Kin Yang Academy

360-A Don Placido Campus Ave., Sabang Dasmariñas City, Cavite

The Effectivity of Sodium Bicarbonate, Acetic Acid and

Citrus x Limon (Lemon) as an Alternative Rust Remover

A thesis submitted to Kin Yang Academy

In partial fulfillment of the requirement

of Grade 10 Junior High School

Members:

Guevarra, Sean Angelo L.

Ilano, Queenie Hannah P.

Libres, Journey P.

Lopez, Andrea Mae B.

Molina, Rendon Dharyll F.

Ola, Leann Marie G.

Santos, Chyra Mei I.

Rico, Mirra Shane L.

Tomas, Honey Shane C.

February 2019
The Effectivity of Sodium Bicarbonate, Acetic Acid and Citrus x Limon (Lemon) as an
Alternative Rust Remover

CHAPTER 1
The Problem and Its
Background

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Alternative Rust Remover

Introduction

Oxidation of metals is one of the usual problems that we encounter not just in our households
but also in different work places even before. Corroded objects is causing bothersome for a lot of
people because those materials cannot be efficiently as it used to be. Nowadays, a lot of rust
removing agent is merchandise in the market, somehow most of them contain harsh chemicals
that can be hazardous to our health. So to resolve the matter, the researchers cast about for the
basic all natural ingredients of a rust remover to provide a non-toxic, cheaper and more
accessible for all. Vinegar, baking soda and lemon are the examples of the most common
cleaning agents that we can easily found at local markets and even in our households. Each
component has their own potent feature that supports the super solution.

For instance, Acetic Acid commonly known as vinegar is an organic compound and a simple
carboxylic acid, consisting of a methyl group and carboxyl group. This acid does contain
antibacterial and anti-fungal properties which is why you’ll often find eco-conscious households
preferring to clean with vinegar over shop brought solutions.

Baking soda or Sodium Bicarbonate helps to regulate pH keeping a substance neither too
acidic nor too alkaline. When baking soda comes in either an acidic or an alkaline substance, its
neutral effect is to neutralize pH. Beyond that, it has the ability to retard further changes in pH
balance known as buffering. This dual capability allows baking soda to do such as neutralize
acidic odors as well as maintain neutral pH. It is a simple reaction, but one that has far-reaching
effects for a number of cleaning and deodorizing tasks.

Lemon with its scientific name Citrus Limon is used for culinary and non-culinary purposes
throughout the world, primarily for its juice. The juice of the lemon has about 5 to 6% citric acid,
with a pH of around 2.2 giving it sour taste. As an acid, lemon juice provides the benefits of
vinegar, such as a very good anti-septic killer of mold, germs and bacteria.

The researchers aim to have a process of merging the ingredients that can be a factor in
producing an effective solution which can help for the people who have the urge to overcome the
unpleasant corroded objects that they’re generally encountered, and to those who uses harmful
products to lessen the consumed time and effort while naturally mending the corrosion and
render the concisely satisfying solution as well.

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Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Sodium
Bicarbonate (g), As an Alternative
Acetic Acid (g/ Rust Remover
mol), and Citrus x
Limon

Statement of the Problem

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Alternative Rust Remover

By the reason that Baking soda, Citric Acid and Acetic Acid are known as trustworthy cleaning
agents, the researchers seek answer to the following:

 To confirm if the alternative rust remover can effectively eliminate rust

 To know if there is a significant difference in the effectivity of the rust remover when
tested on different concentration

 To discover if the rust remover can cause corrosion in metals

Assumption / Hypothesis

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By the reason that Baking soda, Citric Acid and Acetic Acid are known as trustworthy cleaning
agents, the researchers seek answer to the following:

 To confirm if the alternative rust remover can effectively eliminate rust

H0= The alternative rust remover cannot effectively remove rust

H1= The alternative rust remover can effectively remove rust

 To know if there is a significant difference in the effectivity of the rust remover when
tested on different concentration

H0= There is no significant difference in the effectiveness of rust remover when tested in
different concentrations

H1= There is a significant difference in the effectiveness of rust remover when tested in different
concentrations

 To discover if the rust remover can cause corrosion in metals

H0= The rust remover can cause corrosion in metals

H1= The rust remover can safely remove rust remover without causing corrosion in metals

Significance of the study

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The study of natural rust remover can be an alternative way of proving that nature based
ingredients can also be used to remove corrosions depending on its method of application.
Producing desired results without wasting too much time and materials is the main aim of this
research. Educating people about cheap and non-risky product use is a formative way to ensure
productivity and safety to everyone. The conducted study may be beneficial to the following:

The parents – this research benefits to the parents for they can maintain and prevent their
household furniture, tools and stuff from rusts without needing to buy a new one as a
replacement or a commercial rust remover seeing the conducted research. As parents wanting the
best for their children with self-assurance and confidence that they are safe from hazardous and
toxic rust and chemicals by using the product result of the research

The students – this study will be helpful for a student who has to do a presentation or
experimentation because the method in making rust remover is easy to follow and the ingredients
used in the study are common and easy to find. This study helps the student to gain more
knowledge about the effectivity of baking soda, vinegar and lemon as an alternative rust remover

The researchers – the studied research can be beneficial to the future researchers for this may
help them as a reference to use as a starting point in making a research regarding rust remover
alternatives. It can also be used as a source of data concerning the effectivity of baking soda,
vinegar and lemon when using experimentation such as this study

Scope and Limitation

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This research focuses on the development of alternatives that can help in removing rust from
our equipment. Because of the product is solely made of sodium bicarbonate, acetic acid and
lemon, means that any user will not be harm or have any adverse effects on their bodies. After
doing trials and errors, this now to prove that the research if it is really effective in removing
rusts.

This research focuses only on using lemon and crane vinegar. The researcher also used a
specific amount of baking soda, vinegar and lemon.

The study will be conducted in Imus City, Cavite. This study was started on January 21, 2019
up to February 1, 2019. This research is all about removing rust from our uses and to help people
who have difficulty in removing rust. This was conducted for almost two (2) weeks.

Definition of Terms

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Acetic Acid – a colorless pungent liquid acid that is the chief acid of vinegar and that is used
especially in synthesis (as of plastics)

Adequate – good enough; enough for some need or requirement

Citric acid – is a weak organic acid found naturally in citrus fruits. In biochemistry, it is an
intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms

Citrus – a juicy fruit (such as an orange, grapefruit, or lemon) that has a thick skin and that
comes from a tree or shrub that grows in warm areas

Comprehend – to understand (something)

Corrosion – to slowly break apart and destroy (an object, etc.) through a chemical process

Efficiently – capable of producing desired results without wasting materials, time or energy

Hazardous – involving risk or danger

Oxidation – to act or process of oxidizing; to become combined with oxygen

Potent – achieving or bringing about a particular result or the effectiveness

Remedies – a way of solving or correcting a problem

Rust –a reddish substance that forms on iron or some other metal usually when it comes in
contact with moisture or air

Significant – very important; large enough to be noticed or have an effect

Sodium Bicarbonate – a white crystalline weakly alkaline salt used especially in baking
powders and fire extinguishers and in medicine as an antacid

Solely – without anything or anyone involved

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CHAPTER 2
Review of Related
Literatures

Local Literature

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Alternative Rust Remover

Vinegar, also called as suka in Filipino, is a readily available household product widely use for
more than one purpose and a common ingredients in Filipino cuisine- you’ll find many dishes
cooked with vinegar or serves along with a vinegar based sauce or sawsawan. Filipino people
love the sour taste or asim brought by the vinegar to food. It also used in preparing food back all
the way to pre-colonial era where it was used as preservatives to make dishes stays longer.

Philippine vinegar is usually made from sugar cane, coconut, or nipa. Vinegar from coconut
sap or nectar from coconut palm’s inflorescence is called sukang tuba. Vinegar made from nipa
sap is called Sukang sasa or sukang paombong got its name in the province of Bulacan. Sukang
maasim is a natural cane vinegar made from fermented sugar cane sap. Sukang iloko is a
sugarcane vinegar made from an Ilocano wine called basi (“A Guide to Filipino
Vinegar”(2017)Yummy.ph)

Based from the research of Eduardo Gonzales (2010) that Vinegar, whose main component is
acetic or ethanoic acid, comes from the fermentation of a variety of natural sources such as malt,
rice and fruit juices. Vinegar varies in taste depending on the raw material from which it is
produced. Incidentally, vinegar can also be produced synthetically from natural gas and
petroleum derivatives. A host of remedies and cures have indeed been attributed to vinegar. It
has been trumpeted as a treatment not only for diabetes and heart disease as mentioned in the
magazine article you read, but also for cancer, osteoporosis, infections, and many other diseases.
It purportedly has anti-aging properties too.

Aside from its culinary functions vinegar can be used as cleaning agent and rust remover. The
acetic acid in vinegar that reacts with rust is enough to dissolve it, by soaking the rusted material
for an hour and scrub using steel wool or scours pad. Its acidity and antimicrobial property can
remove grease, mold and mineral deposits. It have the ability of disinfecting rooms such as
removing ink and carpet stains and used to clean furniture, remove stains on clothing and clean
stainless steel.

Vinegar also give some health benefits such as controlling blood sugar which may help to fight
diabetes ,also an anti-microbial, lowers cholesterol and helps for losing weight.

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Baking soda is widely used in baking as a leavening agent that released gas when heated which
cause dough to rise, also a great use as fire extinguisher. It have a neutralizing effect when mixed
with acid, good for neutralizing acidic odors that can be a natural deodorizer and sometimes
found in refrigerator that causes its good smell.

Because of its alkaline in nature that reacts with acid and slightly abrasive ability which makes
it a good deodorizer, whitening, cleaning and bleaching and was proven by some research. A
safe chemical when use as cleaning product. Moreover when partnered with vinegar it cause an
acid-base reaction that aside from its known used in science volcano experiment this can be a
good cleaning partners. Also, by making a baking soda paste(baking soda with small amount of
water) you’ll have a rust remover and used by scrubbing the rusted areas of your metal through
toothbrush or scouring pad.

In addition to its uses, baking soda have numerous health benefits and some research said that
it is used as antacid to treat heartburn and indigestion. Baking soda can also be found in several
personal care products like mouth wash product, toothpaste and soap.

Lemon are fruits that can grow on tropical countries like Philippines and mostly found in
Baguio. Lemon juice, rind and peel have a variety use from culinary to cleaning agent and to be
incorporated in your diet. Lemon juice is used to make lemonade, teas, salad and cocktails. Its
citric acid is the key to lemon juice ability to remove rust.

Lemon peels have an amount of health benefits, including the ability to boost your immune
system, lower cholesterol and even help prevent cancer. Often overlooked, lemon peels offer
anti-microbial protection against bacterial and fungal infections (Dr. George I. Traitses).

Lemon is a natural cleaning product that could used to fight germs. The citric acid and anti-
microbial property of lemon and its low pH could be used to clean every part of the house, from
the stains, grease and stinky odors of the house. Some lemon peels mixed with the dishwasher
will give you a very nice smelling dishes. Lemon mixed with vinegar will produce a strong
solution can be used as more effective rust removal. A slice of lemon dipped with salt can be
used to clean copper-bottomed cooking pots.

Lemon is known as good source of vitamin C and a powerful anti-oxidant.

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Foreign Literature

Sodium bicarbonate commonly known as baking soda is a chemical compound with the
formula NaHCO3. It is a salt composed of a sodium cation (Na+¿¿), and a bicarbonate anion
(HCO3-). It is a white solid that is crystalline, but often appear as as white odorless powder. It has
a pH of 8.4, which makes it a weak base or mildly alkaline substance. Named after Nicolas
Leblanc, the French chemist who invented it. The word saleratus, from Latin salæratus meaning
"aerated salt", was widely used in the 19th century for both sodium bicarbonate and potassium
bicarbonate. Sodium Bicarbonate was first used in baking by Alfred Bird in 1843, for his wife
whose allergic to yeast. Arm and Hammer start producing baking soda in 1846. In 1970, Arm
and Hammer is the sole sponsor of the very first Earth Day where baking soda gains attention as
an eco-friendly alternative to chemical cleaners (Vaules, 2017).

Sodium Bicarbonate is a white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a PH buffering

agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemicalkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions
(MeSH,1994).Various studies proves that baking soda have many medical uses and health
benefits such as teeth whitener and help relieving insects bites and poison ivy. Anecdotal reports
throughout history suggest that many civilizations used baking soda when making bread and
other food that require rising. A daily dose of baking soda may help reduce the destructive
inflammation of autoimmune diseases, Medical College of Georgia scientist report in Journal of
Immunology.

In its natural form, baking soda is known as Nahcolite which is part of natural mineral natron.
Natron, which contains large amounts sodium bicarbonate, has been used since ancient times.
Like the Egyptians (3500 BC) used natron as a soap for cleansing purposes.

Vinegar is an aqueous solution of acetic acid that range from 5-20%. It is produced from the
fermentation of diluted alcohol products, which yields the organic compound acetic acid , its key
ingredient, that is converted by acetic acid bacteria (Acetober). Commercial vinegar is produced
either by slow and fast fermentation. Various types of vinegar depends upon the source of
material, the most common is wine, beer and rice. The word vinegar comes from the French vin
(wine) and aigre (sour). As its name suggest it was first made from wine. Legends state that a
courter in Babylonia discovered wine, formed from unattended grape juice, leading to the
eventual discovery of vinegar. Vinegar is as old as civilization itself: traces of it have been found
in Egyptians urns from around 3000 B.C.E, and Babylonian scrolls recording the use of vinegar
date even earlier to around 5000 B.C.E. Known as “poor man’s wife” (posca) in ancient times,

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vinegar was often carried by Roman legionnaires; the Bible notes that Roman soldiers offered
vinegar to Christ at the Crucifixion. The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (c. 460 B.C.E. – c.
370 B.C.E.) used vinegar medically to heal wounds.

Acetic acid is the main component of vinegar which gives its characteristics of sour taste and
pungent smell. The pH of vinegar is typically in the range of 2 to 3.5, depending on the
concentration of acetic acid.

Today, vinegar is still an important part of European, Asian and other traditional cuisine of the
world. It also functions as a folk remedy and as natural household cleaning product. In UK and
USA the most widely used type of vinegar is apple cider vinegar, while in Ireland is malt
vinegar. In the Far East their traditional rice vinegar with synthetic vinegar is common. Wine
vinegar is the most common use vinegar in Mediterranean countries and Central Europe.

Lemon, a common name for citrus x limon. Is a species of small evergreen tree in the
flowering plant family Rutaceae. Its origin are unknown but first thought to have grown in
Assama (region in Northeast India), Northern Burma and China. Lemon could reach 10-20ft tall.
Is a yellow citrus fruit that is related to orange. Citrus are native to tropical and subtropical
regions of Asia and the Malay Archipelago and first domesticated in these area. Indicated that it
was a hybrid between bitter orange and citrion based on gnemoic study. It was sensitive to cold
than orange and grown in both dry and humid atmosphere. The acid of the lemon contains 5-6%
of citric acid, with a PH of around 2.2 which makes it have a sour taste. At first, lemon were not
widely cultivated as food. It was largely an ornamental plant, until about 10th century.

The name “lemon” first appeared around 1350–1400, from the Middle English word limon.
Limon is an Old French word, indicating that the lemon entered England via France. The Old
French derives from the Italian limone, which dates back to the Arabic laymun or limun, from
the Persian word limun (“The Nibble: Lemon History”, 2010).

Alisa Rumsey says that Lemon’s are high in Vitamin C, folate, potassium, flavonoids and
compounds called limonins. According to World’s Healthiest food, a quarter cup of lemon juice
contains 31 percent of the recommended daily intake of vitamin C and 3 percent of folate and 2
percent of potassium — all for around 13 calories. A whole raw lemon contains 139 percent of
the recommended daily vitamin C intake and has 22 calories. Lemons are known for their
antimicrobial properties. A 2017 book, "Phytochemicals in Citrus: Applications in Functional
Foods" describes how solvents made with lemon peel show antimicrobial activity against
salmonella, staphylococcus and other pathogenic bacteria. A 2017 study in The Journal of

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Functional Foods found that fermented sweet lemon juice showed antibacterial activity
against E. coli bacteria.

In Italy, the sweetened juice of lemon is used to relieve gingivitis, stomatitis and inflammation
of tongue. Before the long expedition of early traveler they first took lemons to prevent or treat
scurvy, a serious condition that result from Vitamin C Deficiency. Also its root decoction is used
for treating fever in Cuba and gonorrhea in West Africa.

According to Erick Novinson on his “The effect of Citric Acid on Metals” rust removal is one
use of citric acid. Since citric acid is a weaker organic acid, it does not corrode iron rapidly.
Over-the-counter solutions of citric acid are generally offered at low concentrations, so they are
more safe. Dipping a piece of rusty iron into the citric acid solution starts the reaction. The citric
acid chelates the iron oxide, leaving a clean piece of iron and a solid chelate that can be removed
easily.

Some research used Vinegar as substance that has a potential to remove rust from metals due to
the presence of acetic acid of vinegar that could remover rust. The researcher use different types
of brand of vinegar to compare which vinegar has the highest rate of removing rust by its
percentage by mass of acetic acid. The experiment shows that the higher percentage of acetic
mass in the vinegar content does not always lead to high rate of rust stain removal. The research
proves that vinegar could remove rust but in low degree. (“Vinegar as a Rust Remover |
Experiment, “November 2013).

The research by Albert T. Squire (1966) have invent a cleaning agent in the form of liquid
consists of an acidic aqueous solution containing as essential component water, ammonia citrate,
sulfuric acid, sodium phosphate and an anti-mold agent. These substance used with the intend to
provide improved, non-corrosive rust remover for removing oxide, particularly rust, from oxidize
surfaces. The components sulfuric acid appears to enhance or potentiate the rust removal activity
of the ammonium citrate. The presence of the phosphate appears to have a catalytic effect in
accelerating the action of the rust removal and lessen the deposit of a black residue believed to
be an hydroxide. It is essential for the presence of anti-mold agent in order to counter attack the
mold supporting tendency of ammonium citrate.

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CHAPTER 3
Research
Methodology

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A. Research Method

The experimental method of research is implemented in this study by using exact measurement
to attain an accurate process and to deliver the productivity of sodium bicarbonate, acetic acid
and citrus x limon as an alternative rust remover.

The following ingredients and equipment are used to produce the alternative rust remover:

Ingredients and Equipment

lemon –½ cup: 125ml:4fl.oz baking soda – ¼ cup: 60ml white vinegar – 1 ½ cup: 375 ml

chopping board – a durable board on which to place material for cutting

knife – a usually sharp blade attached to a handle that is used for cutting

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squeezer/juicer – a small kitchen utensil designed to extract juice from lemons or other citrus
fruits

rusted tools

container – where all the ingredients combined in the experiment

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spoon – use to stir the ingredient

measuring cup – use to measure the ingredients

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scrub – used for removing the softened rust in the experiment

B. Procedures in making the rust remover

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1. Gather the ingredients and materials needed.

2. Cut the lemons into half in a prepared chopping board

3. Squeeze the lemons in the juicer to get its

juice

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4. Measure the vinegar for () in a measuring cup, the baking soda for () and the lemon juice for
().

5. In a container mixed the baking soda, vinegar and lemon juice (the bubble effect is the
chemical reaction between the lemon and vinegar to baking soda).

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Sodium Bicarbonate, Cane Vinegar and Citrus x Limon Rust Remover

The rust remover contains:

Sodium Bicarbonate - 1/4cup;

Vinegar - 1 ½ cup;

Lemon - ½ cup;

Formulation:

The rust remover that has 560ml concentration:

Sodium Bicarbonate - 11%

Vinegar - 67%

Lemon - 22%

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C. Experimentation

1. Prepare the rust remover, rusty metals and scrub.

2. Put the rusted metals in the 560 ml rust remover and soak separately for 10, 15 and 20 mins.

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3. After soaking for (10-15-20mins). Get the metals and scrub to remove the remaining
rusts which are softened by the rust remover.

4. After scrubbing, some rust is removed from the metal and some dirt/rust is left in the
rust remover (in the container that the rusty tools are soaked for 20 mins).

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CHAPTER 4
Presentation,
Analysis and
Interpretation of
data

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Presentation of data

This chapter presents the gathered data, the result of the observation that presented and analyzed.
The data are presented in tables showing the effectiveness of the alternative rust remover

Table 1 shows the effectivity of the rust remover with the use of different concentrations of
the ingredients that were used in the experiment. Each trials was observed in different time
intervals

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Table 2 shows the result on how the rust was removed in different time. Each trials is being
observed and analyzed its result as shown in the table

Trials Time Result

1 10 minutes The rust remover was least effective after being

soaked

2 15 minutes The rust remover was moderately effective after

being soaked

3 20 minutes The rust remover was highly effective after

being soaked

Interpretation of Data

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Based on the table shown in the previous pages, the rust remover are tested for 3 different trial

in the rusted metals in the time interval of 10, 15 and 20mins with the same concentration of

ingredients of 60ml baking soda, 375ml vinegar and 125ml lemon. As shown in table 1, the rust

remover shows a positive result that the product removed rust in the different trials with the same

concentration. As presented in the table 2, shows that the product vary on its result when tested

in different trials. The first trial shows that the rust remover was less effective after 10mins,

wherein the second trial shows the result was moderately effective after 15mins of soaking the

rusted metals in the product and the third trial shows that the product was highly effective after

20mins.

10 minutes

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Before After

15 minutes

Before After

20 minutes

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Before

After

Analysis of Data

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Alternative Rust Remover

Based on the table shown in the previous pages, the alternative rust remover was highly
effective. The experiment is being tested for three trials in different time. In table 1, it indicates
of the same concentrations that were used in the experiment. It shows that the rust can be
removed even they have the same concentration in different time intervals. The researchers
observed in table 2 that different results vary on different time that the tools are soaked and the
severity of the rusted tools. Even though that the time is very consumable when doing this, the
researchers guarantee on its effect when removing the rusts.

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CHAPTER 5
Summary, Findings,
Conclusion and
Recommendation

Summary

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Most common problem of having metal equipment or tool is rusting and some people just
disposed them when they saw it having rust and buy a replacement, so the researcher do a
research that deals with the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate, vinegar and citrus x limon as an
alternative rust remover which is a nature based ingredients and will be a non-risky product to be
used. The objective of this research is to make an effective rust remover to help those people
who are having hard time in rust and a rust remover that is easy to produce and with ingredients
that is accessible and a non-corrosive product.

The experimental method is implemented. The researcher prepared different kind of rusted
metals, and for making of the rust remover, the ingredients lemon, vinegar and baking soda are
gathered that is easily found at home. The lemons are sliced and squeezed into the juicer to get
it’s juice, then all ingredients are mixed in a small container. Various trials are done for testing
the effectiveness of rust remover. The rusted metals prepared are soaked and tested in the
experimental rust remover in different time interval for 10, 15 and 20minutes, and then the
researcher observe the effect of the rust remover before, during and after being tested to the
rusted metals.

Findings

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The researcher find out that the combination of Sodium Bicarbonate, Vinegar and Citrus x
Limon is effective as an alternative rust remover especially when chemical based rust remover
are not available in home. The addition of the ingredient Citrus x Limon (lemon) remove the
pungent smell of the vinegar, thus rust remover produce pleasant odor. The result differ when the
rusted metals are soaked in the rust remover in different time interval and the longer they were
soaked the more rust are removed. Some dirt or rust will be left in the rust remover after soaking
the rusted metal which makes its color a little darker than before. No sign of added corrosion or
damaged are seen in the metals after being soaked, thus the product will not cause any corrosion
or damage in the metal if used. The rust remover are effective in each time the rusted metals are
soaked in it, so the researcher could say that the rust remover is effective in removing rust in
metals.

Conclusion

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 The Effectivity of Sodium Bicarbonate, Acetic Acid and Citrus x Limon (Lemon) as an
Alternative Rust Remover

Based on the research, experimentation and observation, with the help of the previous studies

and online sources, the researchers were able to successfully finish the study with a positive

result. Therefore, the researchers conclude that:

Hypothesis #1 is proven by the evidence above which shows that the Sodium Bicarbonate,
Vinegar and Citrus x Limon is effective in removing rust by soaking the rusted metals for a
minute or an hour.

Hypothesis #2 in which the Baking Soda, Acetic Acid and Lemon are not only non-risky and
easily accessible ,but can also safely remove rust from metal which may vary depending on the
duration of being soaked into the product.

Hypothesis #3 in which the alternative rust remover is proven for its action that can safely
remove rust without causing corrosion.

Recommendation

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 The Effectivity of Sodium Bicarbonate, Acetic Acid and Citrus x Limon (Lemon) as an
Alternative Rust Remover

To solve the usual problem when it comes to oxidation of metal or commonly known as rust,
the researchers recommend to all the parents, students and especially to those people who usually
use metals and having a hard time with rust, to use Sodium Bicarbonate(Baking Soda), Vinegar
and Citrus x Limon(Lemon) as a rust remover. Using an equitable amount of these products just
enough for the size of your rusty metals and soaking for a minute or an hour in the rust remover
and scrub them to remove the rust so you could now reuse your rusted objects again. For those
who don’t have chemical based rut remover, you could use this natural rust remover that can
really help in removing rust in metals and with an ingredient that are found almost everywhere
and is easy to make. The researchers also recommend for future researchers to try other kind of
citrus fruit and types of vinegar for the development and discoveries of the rust remover.

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