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MODULE 2.2 - Hydrostatic Force On Surfaces

1) This document discusses hydrostatic pressure and forces on submerged surfaces. It describes how to calculate the total force on both plane and curved surfaces. 2) For plane surfaces, the total force is equal to the pressure times the area. The location of the center of pressure is also described. 3) For curved surfaces, the horizontal and vertical force components must be determined separately by considering the pressure forces and weight of the enclosed fluid volume. The total force is then the square root of the sum of the squares of the horizontal and vertical forces.

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Lyndon Panganiban
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330 views

MODULE 2.2 - Hydrostatic Force On Surfaces

1) This document discusses hydrostatic pressure and forces on submerged surfaces. It describes how to calculate the total force on both plane and curved surfaces. 2) For plane surfaces, the total force is equal to the pressure times the area. The location of the center of pressure is also described. 3) For curved surfaces, the horizontal and vertical force components must be determined separately by considering the pressure forces and weight of the enclosed fluid volume. The total force is then the square root of the sum of the squares of the horizontal and vertical forces.

Uploaded by

Lyndon Panganiban
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 2 Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces

MODULE 2: HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE AND FORCES


2.2 Hydrostatic Forces on Plane and Curve Surfaces
Introduction
Fluid statics is used to determine the forces acting on floating or submerged bodies and the
forces developed by devices like hydraulic presses and car jacks.
The design of many engineering systems such as water dams and liquid storage tanks
requires the determination of the forces acting on their surfaces using fluid statics. The complete
description of the resultant hydrostatic force acting on a submerged surface requires the
determination of the magnitude, the direction, and the line of action of the force.
In the following two sections, we consider the forces acting on both plane and curved
surfaces of submerged bodies due to pressure.
Topic Outcomes
1. Apply hydrostatic pressure distributions on one face of a panel with a resultant force that
passes through a point called the center of pressure.
2. Describe how to calculate forces on surfaces that have curvature.

2.2.a. Total Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces


The total hydrostatic force on any plane surface that are submerged in a fluid of specific
weight 𝜸 is equal to the product of the area of the surface and the intensity of pressure at its center
of gravity.
If the pressure over a plane area is uniform, as in the case of a horizontal surface submerged
in a liquid, the total hydrostatic force is given by the equation:

𝑭 = 𝑷𝑨 (eq. 2.2.1)
Where:
P is the uniform pressure in Pa
A is the area in m2
F is the force in Newton
In the case of an inclined or vertical plane submerged in a liquid, the total pressure can be
found by the following formula:
Module 2 Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces

Figure 2.2.1
Consider the plane surface shown inclined at an angle ø with the horizontal. To get the total
force F, consider a differential element of area dA. Since this element is horizontal, the pressure is
in uniform over this area, then:
Module 2 Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces

F = 𝜸𝒉A (eq. 2.2.2)


Where:
γ – unit weight of the liquid in N/m3
ℎ̅ – vertical distance from the liquid surface to the centroid of the body in m
A – cross- sectional area of the body in m2

Since 𝜸ℎ is the unit pressure at the centroid of the plane area, pcg, the formula may also be
expressed as:

F = pcgA (eq. 2.2.3)


Eq. 2.2.2 is convenient to use if the plane is submerged in a single liquid and without gage
pressure at the surface of the liquid. However, if the plane is submerged under layers of different
liquids or if the gage pressure at the liquid surface is not zero, Eq. 2.2.3 is easier to apply.

Location of F (yP):
In the Figure 2.2.1, taking moment of force about S, (the intersection of the prolongation
of the plane area and the liquid surface),
Module 2 Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces

• Distance of the center of pressure, yP:


𝑰𝒔
𝒚𝒑 = (eq. 2.2.4)
𝑨𝒀
For better understanding of how moment of inertia works, please refer to this link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lNx0yPdl960
By transfer formula of moment of inertia:
IS = Ig + A𝒀2
𝟐
𝑰𝒈 +𝑨𝒀
𝒚𝒑 = 𝑨𝒀

𝑰𝒈
𝒚𝒑 = 𝒀 + (eq. 2.2.5)
𝑨𝒀
Since from Figure 2.2.1, yP = 𝑌 + e, then:
𝑰𝒈
𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝒆 = (eq. 2.2.6)
𝑨𝒀
Where: IG -moment of inertia of the submerged area about a horizontal line through center
of gravity (also known as the centroidal moment of inertia)
e - eccentricity or the distance between the center of pressure and the center of
gravity
- located below the center of gravity

Note: See the next two pages for the properties of common plane sections.
Module 2 Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces
Module 2 Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces
Module 2 Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces

2.2.2 Total Hydrostatic Forces on Curve Surfaces


In many practical applications, submerged surfaces are not flat (see the figure). For a
submerged curved surface, the determination of the resultant hydrostatic force is more involved
since it typically requires integration of the pressure forces that change direction along the curved
surface. The concept of the pressure prism in this case is not much help either because of the
complicated shapes involved.
In many structures of practical application, the
submerged surfaces are not flat, but curved as here at Glen
Canyon Dam in Utah and Arizona.

The easiest way to determine the resultant hydrostatic


force FR acting on a two-dimensional curved surface is to
determine the horizontal and vertical components FH and FV
separately. This is done by considering the free-body diagram
of the liquid block enclosed by the curved surface and the two
plane surfaces (one horizontal and one vertical) passing
through the two ends of the curved surface.

Horizontal force component on curved surface: FH = Fx


Vertical force component on curved surface: FV = Fy ± W
Module 2 Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces

Where:
A = vertical projection of submerged curve (plane area)
pcg = pressure at the centroid of A

Thus, we conclude that:


1. The horizontal component of the hydrostatic force acting on a curved surface is equal (in both
magnitude and the line of action) to the hydrostatic force acting on the vertical projection of the
curved surface.
2. The vertical component of the hydrostatic force acting on a curved surface is equal to the
hydrostatic force acting on the horizontal projection of the curved surface, plus (minus, if acting
in the opposite direction) the weight of the fluid block.
The magnitude of the resultant hydrostatic force acting on the curved surface is:

𝑭𝑹 = √(𝑭𝑯 )𝟐 + (𝑭𝑽 )𝟐
There are three cases that we may encounter when solving for the total hydrostatic force
on curved surfaces.
Module 2 Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces

Case I: Fluid is above the curved surface

Case II: Fluid is below the curved surface


Module 2 Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces

Case III: Fluid is below and above the curved surface

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