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Lecture 6 Carriers and Quantization Concept (Whiteboard)

This document discusses carriers and quantization in semiconductors. It describes that carriers in semiconductors are electrons and holes, which are the absence of an electron. It also explains that energy is quantized based on Plank's discovery, with electrons restricted to certain orbits in Bohr's atomic model. This leads to quantized energy levels and explains the emission of light at discrete wavelengths from atoms.

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Umar Akhtar
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64 views

Lecture 6 Carriers and Quantization Concept (Whiteboard)

This document discusses carriers and quantization in semiconductors. It describes that carriers in semiconductors are electrons and holes, which are the absence of an electron. It also explains that energy is quantized based on Plank's discovery, with electrons restricted to certain orbits in Bohr's atomic model. This leads to quantized energy levels and explains the emission of light at discrete wavelengths from atoms.

Uploaded by

Umar Akhtar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 6

EE-205
Semiconductor Devices
Carriers and Quantization Concept

Instructor
Dr. Ahsan Sarwar Rana
Carriers
 Carriers are the entities that transport charge from place to place
inside a material and hence give rise to electrical currents.
 In everyday life the most commonly encountered type of carrier is the
electron.
 However, in semiconductors we encounter two types of carriers, which
are;
1. Electrons, and
2. Holes.
 Holes = absence of electron, same charge as electrons in magnitude
but positive in polarity.
 Charge on electron = − 1.6 × 10-19 C
 Charge on hole = 1.6 × 10-19 C
 Energy of electron = 1 eV = 1.6 × 10−19 j

2 EE-211- Electricity and Magnetism- Dr. Ahsan Sarwar Rana


Quantization (1)
 We will consider isolated hydrogen atom and not immediately deal
with electrons of Si atom.
 In early 20th century, scientists knew that hydrogen atom contained
negative charged particles orbiting a positive nuclei.
 The things which was unknown was how this atom emitted light
when hydrogen atom was heated at elevated temperatures.
 The prevailing theory of the time suggested a continuum of
wavelengths.
 However, the emitted light was observed at only certain discrete
wavelengths.

3 EE-211- Electricity and Magnetism- Dr. Ahsan Sarwar Rana


Quantization (2)
 In 1901 Max Plank studied that the radiated energy is quantized in
frequency of emission.
ℎ
𝐸 = 𝑛ℎ𝑓 = 𝑛 2𝜋𝑓 = 𝑛ħ𝜔
2𝜋
where,
n = 1, 2, 3,…
h = 6.63 × 10-34 j.s
f = frequency (s-1)
 Problem
 What is the energy in joules and electron volts of a photon of 420-nm
violet light?
𝑐
𝐸 = 𝑛ℎ𝑓 = 𝑛ℎ
λ
4 EE-211- Electricity and Magnetism- Dr. Ahsan Sarwar Rana
Quantization (3)

5 EE-211- Electricity and Magnetism- Dr. Ahsan Sarwar Rana


Bohr’s model (1)
 In 1913 Neil Bohr hypothesized that electron was restricted to certain
well-defined orbits.
 Assuming that electrons can have only certain values of angular
momentum nħ – i.e., “angular momentum is quantized”.
 This leads to quantization of energy levels.
 Electron binding energy is
𝑚𝑜 𝑞 4 13.6
𝐸𝐻 = − 2
= − 2 𝑒𝑉
2 4𝜋𝜀𝑜 ħ𝑛 𝑛
 mo in the mass of a free electron, q in the magnitude of electronic
charge, εo is permittivity of free space, h is Planck’s constant, ħ = h/2π
and n is the energy quantum number or orbit identifier.

6 EE-211- Electricity and Magnetism- Dr. Ahsan Sarwar Rana


Bohr’s model (2)
 the transition from a higher n
to a lower n orbit will release
quantized energies of light;
this explains the observation
of emitted light at only
certain discrete wavelengths.

7 EE-211- Electricity and Magnetism- Dr. Ahsan Sarwar Rana


Bohr’s model (3)
 Ten (10) of the 14 Si-atom electrons occupy very deep-lying energy
levels and are tightly bound to the nucleus of the atom.
 These 10 atoms remain essentially unperturbed during normal
chemical or, atom-atom interactions.
 The remaining four Si-atom electrons are weakly bound, and are
called valence electrons.
 32Ge has 28 core electrons.

8 EE-211- Electricity and Magnetism- Dr. Ahsan Sarwar Rana


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