contamination it sands off.
resistance compared with normal fillers.
4. The abrasion should ensure that all surfaces are G4 COVERAGE
clean, free from any contamination such as release Under practical conditions a four coat application of
agents, wax or oil. Remove all dust. G4 consumes approximately 240g of G4 per m2.
5. Apply four coats of G4. Each coat while the for the four coats. The formula for calculating the
proceeding coat is tacky. It is necessary to follow surface area of the hull in m2. is :length of boat x
this instruction since this ensures good intercoat beam x 1.5 = total m2
adhesion. The fingerprint dry time, because G4
is moisture cured, will vary according to humidity USING FIBREGLASS
and temperature. In practical terms the second Fibreglass makes a permanent repair, when cured
coat is applied some 30 to 60 minutes after the it is hard, rigid and strong but easily filed, drilled and
first, and each subsequent coat at intervals of 90 painted. Fibreglass is weather and waterproof and
to 120 minutes. No longer than 4 hours should be resistant to many chemicals. Resin only requires
left between coats but should this occur the G4 will the addition of an easy to mix liquid hardener to
have to be abraded with fine sandpaper before the be ready for use with CSM (Chopped Strand Mat).
next application in order to provide, once again, a When using fibreglass always fray out the edges
mechanical key. of any joints so that the overlaps are strong and
6. The anti-fouling can then be applied when the undetectable. Fibreglass is whitish in the pack
fourth coat of the G4 is still fingerprint dry, which but when the resin impregnates the fibreglass it
ensures good chemical adhesion for the anti-fouling becomes translucent making it much easier to direct
to the G4 or when the fourth coat is fully cured, into place. WHEN APPLYING THE RESIN ALWAYS
after 12 hours when it will be necessary to abrade USE A STIPPLING ACTION. Make sure that all
the surface lightly to provide a mechanical key. It air is driven out of the laminate and when several
is practical to apply four coats of G4 and the first layers are being applied it is advised that a special
coat of the anti-fouling in one day provided an roller is used to consolidate the mat. In general the
early morning start is made and that there are no laminating procedure in making a repair should be
interruptions for rain. There is an alternative in that as follows:-
three coats of G4 are applied on the first day and 1) Make sure that the surface is clean, dry and free
then on the following day the third coat is abraded of grease and oil.
lightly, a fourth coat of G4 is then applied followed 2) Make sure the working temperature is above
by the anti-fouling again while the fourth coat of G4 10ºC (500ºF).
is fingerprint dry. This ensures that if by any chance 3) Prepare all materials required for the job.
the abrasion goes through the G4 it is sealed by the 4) Apply a layer of catalysed resin.
fourth application. All these techniques have been 5) Apply a layer of fibreglass
used in practice. 6) Stipple on more resin to impregnate the mat
thoroughly.
7) Add further layers of fibreglass as required.
8) Allow to harden and then apply a skim coat of
filler which can be flatted down to a smooth surface.

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CASTING

Latex dipping rubber ........................................................... 22

Vinamould hot melt rubber .................................................. 24
RTV Silicone rubber ............................................................ 29
Mould case making ........................................................... 31
Casting with resins ............................................................. 32
Cold metal casting ............................................................. 35
Clear casting ..................................................................... 37

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LATEX DIPPING RUBBER

INTRODUCTION should have been formed. The Latex should be
Latex Liquid Rubber is a prevulcanised emulsion touch-dry in 10 mins. at normal room temperature
which will air dry on the surface of a master pattern (20ºC), turning from white to a semi-transparent
to form a highly flexible thin rubber skin. This creamy yellow colour, and ready to peel from the
extremely versatile material is widely used in such master in 2-3 hours. Drying can be speeded up by
diverse fields as the manufacture of moulds for using gentle heat up to about 70ºC - 75ºC. Before
garden ornaments to the production of theatrical attempting to peel the mould from the master, apply
masks. Latex is easy to use, is relatively strong, talc or washing up liquid over the surface to prevent
and will give good definition and accuracy of it sticking to itself when it is peeled. If the master is
reproduction. dipped for a longer period a thicker coating will be
obtained, needing a longer drying time. In the event
MOULD MAKING of an overthin mould being made with the first dip,
When considering making a latex mould a suitable thickness can be increased by re-dipping as soon
master must be either acquired or created. The as possible but within about 12 hours to ensure the
choice of materials is quite important. Latex bonding to itself. Best results are obtained by
PLASTER OF PARIS trying to get the correct thickness of Latex during
Probably the most suitable material as the porosity the initial dip.
of the plaster draws moisture from the Latex causing
it to thicken. PAINT ON METHOD.
CLAY MASTERS Paint a number of layers of Latex with a soft brush
This material is suitable but should be allowed to dry allowing a part cure at normal room temperature
out or fired before dipping in Latex. (20ºC) before applying the next layer. If the master
WOOD MASTERS is non-porous the latex will tend to “run” so only
Experimental work has shown that moulds can be very thin layers can be applied. Keep repeating
made on wood masters, which must have a smooth the process until a skin of sufficient thickness has
surface and be of a porous nature. The process is been built up; for small pieces 7 or 8 layers may be
the same as for plaster and clay. necessary, high spots can be given extra layers.
NON-POROUS MASTERS. If the master shape is warmed in an oven before
For these type of masters the paint on method the initial layers is applied a thicker skin will form
will be necessary. Some metals react with Latex and subsequent painting will give a better finished
resulting in weak moulds. mould. Spraying the Latex may be beneficial on
PLASTICENE MASTERS. larger moulds.
Plasticene masters can be used with Latex but may
result in a reduced mould life. LARGE MOULDS
Often moulds for garden ornaments or advertising
DIPPING METHOD. display items are too big for the dipping process to
This is best carried out with porous masters, as be used. Therefore for larger moulds, the latex may
the porosity draws moisture from the Latex, thus be painted by brush or spray gun directly onto the
causing it to thicken on the surface. However, as mould. The number of coats and drying is the same
the moisture enters, it replaces the air already as for the dipping method. In another technique
there, thus forcing air bubbles to form in the Latex. flour is dusted onto the wet latex surface or on to
To overcome this, re-dip for a few seconds, remove the mould to give a higher viscosity thicker coating
from the Latex and with a brush, stick or palette of latex. Flour may also be mixed with latex to give
knife, burst the bubbles as they form and spread a viscous paste. Sometimes cotton muslin cloth
the Latex over the surface. As this is being done the is applied to the wet latex coating on the former
Latex will quickly turn to a paste which will prevent and more latex applied over it. This is done to
the release of further air. Re-dip in the Latex and reinforce certain mould areas where distortion due
leave for 15-20 minutes, remove and allow any to the weight of cement or plaster filling must be
surplus to drip off; a mould thick enough to be used prevented.

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Distortion of large moulds due to weight of in-filled DISCOLOURATION OF MOULDS

moulding composition is more generally avoided Brown, yellow blotches on moulds are usually
by making a support case. This is usually made of caused by copper contamination. Check all
plaster or fibreglass and should be made before the materials and equipment thoroughly for anything
Latex mould has been removed. Release agent is that may contain copper, Items often used which
not required. may have copper in them are:
a) Paint brushes used to paint on latex, i.e. copper
THICKENING LATEX bands and nails are often used in construction of
This can be achieved by adding talc or plain flour paintbrush (copper wire sometimes used to tie
to the latex. The amount added should be varied bristles together).
to give the best results on any particular job. Also
“wallpaper paste” (Polycell) which should first be b) Dilution water- Note this will lead to a darkening
mixed with water (as described on the packet) and of the whole mould.
then added to the latex until desired viscosity is
achieved. It is particularly useful when painting on c) Fingermark due to hands coming into contact
non porous surfaces but can be used on all surfaces with coins, cigarettes, etc.
and does allow you to build up the thickness of your
mould much quicker. By adding enough thickener to d) Model or Master used to make moulds, i.e. brass
make the latex similar in consistency to emulsion ornaments etc.
paint, it can be painted on any surface, porous
or not, without running. To avoid air bubbles care POOR STRENGTH OF MOULD
must be taken to brush the thickened latex on Often due to the fact that rubber has not been fully
in thin layers, although after the initial coat has dried before removal from master. Also exposure to
been painted on, it is possible to dip, either in the light or heat. See mould storage section.
thickened or the original latex, in the normal way. In extreme cases the mould can be soaked in
Excessive use of thickened latex may produce a distilled water and dried out, as this will increase
rigid brittle mould. The thickened Latex can be used tensile strength of rubber.
to take moulds from non porous vertical surfaces,
e.g. wood and stone carvings on walls etc., later MOULD STORAGE
supported by a Plaster of Paris or fibreglass case Do not allow liquid Latex to freeze. Finished moulds
mould, before removing from the original. As a should be stored in darkness or at least away from
guide about one drop of the thickener will thicken 1g direct sunlight and in a cool place to prolong mould
of latex so that it can be painted on easily. life.

FINE DETAIL IMPORTANT NOTE: UP TO 10% SHRINKAGE

To achieve fine detail reproduction the mould should MAY OCCUR USING LATEX.
first be coated with one or two coats of pure latex Although Latex moulds are very popular and
without additive. Subsequent coatings should be versatile there will be occasions when other mould
applied using any of the methods described. making materials will need to be considered. CFS
supply a range including remeltable Vinamold and
SHRINKAGE OF MOULDS Silicone rubber.
Moulds made from latex will always shrink slightly.
However shrinkage can be reduced by air drying the
moulds slowly instead of drying in an oven. Allowing
the rubber mould to fully dry on the master before
removing it will prevent shrinkage.

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VINAMOLD HOT MELT RUBBER

INTRODUCTION GENERAL PROPERTIES AND PRECAUTIONS
Vinamold hot melt compounds are meltable vinyl (See Safety Notes)
compositions used for the preparation of flexible
moulds as alternatives to silicone, polyurethanes, Volume/weight relationship. For calculation
and rubber latex rubbers, for casting concrete, purposes the specific gravity of all 3 vinamold
gypsum, polyester resins and fibreglass laminates. grades may be taken as 1.0, so that 1 kg equals 1
Because vinamolds are essentially craft materials, litre, or 1 Ib equals 27.5 cu. ins.
few tools and only simply equipment are required.
Once the behaviour of vinamold is understood, skill Re-use. Unlike some other flexible mould materials
in producing even complicated moulds is rapidly vinamolds are thermoplastic, that is to say they
acquired. Vinamold is melted by heating, poured melt on heating and re-melt on re-heating. Worn
over the article to be copied, then allowed to cool. or obsolete moulds may therefore be cleaned and
re-used many times over, an obvious economic
GRADES AVAILABLE advantage .
For identification purposes vinamold is supplied
in 3 different colours which represent 3 different DIMENSIONAL STABILITY
hardnesses. Yellow is the hardest, red the softest Water. Vinamold materials are not affected by water
and most fexible, and white intermediate. Where nor by high humidity.
there is a possibility of pigment migration into a light
coloured article from red vinamold, the same grade Temperature. Maximum ambient temperature 80ºC
is available unpigmented. Differences between the 3 (176ºF).
vinamold types can be summarised as:
Storage Life. Unused materials indefinite. Moulds
Yellow: - many months, subject to careful handling.
Melting temperature 150-170ºC (302-338ºF). Mould Surface Fidelity. Exceptionally fine detail is
Pouring temperature 140-150ºC (284-302ºF). possible.
Use: a) where extremely thin sections are involved
which could droop under their own weight. Mould Surface Durability. Depends on careful
b) where large moulds are required which should handling and fineness of surface detail.
not deform under their own weight. The number of times a mould can be used may be
The greater hardness of yellow vinamold minimises as many as 100.
deflection and creep.
Resistance to solvents. Fine surface detail will be
White: damaged by exposure to organic solvents especially
Melting temperature 170ºC (338ºF). Pouring acetone, MEK, tetrahydrofuran, benzene, xylene
temperature 170ºC (338ºF) . and toluene. Many adhesives, paints, and paint
Use: Combining flexibility with toughness, for removers use such solvents.
moulds to be used in making concrete articles. Has Resistance to detergents. For cleaning dusty mould
best resistance to damage through rough treatment. surfaces detergents should be well diluted. Strong
For polyester resin casting, white vinamold is detergents may extract some of the mould release
preferred to the other types on account of its better agents incorporated in the vinamold.
resistance to heat rise (exotherm) during setting Mould lubrication. Generally the lubricants
(cure) and reduced attack by the fire retardant incorporated in vinamold are sufficient. Additional
additives present in some polyester resins. suitable lubricants, if used should first be tested to
Red (and Natural): ensure that no surface damage is likely to occur.
Melting temperature 150-170 ºC (302-338ºF).
Pouring temperature 140-150ºC (284-302ºF).
Use: General purpose type, and for fibreglass
reinforcement laminates.

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 Page 26

Miscibility of Vinamold Grades. All grades are Casting. The final article taken out of the vinamold
miscible in any proportions to arrive at intermediate mould, made from concrete, gypsum, etc.
flexibilities.
Wall. Raised part of an open mould which decides
Physical Form. 25 kg slabs. the final area and depth of the mould.

MELTING VINAMOLD Case. A container for the vinamold mould, designed

The more care and control exercised in melting to give support to prevent distortion during the
vinamold the more times the material can be re- eventual casting process.
used. Thermostatically controlled melting equipment
is preferred. Cone Funnel. Device for pouring melted vinamold
steadily into the mould cavity. Typical proportions for
Alternative simple melters can be constructed in a cone funnel - top opening diameter 1 unit, bottom
the form of air or sand baths, utilizing vessels (for exit diameter 0.5 unit, height 3-6 units.
example cans) one inside the other with a gap all
round of at least 12.5mm. It is recommended to Riser. It is necessary to be sure that the mould
restrict the volume of melted vinamold in these cavity has completely filled, the most positive means
simple devices to 5 kg (11 Ibs.). being a visual check. For this purpose a riser is
Under no circumstances should oil be used in place incorporated in the mould system to allow melted
of sand or air- hot oil can cause serious burns and vinamold to fill the mould then rise to a level as high
can easily ignite. as, or slightly higher than the top of the mould cavity.
Whether thermostatic or simple melters are used The riser may be a simple hole in the top of the
the practice for melting is the same - cut the case but is preferably a second cone funnel placed
material into small pieces, melt a small quantity, opposite the one used for filling. Melted vinamold
then add further pieces, melt these, add more fills the first cone funnel, then the mould, then rises
pieces and so on. up the second funnel. Pouring is stopped when the
vinamold can be seen to have risen high enough.
Excessive fumes during melting indicate
overheating which will be followed by discolouration Air Vents. Holes which allow air to escape from
of the vinamold, and eventual decomposition to a the highest points in the mould cavity, so ensuring
charred and unusable state. vinamold fills mould cavity 100%. Air vent diameter
minimum 3mm (1/8 in.).
MOULD MAKING
There are essentially 3 types of mould for which Mould Cavity. The space between the master or
vinamold can be used: replica, and the wall (or case). Equivalent to the
vinamold mould mass.
A. Open moulds for flat articles.
B. One part moulds for simple nonflat articles. Register. The two halves of a split mould must
C. Two part moulds for complex articles fit together perfectly to prevent the final article
incorporating register system. Apply release agent exhibiting the effects of misalignment. When the
to fibreglass edge. halves match 100% they are said to be registered. A
For ease in understanding the mould making means of assuring this is by the use of pins, pegs or
descriptions, the various terms are defined: other register devices on one part of the mould case,
Master. The original article which it is desired to which locate into matching holes or depressions in
copy. the other part of the mould case.

Replica. A copy of the master. Several replicas Guides. Pins or pegs in one part which fit into
may be used to simultaneously make a number of corresponding pockets, rings, sleeves, or holes
vinamold moulds for quantity production. in the second part to ensure register of a two part
mould.

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A. OPEN MOULD Step 4. Remove case and extract all the clay.
For the production of gypsum ceiling tiles, concrete Return case to pre-marked position on base board
paving slabs, concrete commemorative plaques and and fix down with screws, bolts etc., through fixing
decorative features (e.g. bank emblem’s) in bas- flange.
relief or high relief.
Step 5. Remove case from base board and prepare
Step 1. Fix master or replica on a flat board. case with 2 (minimum) cone funnels by making
holes 25-50mm diameter as near base board
Step 2. Using clay, wood or other suitable medium level as practicable. Cone funnel holes should be
make a wall all round 25mm (1 in.) higher than the opposite each other, or equi-spaced if more than 2.
highest point of the master/replica. Depending on Height of the funnels must be such that filling and
the proportions of the master/ replica leave a space riser funnels will level at about 150mm (6 in.) above
of from 25mm (1 in.) to 1 50mm (6 in.) all round the highest point of the mould cavity. The cone
between the wall and master. funnels should, of course, be tight fits in the entry/
riser holes in the case to prevent leakage of molten
Step 3. Pour melted vinamold slowly and steadily vinamold during filling. Depending of complexity the
over the master/replica until level with the top of the cavity should be provided with air vents, one at the
containing wall. uppermost point at each part of the cavity.

Step 4. Leave 8 hours to cool. Step 6. Pour vinamold slowly and steadily to
prevent air bubbles entering and causing porosity
Step 5. Lift the vinamold mould carefully off the in the mould. Air should dissipate back through the
master and turn over. filling cone funnel. When vinamold is seen to be
flowing out of the air vents these should be plugged
Note: For convenience in handling make a box to prevent unnecessary spillage. Stop pouring when
round the vinamold mould. vinamold fills all funnels.

The mould is now ready for use. Step 7. Allow to cool for 8 hours.

B. ONE PART MOULD Step 8. Pull out cone funnels, cut off vinamold at
For the production of concrete building component entry/riser holes. Remove case, mould, and master/
s,bollards,simple animal/human figures in gypsum; replica, leave vinamold in case.
pre-production samples in polyester resin etc.
The mould is ready to use.
Step 1. Secure master/replica on a base board.
C. TWO PART MOULD (SPLIT MOULD)
Step 2. Cover master/replica in clay to a thickness For the production of statuettes, busts, complex
of about 20mm (3/4 in.). The clay represents the technical articles.
thickness of the final vinamold mould i.e. the mould
cavity. Step A. Select natural plane(s) (vertical, horizontal,
diagonal or combination) along which to split the
Step 3. Using gypsum reinforced with hessian, or mould.
fibreglass, build up a case of a suitable thickness
relative to the size of the master/replica (up to Step B. Follow Steps 1-7 as for one part mould, to
25mm/1 in.) incorporating a fixing flange (see Step make first part as far as selected split line.
4) and allow to set. Mark position of case on base
board. Step C.. Plan register and guide pin system, then
support first part in a convenient position. Repeat
procedure to Step 3 as-for one part mould,

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 Page 28

Step D. Again follow Steps, 4, 5, 6, 7 described for EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS FOR VINAMOLD
one part mould. After removing clay (Step 4 - one HOT MELT COMPOUNDS
part mould) treat first vinamold surface with release Construction Industry
agent - talc or shellac. Prefabricated concrete panels, decorative panels,
coats-of-arms, company emblem’s.
Step E. Separate mould parts, remove master/ Interior Decoration
replica. Ceiling and wall embellishments pateras, cornices,
friezes. Period decorative effects - furniture, mirror
Step F. With reference to the master/replica, surrounds.
select and make a hole at the most appropriate False beams; wood, stone, and brick simulation
(concealed) position through which to fill the mould panels. Doors, plaques, armorial crests. Especially
with gypsum, concrete etc., and the best attitude effective in bronze and aluminium filled polyester
(angle) for mould filling . resins.Suspended ceiling, acoustic and thermal
insulating tiles.
Step G. Fill mould, allow to set and check for air Used in homes, bars, restaurants, hotels, banks,
entrapment. Provide air vents as indicated. ships saloons, civic buildings, colleges, etc.

CORRECTION OF VINAMOLD MOULD FAULTS Tourist Souvenirs

Small faults, due to air bubbles, tears, or Replicas of antique items, figurines, doll heads,
deficiencies in the master, can be corrected by masks, historical replicas.
carefully touching up with a hot blade. Small pieces
of vinamold can be fused into the mould surface to Educational/Museums/Arts and Crafts
take up cavities. Three dimensional topographical maps, biology
models, sculpture replicas, fossil casts.
PREPARATION OF MASTERS
N.B. If a master is rare, valuable, or delicate take Some more unusual applications of vinamold are
extra care in sealing and pre-warming. If in doubt in life-size human figures, utilising the flesh-like
as to the possible effect of sealing materials or heat consistency of the material; isostatic pressure
please consult us. We will advise you to the best of transfer (acting as a solid hydraulic medium).
our ability, but we can accept no responsibility for
damage to masters howsoever caused . HEALTH & SAFETY NOTES
Porous Dry Clay or Gypsum. Seal surface with G4 Users of vinamold must read the Safety Data
sealer. Sheets. before handling or using the products.
Wood. Experiment with surface sealer. Epoxy
resin may be used as a sealer to prevent bubble Vinamold grades are formulated with non-toxic
formation in vinamold due to air and moisture from materials to meet the Safety Requirements for
the wood. Childrens Toys in British Standard BS 5665: Part
Concrete or Stone. Fill pores by soaking with water. 3 (1989) and European Standard EN 71: Part 3
Allow surface to dry superficially prior to pouring (1988).
vinamold.
Metal. No sealing is necessary. A thin film of mineral
or vegetable oil will facilitate removal from the
vinamold.
Porcelain and glass. Carefully prewarm to prevent
breakage when vinamold is poured over the
masters.
Clay. (Modelling or Natural). No preparation needed.
Fibreglass. Pre-heat for 30-60 minutes at 300ºC to
ensure full cure and freedom from volatiles.

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HANDLING FIRE
Vinamolds are generally quite harmless to handle, Due precautions must be taken against possible fire
provided certain simple precautions are taken. risk. Keep vinamold away from flames and electric
Used and unused materials must not, for instance, elements, particularly when vinamolds are in their
be allowed to come into contact with food and food molten state.
utensils. Measures should be taken to see that If vinamold catches fire, dry sand should be used.
vinamold does not come into contact with the skin, Drenching with water is best avoided, since it turns
since people with sensitive skin may be affected. to steam and may be hazardous in confined areas.
The use of barrier creams or gloves is advised, and
the skin should be thoroughly cleansed with soap CONTACT OF HOT VINAMOLDS WITH THE SKIN
and water at the end of the working period. Melted vinamold (150ºC+) can cause more serious
burns than boiling water (100 ºC). If skin comes
MELTING into contact with hot vinamold, the affected area
During the melting stage, avoid breathing fumes should be held under cold running water for two
at all times. The fumes associated with the melting minutes followed by an application of an anti-burn
of vinamold are caused by the volatility of the ointment; subsequently a loose dry dressing should
plasticising compounds used in the material. None be applied in order to exclude air. In case of severe
of the plasticising compounds are considered burns, medical attention should be sought as soon
toxic, so the vapours produced during the heating as possible.
of vinamold are a nuisance rather than a hazard.
Nevertheless, for the comfort of the user, and to
avoid any possible irritation of the respiratory tract,
we would always recommend adequate ventilation
and extraction as necessary in the area where
vinamold is being heated, to remove fumes.

OVERHEATING
If melted at the correct temperature in a ventilated
room, it should hardly be possible to smell vinamold.
However, serious overheating will lead to fumes
and decomposition, and if prolonged can cause
respiratory irritation, whereby possible damage to
health cannot be excluded.

In order to avoid overheating, check the melting

compound by using a thermometer graduated to
200 ºC; if using an electric melting pot, adjust the
thermostat if necessary, after checking the melting
compound with a thermometer from time to time
(e.g. weekly). Overheating is indicated when the
material fumes heavily and changes colour to dark
brown or black; in which case remove from the heat
and the working area. Discard burnt material. New
vinamold should not be mixed with burned or very
old vinamold.

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 Page 30

RTV SILICONE RUBBER

INTRODUCTION MOULD MAKING: SIMPLE OPEN MOULD
Silicone rubber is an excellent moulding material A mould box will be necessary which should be
used mainly where minute surface detail is required a little larger than the master and can be made
usually in conjunction with deep undercuts. There is from a variety of material, e.g. wood or cardboard,
virtually no shrinkage and is recommended where a etc. Any gaps should be sealed with Newplast or
larger number of casts are required. Newclay, the mould box should then be coated
As there are many types of silicone rubber available with a fine layer of petroleum jelly. Mix the moulding
this information has been designed to give a general material and if a vacuum is not available paint over
introduction to its use. the surface of the master pattern with a thin coat.
Details such as cure time and percentage of curing Allow to stand for approximately 10 minutes before
agent to add will be stated on the containers. pouring the bulk, hold the container as low as
possible and pour in a thin stream. Leave to cure for
MIXING, MOULD PREPARATION 24 hours before removing the mould. Store in the
As resins used in silicone rubber moulds can warm for 7 days before use.
reach a temperature in excess of 160 ºC it is
recommended that the rubber be allowed to cure for TWO PART MOULD
7 hours at room temperature before use. A part mould (split mould) is necessary where it is
Post curing of the cured silicone mould for several difficult to remove either the master or the castings
hours at 10ºC higher than the curing temperature of from an open mould. A mould box will again
the resin may also prolong mould life. be needed and should be prepared as already
Master patterns can be made from any material described.
which is firm enough to be painted with Silicone Wrap half the master in aluminium foil (the half that
Rubber. The master must be prepared with great will be at the bottom when positioned in the box)
care as all surface defects will reproduce on the and position in the box resting on 1cm blocks. Next
finished mould. Master patterns made of porous pour melted wax or fill with clay up to the level of
material such as wood, plaster or stone can be the aluminium foil wrapping. Suitable indentations
sealed with G4 Sealer. If this surface is then or location pegs should then be inserted into the
polished with mould release wax, a high gloss will wax or clay. Prepare, paint and pour the moulding
be imparted on to the silicone mould. Other release material as before and allow to cure. After the 24
agents that can be used are petroleum jelly and hours invert the box and dismantle, removing the
polyvinyl alcohol. wax/clay, blocks, location pegs and aluminium foil.
The silicone rubber is activated by the addition Reassemble the box and apply any release agents.
of the curing agent. Using disposable paper or Prepare, paint and pour as before and allow to cure.
reusable polypropylene type cups stir in the curing After 24 hours dismantle and remove both parts of
agent by hand using a flat stirrer. the mould from master pattern. Drill two or more
Care must be taken not to stir in air, although vent holes and pouring holes.
stirring must be thorough to ensure a complete
mix of the two components. It is recommended that
after mixing, the material is “degassed” by using a
vacuum chamber, as it is very difficult to remove
air by any other method. At room temperature
20ºC-25ºC a realistic working time would be 30-40
minutes. After this the rubber will be too thick to flow
easily.

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MOULD WITH BACK UP MAKING A SKIN MOULD WITH SILICONE AND

If the master is very irregular then a mould with back THIXOTROPIC AGENT
up should be considered. This will also reduce the Prepare master pattern and apply any release
amount of silicone rubber needed. agents. Mix silicone rubber base and curing agent
The prepared master is covered with aluminium thoroughly and then add the required amount of
foil and fitted onto the mould box base. Cover the thixotropic agent to the mixture and again mix
aluminium foil with a layer of Newplast or clay at thoroughly. Using either a brush or spatula cover
least 1cm thick. Assemble the box, a suitable back the master pattern with the thixotropic coating to a
up material e.g. Plaster of Paris is then poured over depth of at least 1cm.
the covered master and left to set. Disassemble the If the master pattern is large it is advisable to
box and add pour and sprue holes. prepare the thixotropic mixes in several batches,
Remove Newplast/Newclay and aluminium foil from covering a section at a time. Leave to cure for 24
the master. hours, then before releasing the mould from the
Reassemble the box and position the plaster over master support with a case. This can be made
the master. Prepare and pour the silicone rubber of plaster or fibreglass, the latter being the better
slowly into the filling hole until it comes up the air choice if the mould is large and a lightweight case
escape holes. Leave to cure for 24 hours then is required.
remove mould from the master and store for 7 days. Once the support case has cured, carefully remove
and then peel off the rubber mould from the master
TWO PART MOULD WITH BACK UP pattern.
This is a combination of a simple two part mould Finally reassemble the silicone mould into the
and a mould with back up, for irregular shapes that support case and store in the warm for 7 days.
cannot be released from an open mould.
Follow the instructions for making two part moulds
up to and including pouring in melted wax or fill with
clay up to level of aluminium wrapping. Then cover
the visible half of the master with aluminium foil,
this in turn is covered with a layer of Newplast or
Newclay at least 1cm thick. Inset location pegs into
the wax/clay.
Next pour Plaster of Paris over the master and
leave to harden.
Disassemble box and remove plaster, wax/clay,
location pegs and aluminium foil. Drill two or more
vent holes and pouring holes.
Reassemble the box and position plaster case over
the master.
Prepare and pour silicone rubber slowly into filling
hole until it comes up air escape holes.
Leave to cure for 24 hours.
Disassemble box and remove the wax/clay filling,
half the box, aluminium foil and location pegs.
Reassemble box and apply any release agent to
the inside.
Cover master and repeat the process. Leave to cure
for 24 hours. Remove mould. Reassemble mould,
plaster and box and store for 7 days.

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 Page 32

MOULD CASE MAKING

INTRODUCTION You are now ready to add the outer support case. If
You may find that the amount of distortion on casts this shape appears straightforward then a one piece
taken from some rubber moulds, especially Latex, is case will be needed, as a general rule if you can
not acceptable. If this is the case then you will need imagine the case lifting off with no restriction, e.g.
to manufacture a plaster support jacket for your similar to a pudding basin, then one piece will work,
mould. For some users this is probably a routine if not, then a split case will be required.
procedure, in which case you need read no further,
for less experienced users, however, we outline our For a one piece case set the mould, with its internal
suggested method. plaster support still inside, top down into the box and
pour plaster over it, allow to dry, remove the internal
EQUIPMENT support and you are ready to start production.
Heavy card, hardboard or similar to make a support
with a central hole in which to place the mould, plus If you feel that the support case needs to be multi
a suitable container or support on which to rest the part, e.g. because of undercuts or the sheer size
mould. and weight of a one piece case then proceed as
follows. Using the box as before make up one or
A suitable box large enough to enclose the mould more dividing flanges in thick card or similar, fit over
and its support case, say at least 10mm bigger all the mould, pour plaster over the area behind the
round than the maximum mould dimensions. flange and allow to dry, remove the flange, smear
the exposed face with white petroleum jelly before
Any grade of casting plaster. pouring the next section.
If a multi piece case proves necessary then a further
supply of card, hardboard or similar for flanges and As you gain experience consider applying the outer
some white petroleum jelly for use as a parting case “freehand” using a thickish plaster mix and
agent will also be required. your hands, use plaster bandage or scrim as a
reinforcement, this will give a lightweight jacket. For
METHOD an ultra lightweight case use fibreglass following the
Make up a thin (watery) plaster mix and pour inside same basic methods
the supported mould, swirl this around ensuring that
the entire surface is covered and then drain off any
excess, allow to dry.
Taking great care not to damage this brittle first skin,
add a further two layers using the same method but
with a slightly thicker mix on each occasion. When
all layers are fully dried you should have a fully
supporting hollow shell which will retain the exact
fine detail of the original, next completely fill the
mould with plaster and allow to fully dry.

Sales: 01209 821028

Page 33

CASTING WITH POLYESTER RESINS

INTRODUCTION IVORY
This section covers most aspects of resin casting A good ivory effect can be obtained by tinting
where clarity is not required. The basic requirements resin with a combination of white and ivory
for successful casting are extremely simple and colour pastes. A certain amount of trial and error
providing good sense and sensible working mixing will be needed to obtain the best results.
practices are observed there is no reason why you Scrimshaw (scratched designs on ivory or bone)
should not be able to produce satisfactory castings. is possible provided suitable originals and silicone
Polyester resins are widely used to produce rubber moulds are used. The use of various stains,
such items as chess pieces, statuettes, miniature especially brown, is important in obtaining an
cottages, museum replicas and for the “potting” of authentic ivory look.
electrical components.
MARBLE
POLYESTER RESINS A realistic white cast marble effect is difficult to
General purpose polyester resins are often used obtain. Resin filled with marble dust and a little white
for simple low cost castings. Casting Resins have pigment gives reasonable results. The addition of
lower viscosity which allows higher quantities of marble dust into water clear casting resin, however,
fillers to be added. A variety of fillers can be added. gives excellent results, especially if this is used as
Depending on the filler used, the mix may vary from a back up layer behind a white tinted gelcoat. If
50:50, filler:resin, up to 70:30 filler:resin by weight. flexible moulds are being used without a gelcoat,
Both resins can be used unfilled for mini castings up however, extra catalyst will be necessary to effect a
to about 100g, castings above this size without filler rapid tack free cure.
are likely to crack and damage your mould.
Polyester resins are suitable for casting in a variety RESIN METAL CASTING
of moulds including silicone rubber, latex, polythene, The use of sintered metals to give metallic finishes,
fibreglass, glass, etc. is a popular and relatively simple process.

FILLERS & EFFECTS CASTING METHOD

A variety of effects and finishes are possible using Described is a small chess set casting using casting
a combination of fillers and colours, we list a resin and it is assumed that you have a latex mould
selection: ready for use. It is recommend that, because of
the smell of the resin, it is advisable not to use this
CAST STONE material in a domestic situation. A well ventilated
Hard wearing stone effects can be obtained by heated garage or outbuilding is ideal. The working
mixing various grades of sand, gravel, stone dust, temperature should be around 20ºC (68 oF). No
etc., into polyester resin. Colour can be adjusted by release agent is required. Prepare pieces of card
using opaque colour paste. with a central hole to act as supports for suspending
the mould when filled. Give the resin a stir but try
not to introduce too much air. Pour about 200g of
resin into a small container. This quantity of resin
may fill several moulds.

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SOME SUGGESTED MOULD MAKING TECHNIQUES
ONE PART MOULD

STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4 STEP 5

FIX PATTERN TO POUR RUBBER OVER
MIX SILICONE RUBBER DEMOULD AFTER MOULD READY
MOULD BOX BASE PATTERN (POUR FROM ONE
FOLLOWING MANUFACTURERS 24 HOURS FOR PRODUCTION
POINT)
MIXING INSTRUCTIONS

ONE PART SKIN MOULD WITH PLASTER CASE

STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4 STEP 5 STEP 6 STEP 7 STEP 8

EMBED PATTERN POUR PLASTER DRILL POUR HOLES MIX SILICONE RUBBER REPLACE PLASTER DEMOULD AFTER 24
FIX PATTERN TO LIFT OFF PLASTER CASE
WITH EVEN OVER PATTERN TO IN CASE FOLLOWING CASE OVER PATTERN, HOURS
MOULD BOX BASE AND REMOVE ALL TRACES
COAT (10mm) OF FORM CASE AND MANUFACTURERS POUR RUBBER
OF PLASTICENE OR CLAY
PLASTICENE OR ALLOW TO SET MIXING INSTRUCTIONS EVENLY THROUGH
CLAY HARD HOLES
IN
CASE

TWO PART SKIN MOULD

STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4 STEP 5 STEP 6 STEP 7 STEP 8

EMBED HALF ALLOW RUBBER APPLY PARTING COAT ALLOW TO CURE, CLAMP TWO HALVES
SELECT PATTERN POUR RUBBER
PATTERN LATERALLY TO CURE, THEN (A.F.H. )TO MATING DEMOULD AFTER OF MOULD TOGETHER,
OVER PATTERN
IN PLASTICENE AND MIX SILICONE RUBBER REMOVE ALL SURFACE ANF POUR 24 HOURS MOULD IS READY
ON TO
MOULD BOX WITH PLASTICENE, SECOND HALF OF FOR
PLASTICENE
LOCATING DOWELS RETURN TO MOULD MOULD PRODUCTION
BASE
BOX
Page 35

If you wish to add colour paste it should be done After about 25 minutes the resin will begin to thicken
at this stage. Keep to the minimum required to and then harden and get warm. As soon as the
obtain the desired shade and do not exceed 10%, resin feels really hard and warm, begin to peel back
excessive colour paste will prevent the resin curing. the mould. Any surplus resin that was poured into
Next add and thoroughly stir in 4ml of liquid catalyst. the shoulder can be broken off at this stage - saving
This amount of catalyst will give about 30 minutes filing and sanding when the resin is hard.
working time before the resin begins to set, and can If the cast surface still appears to be tacky, return
be slightly increased to give a faster setting time for to the mould and leave a little longer. By removing
the smaller moulds. the casting while still warm, reduces burning of
If filler is added to resin the amount of liquid catalyst the mould. However, care must be taken not to
is worked out on the resin content not including the remove the casting too soon because it may still
filler, i.e. if you are adding 500g of filler to 1kg resin be tacky and if it is too soft, any protruding sections
then the catalyst required is 2% on 1kg = 20ml. (ears, hands, etc.) are likely to break. If necessary
the removal of the casting from the mould can be
Quantities of catalyst required at the standard rate eased by smearing the outside of the mould with
of 2% washing-up liquid. If this is done, the mould should
be washed with water, dried and dusted with talc
Resin Resin 2% before re-use.
Weight Volume Catalyst
25g 22ml 0.5ml FINISHING
50g 45ml 1ml Antiquing can be achieved by painting on a spirit
100g 90ml 2ml based stain, leave to dry then lightly wipe off with
250g 225ml 5ml cleaner on a soft cloth.
500g 450ml 10ml The longer the delay between applying and wiping
1kg 900ml 20ml off stain the darker finish. Stains can be used either
5kg 4.5ltr 100ml as supplied or thinned down with cleaner. Boot
polish is also widely used.
25kg 22.5ltr 500ml

MACHINING
When fully cured cast resin can be machined,
For measuring we supply a 10ml syringe or 15ml & turned, milled, drilled, sawn, filled and threaded
80ml dispenser bottles. For measuring tiny amounts, in much the same way that aluminium is used,
a medical eye-dropper or plastic spoon may be excellent finishes can be produced by simple
used. 1 tsp. = 5ml polishing.

Half fill the mould with catalized resin, squeeze HANDLING AND SAFETY
and work between the fingers to force out any air As with all chemicals safety procedures must be
bubbles prior to topping up to the shoulder. adhered to. The liquid catalyst (hardener) will irritate
Repeat the air removal process then place the filled the skin and any spilled on the skin should be
mould into its support topping up with resin just into washed off straight away with soap and cold water.
the shoulder of the mould if necessary. Do not fill Eye protection in the form of goggles or safety
the shoulder. spectacles would be a wise precaution, if catalyst
is splashed in the eye, it should be washed out with
lots of water or a 2% solution of sodium bicarbonate
in water and a doctor should be consulted.
All material, particularly cleaner, are highly
flammable, and should be kept away from naked
flames.
NO SMOKING whilst using these materials.

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 Page 36

COLD CAST METAL CASTING

INTRODUCTION APPLYING THE OUTER SHELL
The term resin metal casting refers to a relatively First weigh out the resin, next add catalyst at a rate
simple method of producing quality metallic castings of 2% and mix thoroughly,
using pure metal in a fine powder form mixed with (refer to catalyst chart on next page)
polyester resin and catalyst. These are usually The metal powder is then added at the required
produced from a latex or silicone mould. amount. All metals intermix, e.g. 4 parts of nickel
silver to 1 part of Aluminium gives a pewter effect.
We will describe the procedure to enable you to catalyst can be added after the metal powder
produce fine quality castings either for your own but will prove much more difficult to mix in. The
pleasure or as a profit making venture and it is catalysed mix is then applied to the mould surface.
assumed that you already have a mould ready to
use. No release agent is required when using latex Remember, that after adding Catalyst you have
or silicone moulds. approximately 25 minutes working time before the
mix sets.
As with all chemicals safety procedures must
followed. We recommend that because of the smell If you are using a reversible latex mould you may
of the resin it is advisable not to use this material in find it easier to turn the mould inside out, paint on
a domestic situation. the resin/metal mix and then reverse.
A heated garage or outbuilding is ideal. The working
temperature should be around 20ºC (680ºF). If this is not possible the mix should be thinned
enough to be able to revolve the mould until the
THESE MATERIALS ARE UNSUITABLE FOR USE surface is covered. If this method is used it is
BY CHILDREN UNLESS UNDER SUPERVISION. advisable to add a second coat to make sure the
shell is thick enough.
The casting is made following two procedures. 1.
The outer shell/gelcoat layer and 2. the infill. The
outer metal shell is a mix of about 3/4 parts of metal
to 1 part of resin aiming for a just brushable paste.
General purpose resin and Casting resin, work well
but casting resin will accept more metal powder.

By adding up to 20% gelcoat you can reduce the

amount of metal powder to 2/3 parts to 1 part resin
with acceptable results.
The infill resin is poured into the mould when the
outer shell has cured. The infill resin can be loaded
with low cost filler powder such as talc and microdol
to reduce cost and shrinkage. Dried sand can also
be added to the infill for added weight.

For larger castings Fillite should be used as part of

the filler addition to extend the resin with the benefits
of lower shrinkage and less heat generated.

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Page 37

INFILLING FINISHING AND SURFACE FINISHING

After the outer skin has set (approx. 2 hours) simply Allow the casting to fully cure for at least 72 hours,
add catalyst at 1% by weight to resin and add filler cut back with wire wool and finish with metal polish.
powder as required. This should set in about 30 If polishing mops are available cut & polish back
mins. with cutting compounds. A coat of wax polish or
clear lacquer will prevent tarnishing.
A useful tip is to pigment the infill resin to the
approximate shade of the finished casting, this will Antiquing can be achieved by painting on a spirit
help disguise any thin areas in the metallic shell. based stain, leave to dry then abrade and polish;
Tiny casts should be done in a one shot resin/metal shoe polishes can also be used. As an alternative
mix only. For larger casts the infilling can be in two graphite can be mixed to the resin. 5% - 15% by
or more layers; pebbles, metal or stones can be weight can be added depending on shade.
added which will not only save resin but also add
weight. Castings can be treated chemically to obtain a
patina, the method and chemicals used are often
While curing, the resin will get hot, so to preserve the result of experimentation. Patination can be
the mould it is advisable to remove the casting “fixed” by wax polishing. Further Information on this
before the exotherm peaks. (resin is at its hottest. subject is available on the internet.

Quantities of catalyst required at the standard rate For some sintered metals patination is not possible
of 2% unless small quantities of other metals are added,
e.g. Aluminium will need 10% Lead added and
Brass will require the addition of a small quantity of
Resin Resin 2%
Weight Volume Catalyst Copper or Lead.
25g 22ml 0.5ml
50g 45ml 1ml
100g 90ml 2ml
250g 225ml 5ml
500g 450ml 10ml
1kg 900ml 20ml
5kg 4.5ltr 100ml
25kg 22.5ltr 500ml

For measuring we supply a 10 ml syringe or 15ml &

80ml dispenser bottles. For measuring tiny amounts,
a medical eye-dropper may be used. A plastic
teaspoon, not metal can also be used. 1 tsp. = 5ml

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 Page 38

CLEAR CASTING
MATERIALS Flower preserving chemicals for can be obtained
The materials needed for clear casting are water from your local chemist. Stamps and other
clear casting resin, catalyst (hardener), measuring paper items should be sealed with a thin coat of
syringe, plastic mixing cups and a mould. Opaque polyurethane varnish and dried before embedding.
or translucent pigments can be used to colour the Coins, etc., need no special treatment as long as
resin if desired. Wet and dry paper, and polishing they are clean and dry.
compound, will also be useful to finish off the
casting. Finished castings can be filed or sawn, A METHOD
protective mask should worn to shield the eyes and Pour a little resin into a mixing cup and leave to
mouth. allow air bubbles to rise. Carefully stir the required
amount of catalyst into the resin. The normal
THESE MATERIALS ARE UNSUITABLE FOR USE working proportion of catalyst is 1% by weight (i.e.
BY CHILDREN UNLESS UNDER SUPERVISION. 10ml catalyst to 1kg resin) but this can be increased
to 2% for very small quantities of resin, or in low
Almost anything can be embedded in clear casting working temperatures. It is important not to use
resin. It can be used to produce attractive paper too much catalyst, which may result in the casting
weights and other ornaments, pendants key rings, becoming cracked or discoloured. Pour the resin
and display items. Clear casting is an ideal means into the mould to form a base layer, cover the mould
of preserving medical and biological specimens. to protect from dust, and leave to harden. After
about 40 minutes at 20ºC, it will have reached a
MOULDS firm jelly-like consistency. Place the specimen on
Moulds specifically designed for clear casting are the base layer. Very light specimens will tend to
available, but you can also use polythene cartons, float and need to be glued to the base layer with a
often used as freezer food containers in shops. drop of resin. Mix up a further quantity of resin and
Polystyrene containers cannot be used. Moulds pour around the specimen. In a very small casting
can be constructed from wood, glass and melinex the specimen can be covered in one pouring, but it
covered card. Flexible rubber moulds can be used is generally better to build up the casting in a series
when casting with Polylite 32032 resin. Rigid of layers. A large casting done in one pouring may
moulds should be wider at the top for easy removal. generate too much heat and crack. Metal and solid
objects generally, tend to expand or contract at a
PREPARING SPECIMENS different rate from the resin, which can result in a
Biological specimens-insects and other small crazy effect. When the final layer of resin has gelled
animals contain natural oils which must be removed (set firm), cover it with a sheet of cellophane or
before embedding. This can be done by dipping in melinex to exclude air, otherwise it may set with a
acetone solvent and thorouhly dried. Flowers also tacky surface. When fully hardened, the casting can
need to be carefully dried. be removed from the mould.
The simplest method is to place the flower on a
layer of dry white sand in a container. More sand FINISHING
sprinkled around the flower until it is covered, Any surface tack can be removed with neat
and it is then left for three days in a warm dry washing-liquid, followed by a rinse in warm water.
atmosphere. It can then be removed and sealed This should not be done until the resin is fully cured
with polyurethane varnish or hair lacquer. Flowers (about seven days). After complete cure the casting
sometimes tend to change colour, due to the dyes can be shaped further with hacksaw, file or sander
being affected by the resin. to cut roughly to shape. Then use wet and dry paper,
starting with a coarse grade and working through to
finer grades, finally polish with compound.

Sales: 01209 821028

Page 39

HAZARDS & PRECAUTIONS WITH FIBREGLASS

Most fibreglass materials are perfectly safe to use, providing the potential hazards are recognised and reasonable precautions
adopted. Normally you will have no problems if you follow these simple rules:

1. Do not let any materials come into contact with the skin, eyes or mouth.
2. Do not inhale mists or vapours-always work in a well ventilated area.
3. Do not smoke or use naked flames in the working area.

SKIN & EYE CONTACT - Many materials used in fibreglass work are corrosive, or have some undesirable affect on the skin.
The simple answer is not to allow any materials to come in contact with the skin at all. Plastic gloves and barrier creams should
be worn at all times. Catalyst (hardener) used for polyester resins is an organic peroxide (methyl ethyl ketone peroxide) and is
particularly dangerous. Use the correct dispenser for measuring, and be especially careful when handling this substance. Take
great care not to get it in the eyes or mouth. If catalyst is splashed in the eye, irrigate under running water for at least 15 minutes,
whilst summoning medical aid. Acetone and brush cleaner are powerful grease solvents. If these come into contact with the skin,
they can destroy the natural oils and may lead to an unpleasant form of dermatitis. For this reason, brush cleaner should not be
used for removing resin from the skin. Resin should be removed with industrial resin hand cleaner such as Kleen All paste then
wash in soapy water. If polyurethane foam mixes get on the skin, wash off IMMEDIATELY. Once hardened it is difficult to remove.
The remeltable flexible moulding compounds also need particular care in handling. Their melting point is very high and, should the
molten material come into contact with the skin, severe burns can result. None of these materials should ever be swallowed, nor
should they be stored in lemonade bottles or other drinking containers.

VENTILATION - Many fibreglass products give off fumes which can be harmful if inhaled in sufficiently large quantities. In normal
DIY use, reasonable ventilation of the work area will be adequate. Care should be taken particularly when using polyurethane
foam mixes. These produce iso-cyanate fumes during the initial reaction. If overcome by these fumes, the user should be removed
to hospital. With most materials, over-exposure to fumes will result in nasal irritation and watering eyes, eventually followed by
drowsiness and possible unconsciousness. The simply remedy is to remove the patient to fresh air. If he does not revive at once,
summon medical aid. When machining finished items in cast resin or laminated fibreglass, the tiny particles of fibreglass or resin
can be dangerous to the eyes and lungs. When filing, sawing or drilling, always wear goggles and a respirator/face mask.

FIRE - Many resins and associated products are either inflammable, or contain inflammable additives. Styrene (used as a thinner
in resins), catalyst and acetone (brush cleaner) are particularly dangerous. Do not smoke or use naked lights, oil burners or similar
heating devices in the working area. If a fire does start, do not attempt to put it out with water. Dry powder extinguishers can be
used on accelerator, polyurethane foam, mould cleaner, acetone, resins and release agents. The only exception is catalyst, this
must be extinguished with water. Fires can be started if catalized, but uncured, resins are thrown away. The wasted resin will
continue to cure and the heat generated by the curing process can ignite other waste materials. Leave unwanted resin in a safe
place until it has cured. It can then be discarded without risk.

SPILLAGES - Generally speaking, small spillages of resins, etc. can be absorbed in sand or earth and thrown in the dustbin.
Catalyst is an exception, this should not be mopped up but diluted with large quantities of water. By far the safest procedure to is
to take every possible precaution against accidental spillage’s happening in the first place.

ACCELERATOR - Two additives-accelerator and catalyst are required to start the curing process in resin. Most resins are
normally supplied with the accelerator already added, so only catalyst is needed. However, unaccelerated resins can be obtained
and the accelerator added by the user. If you intend to do this do not mix accelerator and catalyst together or an explosive reaction
will take place which can be extremely dangerous. The correct procedure is to mix the accelerator into the resin, then to add the
catalyst separately.
DO NOT STORE CATALYST AND ACCELERATOR TOGETHER IF INFORMATION IS REQUIRED IN AN EMERGENCY
TELEPHONE 01209 821028
CFS Fibreglass
United Downs Industrial Park, St Day, Cornwall, TR16 5HY.

Online ordering: www.cfsnet.co.uk Fax: 01209 822191