Modern genetic

evidence indicates that

A. Completion. The map on page 82 shows the likely migration routes of
humans left Africa as
our human ancestors as they populated the world. Study the map and
long as 60,000 years
complete the sentences below.
ago. Fanning out across
1. The first modern humans began spreading out from the continent of the continents, they
gave rise to new faces
2. The continent most recently populated by modern humans is and races.

3. Modern humans crossed over to North America from the continent of

4. Europe was populated by modern humans _

years ago.

B. Skim. Skim the passage on pages 81-85. What kinds of evidence are
scientists looking for to help them understand the migrations of
our human ancestors?

80 Unit SA
 Everybody loves a good story, and In between is an exciting tale of survival,
movement, isolation, and conquest, most
when it's finished, this may be the 15 of it occurring before recorded history. Who
greatest one ever told. It begins were those first modern people in Africa?
What routes did they take when they left their
in Africa with a group of people,
home continent 60,000 years ago to expand
5 perhaps just a few hundred, surviving into Europe and Asia? When and how did
by hunting animals and gathering 20 humans reach the Americas? For decades,
the only proof was found in a small number
fruits, vegetables, and nuts. It ends of scattered bones and artifacts2 that our
about 200,000 years later with their ancestors left behind on their journeys. In the
past 20 years, however, DNA technologies have
seven billion descendants spread 25 allowed scientists to find a record of ancient
10 across the Earth, living in peace or at human migrations in the DNA of living people.

war, their faces lit by campfires! and

! A campfire is a fire that is made outdoors. usually for
computer screens. warmth or cooking.
2 An artifact is a human-made ornament, tool, or other object.
especially one that is historically or culturally interesting.

Unit 5A 81
 HUMAN MIGRATION

EOU!lTOfl

•..• Fossil O~
•..• artifact site ye~~ Migration date ~ Generalized route
Earlyhuman
migration routes SOURCES: SUSAN ANT6N,
GEORGE WASHINGTON
NEW YORK UNIVERSITY; ALISON BROOKS,
UNIVERSITY; PETER FORSTER, UNIVERSITY OF
CAMBRIDGE; JAMES E O'CONNELL, UNIVERSITY OF UTAH; STEPHEN /
OPPENHEIMER, OXFORD UNIVERSITY; SPENCER WELLS, NATIONAL
lake Mungo ,I
GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY; OFER BAR-YOSEF, HARVARD UNIVERSITY IJ 45,000 years ago
NGMMAPS

Tracing Ancestry in DNA

"Every drop of human blood contains a history to child (called mitochondrial DNA, or mtDNA for
book written in the language of our genes," says short), and in DNA that travels from father to son
30 population geneticist3 and National Geographic (known as the Y chromosome, the part of DNA
Explorer-in-Residence, Spencer Wells. The that determines a child will be a boy). By comparing.
human genetic code, or genome, is 99.9 percent 50 the mtDNA and Y chromosomes of people from
identical throughout the world. But while the various populations, geneticists can get a rough
bulk of our DNA is the same, what's left is idea of where and when those groups separated in
35 responsible for our individual differences-in eye the great migrations around the planet.
color or disease risk, for example. On very rare
occasions, a small change, called a mutation, can
occur, which is then passed down to all of that Out of Africa
person's descendants. Generations later, finding 55 In the mid-1980s, a study compared mtDNA from
40 that same mutation in two people's DNA indicates people around the world. It found that people
that they share the same ancestor. By comparing of African descent had twice as many genetic
mutations in many different populations, scientists differences from each other than as did others.
can trace their ancestral connections. Because mutations seem to occur at a steady rate
60 over time, scientists were able to conclude that
These ancient mutations are easiest to track in
45 two places: in DNA that is passed from mother
3 A geneticist is a scientist who studies DNA and genes.
82 Unit 5A
 modern humans must have lived in Africa at of the group that stayed in the Middle East for
least twice as long as anywhere else. They now thousands of years before moving on. Perhaps
calculate that all living humans maternally descend about 40,000 years ago, modern humans first
from a single woman who lived roughly 150,000 110 advanced into Europe.
65 years ago in Africa, a "mitochondrial Eve." If
geneticists are right, all of humanity is linked to
Eve through an unbroken chain of mothers. This
Peopling the Americas
Eve was soon joined by "Y-chromosome Adam," About the same time as modern humans pushed
the putative4 genetic father of us all, also from into Europe, some of the same group that had
70 Africa. DNA studies have confirmed that all the paused in the Middle East spread east into Central
people on Earth, with all their shapes and colors, 115 Asia, where they eventually reached as far as
can trace their ancestry to ancient Africans. Siberia, the Korean peninsula, and Japan. Here
begins one of the last chapters in the human
What seems virtually certain is that at a remarkably story-the peopling of the Americas. Most
recent date-probably between 50,000 and scientists believe that today's Native Americans
75 70,000 years ago-one small group of people, the 120 descend from ancient Asians who crossed from
ancestors of modern humans outside of Africa, Siberia to Alaska in the last ice age, when low sea
left Africa for western Asia, either by migrating levels would have exposed a land bridge between
around the northern end of the Red Sea or across the continents. They probably traveled along the
its narrow southern opening. coast-perhaps a few hundred people moving
125 from one piece of land to the next, between a
80 Once in Asia, genetic evidence suggests, the freezing ocean and a wall of ice. "A coastal route
population split. One group stalled5 temporarily would have been the easiest way in," says Wells.
in the Middle East, while the other commenced "But it still would have been a hell of a trip." Once
a journey which would last tens of thousands across, they followed the immense herds7 of
of years. Moving a little further with each new 130 animals into the mainland and spread to the tip
85 generation, they followed the coast around the of South America in as little as a thousand years.
Arabian Peninsula, India, and Southeast Asia,
all the way to Australia. "The movement was Genetic researchers can only tell us the basic
probably imperceptible," says Spencer Wells. outlines of a story of human migration that is
"It was less of a journey and probably more like richer and more complex than any ever written.
90 walking a little farther down the beach to get 135 Most of the details of the movements of our
away from the crowd." ancestors and their countless8 individual lives in
different times and places can only be imagined.
Although archeological evidence of this 13,000- But thanks to genetic researchers, themselves
kilometer (S,OOO-mile)migration from Africa to descendants of mtDNA Eve and V-chromosome
Australia has almost completely vanished, genetic 140 Adam, we have begun to unlock important
95 traces of the group that made the trip do exist. secrets about the origins and movements of our
They have been found in the DNA of indigenous6 ancient ancestors.
peoples in the Andaman Islands near Myanmar, in
Malaysia, and in Papua New Guinea, and in the
4 If something is putative, it is a commonly accepted thing.
DNA of nearly all Australian aborigines. Modern
5 If a process stalls, or if someone or something stalls it, the
100 discoveries of 45,000-year-old bodies in Australia, process stops but may continue at a later time.
buried at a site called Lake Mungo, provide some 6 Indigenous people or things belong to the country in which
they are found, rather than coming there or being brought
physical evidence for the theories as well.
there from another country.
7 A herd is a large group of animals of one kind that live together.
People in the rest of Asia and Europe share 8 If something is countless there are too many of it to
different but equally ancient mtDNA and be counted.

105 V-chromosome mutations. The mutations which

they possessshow that most are descendants
Unit SA 83
Reading Comprehension_ t

Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer for each question.

1. Another title for this reading could be _

a. Finding Y-Chromosome Adam
b. Who Were the First Humans?
c. What DNA Teaches Us About Our History
d. The Discovery of DNA in Africa
ParaQhrase 2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to Every drop of human
blood contains a history book written in the language of our genes in
lines 28-29?
a. A drop of blood contains genetic information that can reveal
a person's ancestral history.
b. The organization of information in a history book is similar to
the organization of DNA within a gene.
c. Every drop of blood contains enough DNA information to fill
many history books.
d. Although people speak different languages, all human blood
contains the same language.
Detail 3. What happened to the first group of humans that moved from
Africa into Asia?
a. Most of the migrants turned back into Africa.
b. They divided into two groups.
c. Most of the migrants moved directly into Europe.
d. They stayed in the Middle East for tens of thousands of years.
4. Which area was first to be populated by human migrants?
a. Europe b. Australia
c. western Asia d. South America
5. In line 88, the word imperceptible could be replaced with __
a. unnoticeable b. unpredictable
c. illogical d. unbelievable Critical Tl1inking
Detail 6. Which of the following is NOT cited as evidence for the great Analyzing: What
migration to Australia? evidence does
a. archeological evidence discovered in Asia the author use to
b. DNA of people in Southeast Asia show that humans
c. DNA of native people in Australia began in Africa? Is
d. discovery of human remains in Australia it possible that this
Fact or 7. Which statement is theory, not a fact? theory is wrong?
Theory a. Mutations are easiest to find in mtDNA and in the Why or why not?
Y chromosome.
b. Almost no archeological evidence of the human journey Discussion:
from Africa to Australia has been found. Why do you think
c. Bodies discovered at Lake Mungo are about 45,000 years old. the population in
d. Humans traveled along the coast of a land bridge between Asia split into two?
Siberia and Alaska.

84 Unit SA
Reading Skill --- •....

Understanding Relative Clauses (I)

Writers use relative clauses to give additional information about people or things
without starting another sentence. Relative pronouns introduce relative clauses.
We use who and whom for people, which for things, and that for either.
I spoke with a man who / that knew a lot about early human populations.
He talked about a theory which / that explains how humans migrated.
When the relative pronoun acts as a subject of the clause (see above), we must
keep the pronoun. Otherwise, it is optional.
The man (who / whom / that) I spoke to was a professor.
The theory (which / that) he talked about made a lot of sense.
Be careful: that can also follow certain verbs (e.g., show, suggest, indicate) to
introduce a clause, so it is not always a relative pronoun.
Genetic evidence indicates that humans left Africa as long as 70, 000 years ago.

A. Analyzing. Underline the relative clauses in each sentence.

1. For decades, the only proof was found in a small number of scattered
bones and artifacts that our ancestors left behind on their journeys.
2. They now calculate that all living humans are related to a single woman
who lived roughly 150,000 years ago in Africa.
3. One group stalled temporarily in the Middle East, while the other
commenced a journey which would last tens of thousands of years.
4. The mutations which they possess show that they are descendants of
the group that stayed in the Middle East for thousands of years before
moving on.
5. About the same time as modern humans pushed into Europe, some of
the same group that had paused in the Middle East spread east into
Central Asia.
6. Most scientists believe that today's Native Americans descend from
ancient Asians who crossed from Siberia to Alaska in the last ice age.
7. Genetic researchers can only tell us the basic outlines of a story of
human migration that is richer and more complex than any ever written.

B. Analyzing. Now cross out the relative pronoun in each sentence above if
it's optional.

Unit SA 85
 \'...•_--
Vocabulary Practice
A. Completion. Complete the information using the correct form
of words from the box. Three words are extra.

bulk conquer descendants identical immense

mainland proof roughly scatter trace

Before modern humans, or Homo sapiens, migrated out of Africa

perhaps 60,000 years ago, scientists tell us that another group,
Neanderthals, had occupied Europe and Asia for 1. _
200,000 years. Although there were probably no more than 15,000
of them at their population's peak, groups of Neanderthals were
2. over a(n) 3. area throughout
Europe, into the Middle East, and even as far east as Mongolia.

In 1856, the first Neanderthal bones were found in Germany's Neander

Valley by workers digging for stones. These thick bones indicated
that Neanderthals were shorter than modern humans, but physically Neanderthalsused
stronger. Their tools were rough and simple, and not as refined as those
simpletools to hunt
of later Homo sapiens. Additionally, their food was not as varied; the
forfood.
4. of their diet was the meat of large and medium-
sized animals. At some point after modern humans entered Europe
and Asia, the Neanderthals vanished from Earth. The reason for their
disappearance remains a mystery. There are, however, a number of
theories. As modern Homo sapiens 5. their lands,
they may have killed the Neanderthals off. Other possible causes include
diseases introduced by the newcomers, or climate change.

Another theory was that the Neanderthals had children with Homo
sapiens, and gradually became part of their group. However, 1997 DNA
analysis by geneticist Svante Pii.ii.boand his colleagues at the University
of Munich determined that Neanderthal DNA is not included in the DNA
of modern humans. This is rather convincing 6. that
the majority of Neanderthals probably died out, and people alive today
are not their 7. _
Word PartnE!rship
B. Definitions. Match words from the box in A with their definitions below. Use proofwith: (ad}.)
convincing proof,
1. ________ : the largest part of a country or continent,
contrasted to the islands around it final proof, living
proof; (v.) have
2. ________ : similar in every detail; exactly alike
proof, need proof,
3. ________ : to find or discover something by investigation
offer proof, provide
4. ________ : a piece of evidence showing that something
proof, require proof,
is true or exists
show proof.
5. ________ : related people in later generations
6. ________ : to take complete control of another group's
land by force
86 Unil5A
Before You Read
A. Matching. Read the information in the caption and match each word Anthropologists believe
in bold with its definition. the Polynesians are
descendants of an earlier
1. _________ : became larger
group of Pacific Ocean
2. _________ : scientists who study people and/or cultures explorers called the Lapita.
3. _________ : wooden boats of a traditional style Together. they expanded
their world to include
4. _________ : the line where the sky seems to meet the
nearly every island in the
land or sea
Pacific Ocean. Why did
5. _________ : to settle a new place and establish control these brave adventurers
over it sail their canoes over
the horizon? How did
B. Scan. Scan the captions on pages 87-91 to find the answers to they locate and colonize
these questions. hundreds of distant islands
1. What was uncovered in Vanuatu? scattered across nearly a
third of the Earth?
a. a pot b. a canoe c. bones
2. The Lapita were _
a. ocean explorers b. anthropologists c. traders
3. How long ago did the Lapita people travel east from New Guinea?
a. 1,000 years ago b. 3.000 years ago c. 5.000 years ago
Unit 58 87
 IT IS MID-AFTERNOON ON THE ISLAND OF
BORA BORA in French Polynesia, and it feels
15 Pioneers of the Pacific:
like a carnival.! The air smells of barbecue, and Manutea Owen's ancestors colonized nearly
thousands of cheering spectators crowd the every island in the South Pacific Ocean in what
5 shore to see the end of the Hawaiki Nui Va'a, a was perhaps the most remarkable feat2 of
challenging 130-kilometer (3D-mile) Polynesian human navigation before humans went to the
canoe race that virtually stops the nation. 20 moon. Only recently have scientists begun to
understand where these amazing voyagers came
"This is our heritage," says Manutea Owen, a from, and how, with simple canoes and
former canoe champion and a revered hero on no navigation equipment, they could manage
10 his home island of Huahine. "Our people came to find and colonize hundreds of distant islands
from over the sea by canoe. Sometimes when I'm 25 scattered across an ocean that covers nearly
out there competing, I try to imagine what they a third of the globe. This expansion into the
must have endured and the adventures they Pacific was accomplished by two extraordinary
had crossing those huge distances." civilizations: the Lapita and the Polynesians.

! A carnival is a public festival with music, processions,

and dancing.
2 If you refer to something as a feat, you admire it because
it is an impressive and difficult achievement.

Tlie Hokule'a, a
modern Hawaiian
voyaging canoe built
on ancient designs,
 From about 1300 to 800 B.C., the Lapita people into the unknown ... , secure in the knowledge
30 colonized islands that stretch over millions of 75 that if they didn't find anything, they could turn
square kilometers, including the Solomon Islands, around and catch a swift ride home on the trade
the Santa Cruz Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, New winds." For returning explorers, successful or
Caledonia, and Samoa. Then, for unknown not, the geography of their own archipelagos4
reasons, they stopped. There was an interval of provided a safety net, ensuring that sailors
35 around 1,000 years before the civilization of the 80 wouldn't sail past and be lost again in the
Polynesians, descendants of the Lapita, launched open ocean. Vanuatu, for example, is a chain
a new period of exploration. Then they outdid of islands 800 kilometers (500 miles) long with
the Lapita with unbelievable feats of navigation, many islands within sight of each other. Once
expanding the boundaries of their oceanic world sailors hit that string of islands, they could find
40 until it was many times the size of that explored 85 their way home.
by their ancestors. Their colonies included the
Cook Islands, French Polynesia, Easter Island, and Irwin hypothesizes that once out in the open
Hawaii, eventually reaching South America ocean, the explorers would detect a variety of
around 1000 A.D. clues to follow to land: seabirds and turtles
that need islands on which to build their nests,
90 coconuts and twigs5 carried out to sea, and
45 How Did They Do It? the clouds that tend to form over some islands
There is one stubborn question for which in the afternoon. It is also conceivable that
archeology has yet to provide any answers: Lapita sailors followed the smoke from distant
How did the Lapita and early Polynesian volcanoes to new islands.
pioneers accomplish, many times over, a feat
50 that is analogous to a moon landing? Very little 3 Oral history is the study of spoken memories, stories, and
evidence remains to help scientists understand songs.
their remarkable sailing skills. Unfortunately, 4 An archipelago is a group of islands, especially small islands.
5 A twig is a very small, thin branch that grows out from a
no one has found an intact Lapita or early main branch of a tree or bush.
Polynesian canoe that might reveal how they were
55 sailed. Nor do the oral histories3 and traditions
of later Polynesians offer any insights as to how
they were able to navigate areas of open ocean
hundreds or even thousands of kilometers wide
without becoming lost. "All we can say for certain
60 is that the Lapita had canoes that were capable
of ocean voyages, and they had the ability to sail
them," says Geoff Irwin, a professor of archeology
at the University of Auckland, in New Zealand.
Nonetheless, with little evidence, scientists have
65 been able to develop some theories about the
secrets of these explorers' success.

Sailors have always relied upon the so-called trade

winds, winds that blow steadily and in predictable
directions over the ocean's surface. Geoff Irwin
70 notes that the Lapita's expansion into the Pacific
was eastward, against steady trade winds. Sailing This pot was recently uncovered
against the wind, he argues, may have been the in a 3,OOO-year-old burial site on
key to their success. "They could sail out for days Efate Island, Vanuatu.

Unil5B 89
 " .••• ' •
.•••
•
IWAN---------:~~--------------------------------------
'
0 " •
. L __ ._: _

~ ..
~
, HAWAII
'~t>
P1'. ~'{ I (U.S.)

fI: ,

PHILIP-PINES:
~
;o~:
0

\uam 4{

! '. .."::'t . -
I
"

/4~ d /
c
.f
:-\ ,.0
'
"
FEDERATEDSTATES •••:.
.. Pohnpei
• - • "0'
~
" .:i
',t'
•., •••" OF MICRONESIA ~ I
•••••••••• ..r •
"

--------~------------

•• •••
•••••••••••••••••
- •• 0 •

•••

Oml 500
I
,
I I
120 Okm 500 1.000 150 E
I SCALE AT EQUATOR NGMMAPS
I:
I

EI Nino occurs in the Pacific Ocean when the

95 Helped by El Nino? 105
surface water temperature is unusually high. It
These theories rely on one unproven point-that disrupts world weather in a variety of ways, bu~
the Lapita and early Polynesians had mastered one of its effects is to cause trade winds in the
the skill of sailing against the wind using a South Pacific to weaken or to reverse direction
sailing technique called "tacking." Rather than 110 and blow to the east. Scientists believe that EI
100 give all the credit to their bravery and ability to Nino phenomena were unusually frequent around
tack, Athol Anderson of the Australian National the time of the Lapita expansion, and again
University believes that they may also have been between 1,200 and 1,600 years ago, when the
lucky-helped by a weather phenomenon known early Polynesians began their even more distant
as EI Nino. 115 voyages. Anderson believes that the Lapita may
have been able to take advantage of trade winds

90 Unil5B
 ..
_.)

•_ TROPIC OF CANCER
.... -4 't,
------------------------------------------
--------------~~~~-----------
. ..
...
• '0> ~ Bo_

PACIFIC • <)-
,
OCEAN •

..
EQUATOR
/ 0'-
'. SOUTH
AMERICA
/
< The Lapita peopletraveled eastfrom New
MARQUESAS ~:. Guinea some3,000 yearsago, and within
. . ISlANDS • ~
a few centuriesreachedTonga and Samoa.
Bor. 80r. After a pauseof a thousand years,their

dII
~.i.te.,~ r{JA':
. . ""or.'
••~/Hu.hlile~':z
•••...
••.' •• (J -1~
T.hiti.. ••• c-$'/,<>
Polynesiandescendantspushedfarther,
eventually even settling on the most
SOCIETY IS. ". "';' '. <"<,-? remote islands.
..•.. ~. G'o
FRENCH POLYNESIA
• (FRANC.E). _______________________
JBQ~~Q~C~E~~OB~ _
--~-Q------------~~--~4-~-
'.
30"-

. .'

PACIFIC
OCEAN

150 • 120' 90
I I I

blowing east instead of west, and thereby voyage out on such giant migrations remains a mystery.
far to the east without any knowledge of tacking However, as Professor Irwin puts it, "Whatever
techniques. 130 you believe, the really fascinating part of this
story isn't the methods they used, but their
120 The success of the Lapita and their descendants motives. The Lapita, for example, didn't need to
may have been due to their own sailing skill, to pick up and go; there was nothing forcing them,
reverse trade winds, to a mixture of both, or even no overcrowded homeland. They went because
to facts still unknown. But it is certain that by the 135 they wanted to go and see what was over
time Europeans came to the Pacific, nearly every the horizon."
125 piece of land, hundreds of islands and atolls6 in
all, had already been discovered by the Lapita and
6 An atoll is a small coral island or group of islands.
Polynesians. Exactly why these ancient peoples set

Unit 58 91
Reading Comprehen_si_on__
Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer for each question.

Gist 1. Another title for this reading could be

a. How Ancient Peoples Explored the Pacific
b. How EI Nino Helped the Lapita
c. The Race Between the Lapita and the Polynesians
d. The Myth That the Lapita Explored the Pacific
Reference 2. The phrase these amazing voyagers on line 21 refers to
a. men who went to the moon
b. the Lapita and early Polynesians
c. today's Polynesians
d. Manutea Owen and the people of Bora Bora
Fact or 3. Which of the following statements is a fact, not a theory?
Theory a. The Lapita followed smoke from volcanoes to find
new islands.
b. Lapita sailors knew how to sail against the wind.
c. The Lapita stopped exploring when the weather changed.
d. No one has found an intact Lapita canoe.
4. How might EI Nino have assisted early Pacific sailors?
a. by making the water temperature more comfortable
b. by reversing the direction of the trade winds
The Lapitahad
c. by making tacking easier
d. by providing more wood to build canoes canoes that were
able to withstand
Detail 5. What is true for both the Lapita and the early Polynesians? long ocean voyages.
a. They reached South America.
b. They may have been helped by EI Nino.
c. They colonized New Caledonia and Samoa. Critical T inking
d. Their navigational techniques are well understood.
Evaluating: Was
6. What does Irwin mean by they wanted to go and see what the success of
was over the horizon in lines 135-136? ancient sailors
a. They were motivated by a curiosity about new places. due to sailing skill,
b. They hoped for greater security in faraway places. reverse trade winds,
c. They desired better living conditions on other islands. a mixture of both,
d. They needed to find food and fresh water overseas. or even to facts still
Main Idea 7. What would be a good heading for the final paragraph?
unknown? Which
a. A Mystery Solved do you think is most
b. Descendants of the Lapita likely? Why?
c. But Why Did They Go?
d. An Uncertain Future Discussion: Why
do you think the
Lapita and the
Polynesians set
out on such giant
migrations?

92 Unit 58
Reading Skill
Synthesizing Information
When you read a passage, it's important to read all the information related to
the text. This can include footnotes, photo captions, charts, graphs, timelines,
and maps. They can contain important information that you may need to
combine with information from the text to fully comprehend the passage.

A. Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer for each question.

1. In the photo on page 88, where might the Hokule'a be returning
from, based on the Polynesian migration route?
a. Australia
b. the Marquesas Islands
c. New Guinea
d. South America

2. Which people probably created the pot in the

photo on page 89?
a. the Lapita
b. Polynesians
c. Hawaiian
d. Cook Islanders
3. Which of these is NOT an archipelago?
a. Tuamotu
b. the Solomon Islands
c. Easter Island
d. the Philippines
4. If the usual trade winds were reversed due to El Nino,
where might someone sailing from French Polynesia
end up?
a. Easter Island
b. the Cook Islands
c. Hawaii
d. New Zealand

A restored moai at Rapa Nui

National Park, Easter Island.
These moai were symbols of
authority and power for ancient
Polynesians.
Vocabulary Practice
A. Completion. Complete the information by circling the correct
word in each pair.

Fifteen years ago, most experts would have agreed that the first
people in the Americas arrived by walking across a land bridge that
crossed the Bering Strait between Siberia and Alaska. They then
traveled south through an open area of ground between great sheets
of ice that 1. (navigated / stretched) across North America at that
time. Today, however, this theory is being challenged.

An alternative theory suggests that instead of a single first migration,

various groups of people came to the Americas at 2. (intervals /
analogies) spaced well apart in time. Another theory proposes that
ancient people might have 3. (outdone / navigated) their way along
the shoreline using kayaks, just as adventurous tourists do today.

Looking at ancient tools found in America, archeologist Dennis

Stanford noticed that their shape was similar to tools used by
the Solutrean culture of southwestern Europe. He thinks it is
4. (conceivable / intact) that people of that culture may have
kayaked across the Atlantic from Europe to America.

The science of archeology often produces theories that are based on

very small bits of evidence. Today's archeologists know that being
5. (stubborn / intact) and holding on to one theory while shutting
out the others isn't good science. As new evidence is discovered that
6. (reveres / disrupts) existing theories, they adjust those theories
Archeologists
to explain the new facts.
discovered a digging
stick in Chile. They
B. Words in Context. Complete each sentence with the
correct answer. estimate it to be about
12,500 years old.
1. A person who is revered is highly _
a. respected b. feared
2. Two things that are analogous are _
a. similar b. different r

Thesaurus
3. If an ancient tool is found intact, it is '
stubborn Also look
a. broken b. complete
up: (adj.) determined,
4. Someone who wants to outdo others is ' adamant, persistent,
a. caring b. competitive headstrong, steadfast,
5. Someone who is stubborn usually their opinion. relentless
a. sticks to b. changes

94 Unil5B
VIEWIN~j
--------r,-
Before You Watch
A. Discussion. Look at the pictures below of the Mata Rangi Ill, a boat built entirely of grasslike
plants called reeds. Then discuss these questions with a partner.

1. Why do you think the boat was built?

2. Do you think a boat like this could travel across an ocean? Why, or why not?
3. What do you think happened to the Mata Rangi I and In

While You Watch

A. Sequencing. Number these events from 1 to 4 in the order they happened.

a. The crew of the Mala Rangi III goes b. The crew has to deal with boredom
to Cape Verde. and depression.

c. The Mata Rangi III hits rough weather. d. Munoz has to act quickly because
of flooding.

Viewing 95
B. Summary Completion. Complete the summary of the video using words from the box.
Two words are extra

built boredom drowning flexible flooding hunger

modern ocean rough small south strong

The Boat
• Based on those in pre-European
1. ------- America
• 2. in Spain by Aymara
The Route
Indians from Bolivia • Began in Barcelona, Spain

• Made of reeds with no • Continued to Morocco

3. materials • Will go to Cape Verde and across
• Named the Mata Rangi III 4. to Colombia

Journey of Discovery

On the Open Sea Lessons Learned

• Heavy winds and 5. seas • Reeds need to be 8. _
• 6. of the main cabin enough to survive difficult conditions
for long periods of time
• Worries of falling and 7. _
• 9. . boat not for
• Clouds eventually cleared and boat survived
everyone
• Had to fight 10. and
depression

After You Watch

A. Discussion. Discuss these questions with a partner.
1. Do you think the Mata Rangi III was capable of crossing the Atlantic Ocean?
Do an Internet search on Kitin Munoz to find out if his journey was successful.
2. Do you think that the Mata Rangi III project was worth the time and effort?
Explain why or why not.
3. Munoz says he uses expeditions like that of the Mata Rangi IIIto draw attention
to the threats that face indigenous people and their way of life. Do you think he
was successful in doing this?

96 Viewing