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Explain The Following Commands

Here are the topics prepared for the Unix/Linux and Windows interview: Unix Operating System: - Advantages of Unix OS: Portability, Stability, Scalability, Security, Multi-user support etc. - Shell: Interface between user and OS. Examples: bash, csh, ksh etc. - Kernel: Core of OS, manages hardware resources, provides common services. - Shell Commands: ls, cd, cat, grep, find, ps, top, netstat etc. - vi Editor: De facto standard text editor for Unix systems. Modes: Insert, Command etc. - SSH: Secure shell for remote login and file transfer. - FTP: File Transfer Protocol

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161 views

Explain The Following Commands

Here are the topics prepared for the Unix/Linux and Windows interview: Unix Operating System: - Advantages of Unix OS: Portability, Stability, Scalability, Security, Multi-user support etc. - Shell: Interface between user and OS. Examples: bash, csh, ksh etc. - Kernel: Core of OS, manages hardware resources, provides common services. - Shell Commands: ls, cd, cat, grep, find, ps, top, netstat etc. - vi Editor: De facto standard text editor for Unix systems. Modes: Insert, Command etc. - SSH: Secure shell for remote login and file transfer. - FTP: File Transfer Protocol

Uploaded by

rsreddy434
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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name | %user_env_var} {password | %password_env_var}]

[hostname:]portno
Use the following syntax to start a session or batch on a UNIX
system:
pmcmd start {user_name | %user_env_var} {password |
%password_env_var} [hostname:]portno [folder_name:]
{session_name | batch_name} [:pf=param_file] session_flag
wait_flag
Use the following syntax to stop a session or batch on a UNIX
system:
pmcmd stop {user_name | %user_env_var} {password |
%password_env_var} [hostname:]portno[folder_name:]
{session_name | batch_name} session_flag
Use the following syntax to stop the Informatica Server on a
UNIX system:
pmcmd stopserver {user_name | %user_env_var} {password
| %password_env_var} [hostname:]portno

2. Explain the following commands.


$ ls > file1
$ banner hi-fi > message
$ cat par.3 par.4 par.5 >> report
$ cat file1>file1
$ date ; who
$ date ; who > logfile
$ (date ; who) > logfile

3.wht is the significance of "tee" cmd? 

It reads the standard input and sends it to the standard output while
redirecting a copy of what it has read to
the file specified by the user.

4. What does the command “ $who | sort –logfile > newfile” do?

The input from a pipe can be combined with the input from a file . The
trick is to use the special symbol “-“
(a hyphen) for those commands that recognize the hyphen as std input.
In the above command the output from who becomes the std input to
sort , meanwhile sort opens the file
logfile, the contents of this file is sorted together with the output of
who (rep by the hyphen) and the sorted
output is redirected to the file newfile.

5. What does the command “$ls | wc –l > file1” do?


ls becomes the input to wc which counts the number of lines it receives
as input and instead of displaying
this count , the value is stored in file1.

6. Which of the following commands is not a filter man , (b) cat , (c)
pg , (d) head

Ans: man
A filter is a program which can receive a flow of data from std input,
process (or filter) it and send the result
to the std output.

7. How is the command “$cat file2 “ different from “$cat >file2 and >>
redirection operators ?

is the output redirection operator when used it overwrites while >>


operator appends into the file.

9. Explain the steps that a shell follows while processing a command.

After the command line is terminated by the key, the shel goes ahead
with processing the command line in
one or more passes. The sequence is well defined and assumes the
following order.

Parsing
quoted. All consecutive occurrences of a space or tab are replaced here
with a single space.

: The shell first breaks up the command line into words, using spaces
and the delimiters, unless

Variable evaluation : Any command surrounded by backquotes is


executed by the shell which then: The shell finally scans the command
line for wild-cards (the characters *, ?, [, ]).
Command substitution:Any command surrounded by backquotes is
executed by the shell which then 
replaces the standard output of the command into the command line.
Wild-card interpretation:Any word containing a wild-card is replaced by
a sorted list of
filenames that match the pattern. The list of these filenames then forms
the arguments to the command.
PATH evaluation: It finally looks for the PATH variable to determine the
sequence of directories it has to search in order to hunt for the
command.
 
12. What is the difference between cat and more command?

Cat displays file contents. If the file is large the contents scroll off the
screen before we view it. So
command 'more' is like a pager which displays the contents page by
page.
13. Write a command to kill the last background job?

Kill $!
14. Which command is used to delete all files in the current directory
and all its sub-directorories?

rm -r *

15. Write a command to display a file’s contents in various formats?

$od -cbd file_name


c - character, b - binary (octal), d-decimal, od=Octal Dump.

16. What will the following command do?

$ echo *
It is similar to 'ls' command and displays all the files in the current
directory.

17. Is it possible to create new a file system in UNIX?

Yes, ‘mkfs’ is used to create a new file system.

18. Is it possible to restrict incoming message?

Yes, using the ‘mesg’ command.

19. What is the use of the command "ls -x chapter[1-5]"

ls stands for list; so it displays the list of the files that starts with
'chapter' with suffix '1' to '5', chapter1,
chapter2, and so on.

20. Is ‘du’ a command? If so, what is its use?

Yes, it stands for ‘disk usage’. With the help of this command you can
find the disk capacity and free space
of the disk.

21. Is it possible to count number char, line in a file; if so, How?

Yes, wc-stands for word count.


wc -c for counting number of characters in a file.
wc -l for counting lines in a file.

22. Name the data structure used to maintain file identification?

‘inode’, each file has a separate inode and a unique inode number.

23. How many prompts are available in a UNIX system?

Two prompts, PS1 (Primary Prompt), PS2 (Secondary Prompt).


24. How does the kernel differentiate device files and ordinary files?

Kernel checks 'type' field in the file's inode structure.

25. How to switch to a super user status to gain privileges?


Use ‘su’ command. The system asks for password and when valid entry
is made the user gains super user
(admin) privileges.

26. What are shell variables?


Shell variables are special variables, a name-value pair created and
maintained by the shell.
Example: PATH, HOME, MAIL and TERM

27. What is redirection?


Directing the flow of data to the file or from the file for input or output.
Example : ls > wc

28. How to terminate a process which is running and the specialty on


command kill 0?
With the help of kill command we can terminate the process.
Syntax: kill pid
Kill 0 - kills all processes in your system except the login shell.

29. What is a pipe and give an example?


A pipe is two or more commands separated by pipe char '|'. That tells
the shell to arrange for the output of
the preceding command to be passed as input to the following
command.
Example : ls -l | pr
The output for a command ls is the standard input of pr.
When a sequence of commands are combined using pipe, then it is
called pipeline.

30. Explain kill() and its possible return values.

There are four possible results from this call:


‘kill()’ returns 0. This implies that a process exists with the given PID,
and the system would allow you to
send signals to it. It is system-dependent whether the process could be
a zombie.
‘kill()’ returns -1, ‘errno == ESRCH’ either no process exists with the
given PID, or security enhancements
are causing the system to deny its existence. (On some systems, the
process could be a zombie.)
‘kill()’ returns -1, ‘errno == EPERM’ the system would not allow you to
kill the specified process. This means
that either the process exists (again, it could be a zombie) or draconian
security enhancements are present
(e.g. your process is not allowed to send signals to *anybody*).
‘kill()’ returns -1, with some other value of ‘errno’ you are in trouble!
The most-used technique is to assume
that success or failure with ‘EPERM’ implies that the process exists, and
any other error implies that it
doesn't.
An alternative exists, if you are writing specifically for a system (or all
those systems) that provide a ‘/proc’
filesystem: checking for the existence of ‘/proc/PID’ may work.

31. What is relative path and absolute path.

Absolute path : Exact path from root directory.


Relative path : Relative to the current path.

32.Construct pipes to execute the following jobs.


 
1. Output of who should be displayed on the screen with value of total
number of users who have logged in
displayed at the bottom of the list.
2. Output of ls should be displayed on the screen and from this output
the lines containing the word ‘poem’
should be counted and the count should be stored in a file.
3. Contents of file1 and file2 should be displayed on the screen and this
output should be appended in a file
.
From output of ls the lines containing ‘poem’ should be displayed on the
screen along with the count.
4. Name of cities should be accepted from the keyboard . This list
should be combined with the list present
in a file. This combined list should be sorted and the sorted list
should be stored in a file ‘newcity’.
5. All files present in a directory dir1 should be deleted any error while
deleting should be stored in a file
‘errorlog’.
11. What is the use of ‘grep’ command?

‘grep’ is a pattern search command. It searches for the pattern,


specified in the command line with
appropriate option, in a file(s).
Syntax : grep
Example : grep 99mx mcafile

10. What difference between cmp and diff commands?


cmp - Compares two files byte by byte and displays the first mismatch
diff - tells the changes to be made to make the files identical

Raji,
 
Prepare the below topics for interview,
They can call any time from today.
 
Unix Operating System
Advantages of Unix OS
Shell
Kernel
Shell Commands
vi Editor
SSH
FTP
SCP
SFTP
Telnet
File Permissions
Users & groups
Flavors of Unix OS
Basic Commands
Different Run levels in Solaris/Linux
NFS concepts and NFS daemons
Mounting of filesystems
 
Windows Operating System
OS Versions
Domain Controller
Advantages of Windows OS
Active Directory
Services
User/Group/Security Policy
Windows File Sharing
User Management
Events
Filesystem
 
Database Concepts
Database
Table
Indexing
Database products
IBM - DB2
Oracle - Oracle
Microsoft - SQL
SQL
 
Networking
Introduction to Network Topologies
Network Protocols
DNS Server
Switch
Hub
Router
OSI Layers
IP address
IP Address Classes
Subnet Masking
DHCP
Physical Media in Networking

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